PROUDHON. 475 PROUT. time to time on liis favorite subjects. He re- turned to Paris after the anniesty of 18G0 and died at Passy, January IG, ISOa. Proudhon's theories are best set forth in Iiis works Qt('esl-ce que la propriete? and Systimc des contruxlictions econontiquen. Property, he declared, is unjustifiable eitlier on the ground of occupation, which can entitle the possessor only to the usufruct, or on the ground of labor, which presupposes occupation. The individual has a right only to the integral product of his labor. One service can only be duly repaid liy rendering another; but the owners of land and capital exact many services while rendering none. Society should suppress interest and rent, to which there can be no just claim. His political programme was equally revo- lutionary. He was the founder of a school of individualistic or philosophical anarchy. He de- clared that the State, representing unintelligent conservatism or brutal reaction, must be sup- pressed. The revolution for the betteniicnt of humanity must come, not from above, tlirough the Government, but from below, through the individual. The indispensable condition of re- form is the su|)pression of government. In the history of French thought and social- ism Proudhon occupies an important position. His destructive criticism was of value; but he also elaborated numerous propositions which are regarded as positive acquisitions by economists and socialists. He gave to federalism and an- archy a doctrine; he conceived of a democratic organization of credit; he outlined the socialis- tic theories of value, of rent, and of the right of the laborer to the whole product of his labor. His theories were of great influence upon three important movements — the Revolution of 184S, the Commune of 1871 (many of the principal actors in which held his opinions), and the In- ternational Workingmcn's Association. More- over, many organizations of workingmen, espe- cially in France, still look for tlieir intellectual leadcrsliip to Proudhon. Among his works, in addition to those already mentioned, are: Ex- plicntinns presentees au ministere public stir le droit <le propriety (1842) ; Solution dii j>roblcme social (1848) ; Banque du peuplc (1849) ; Actes de la revolution: resistance (1849) ; Les confes- sions tVmi rcvolutionnaire (1849); Interet et capital (1850); Idee qi-mrale de la revolution au XlXime siecle (1851); Philosophie du pro- gres (185.3); La (juene et la paix (IS(il); De la capaciti politique des classes ouvriires (1805). BiHLiOGRAPHY. Desjardins, P. J. Proudhon, sa vie, ses fruvres, et sa doctrine (2 vols., Paris, 1896) : Biehl, P. J. Proudhon, seine Lehre unci sein Leben (3 vols., Jena. 1888-9(i) ; Miil- berger, P. J. Proudhon, Leben und Werke (Stuttgart, 1899) ; Putlitz, P. ./. Proudhon. sein Leben and seine positiven Ideen (Berlin. 1881). PROUST, prTio, A^'TONIN (1832—). A French politician niid author, who sometimes wrote under the pseudonym of Antoine Barth^lcmy. He was born in Niort, and, after an excellent education and travels in Greece, entered journal- ism, and in 1804 founded at Bru-;sels La Semnine Unirrrsrlle. in which he bitterly opposed the Empire. Proust became Gambetta's ])rivate sec- retary after the fall of the Empire, and was elected Deputy in 1876 and repeateiUy re- elected. From November, 1881, to Januarj',' 1882, Vol. XVI.— 31. he was Minister of Fine Arts under Gambetta. Tile Museum of Decorative Arts was largely due to his ell'orts. He was the Commissioner-Gen- eral of Fine Arts at the Exjiosition of 1889. and French Commissioner-General to the World's Columbian E.xposition of 1893. His chief works are: Les beaux-arts en Anyleterre (1802); Un philosophe en voyage (1804) ; Chants populaires 'de la Grice moderne (1860) ; La de-mocralie en Allemayne (1872); Le prince de Bismarck (1870); L'art frangais (1890); L'art sous la rvpuhlique (1891) ; and critiques of the Salons of 1898 and 1899. PROTJST, JcsEi'ii LoLis (1754-1820). A French chemist, born at Angers. He studied chemistry there and in Paris, and became chief apothecary to the SalpOtri&re. lie put on a firm basis the chemical law of definite propor- tions, sometimes called Proust's law ; discovered glucose (1799) ; and in general greatly advanced the knowledge of quantitative analysis. PROUSTITE (named in honor of Joseph Louis Proust). A mineral sulphide of silver and arsenic that crystallizes in the hexagonal system. It has an adamantine lustre and a bright red color. It is found in Saxon.v, Bo- hemia, Spain, Mexico, South America, and in the United States at various localities in Colora- do, Arizona, and Nevada, in association with sil- ver ores. PROTTT, Ebexezek (1835—). An English musical theorist and composer, born at Ouudle, Xortliamptonshire. He studied at London University, where he graduated in 1854. He had but little instruction in music during his boyhood, with the exception of a course under Charles Salaman, but he showed such aptitude for the art that in 1859 be devoted hini.self to it. In 1801 he became organist at Union Chapel, Islington. In 1894 he was appointed professor of nuisic at Dublin University, having occupied in the meantime the positions of professor of pianoforte at the Ci-ystal Palace School of Art, profes.?or of harmony and composition at the National Training School, and critic on the Academy and Athenteum. He took Sullivan's class at the Royal Academy of Music in 1879; was conductor of the Hackney Choral Associa- tion, which he succeeded in bringing to a high degree of efticieney ; and was editor of the Musical Record from 1871 to 1874. His valuable theo- retical works are: Primer of Instrumentation (1870); Harmony: Its Theory and Practice (1889) ; Counterpoint : Strict and Free (1890) ; Double Counterpoint and Canon (1891) : Fuyue (1891); Applied Forms (1895); and Tlie Or- chcslra (1898-99). His compositions include four symphonies, two overtures, and many choruses, psalms, chamber-music, and instru- mental selections. His cantatas are: Bercuard (1878) ; Alfred (1882) ; The Red Cross Kniyht (1887) : Damon and Phintias (1889) ; and Queen Aim/e (1885). PROTTT, Father. See :Maiiost, Francis SVLVESTKR. PROUT, Samuel (1783-1852). An English liuidsc:ipe and architectural painter in water- color, born at Plymouth. His real artistic ac- tivity began in 1818 with his travels on the Continent, which were continued throughout his career, and furnislied materials for his best aquarelles. Especially well known are his arehi-
