PRUSSIA. 497 PBUTZ. Ternaltungsrechts (Leipzig, 1890-92); Xeu- mann, Ceoyraphie, OrlslexiLon des Veutschen Reichs (Leipzig, 1894); Pollard, A .Study of ilunkijxil Government (London, 1894) ; Goltz, Die liindlichen Arbeiter iind der preussische titaat (Jena, 1893) ; Meyer, Lchrhuch des dcuischen aiddlsiechts (Leipzi>^, 1895) ; Lair, L'imperia- Usme aUemiind (Paris, 1902); Huber, Dcutsch- laud (lis Imlustriestaat (Stuttgart. 1900); Hue de Grais, Der preussische. titaat (Berlin. 1903) ; Pretissische Jahrhiicher (Berlin, annually). For hi.story, consult: Tuttle, History of Prussia (4 vols., Boston, 1884-90), a work of the highest scholarship, which the death of the author brought to a close with the year 1757; Ranke, Memoirs of the Bouse of Brandenburg mid His- tory of Prussia During the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries (trans., Gordon, 3 vols., London, 1849) ; Stenzel, Geschichte des preus- sischen Sta-ates (5 vols., Gotha, 1831 -.54), to 1703, a standard work, with its continuation, Rieniann, Xeuere Geschichte des preussischen ataates vom Hubertsburger Frieden bis gum Wiener Congress (Gotha, 1882) ; Eberty, Geschichte des preussischen Staates (7 vols., Breslau, 1873), another work of standard value, coming up to 1871 : Pierson. Preussische Ge- schichte (2 vols., Berlin, 1881), able, strongly pro-Prussian; Heimel, Geschichte Preussens (Kunigsberg. 1876). Droysen, Geschichte der preussischen Politik (Berlin, 1876), is a monu- mental work by one of Germany's foremost his- torians, but strongly partisan and only prac- ticable for speciali.sts, to whom its merits and defects will be sufficiently familiar. For a de- tailed bibliography. see Dahlmann-Waitz, Quellenhunde der deuischcn Geschichte (6th ed., revised by Steindorif, Gottingen, 1894). PRUSSIA, East. The northeasternmost prov- ince of Prussia, bounded by the Baltic Sea on the northwest, Russian Poland on the east and south, and the Province of West Prussia on the west (Map: Prussia, J 1). Area, excluding the Frisches and Kurisches Hafl'. 14,282 square miles. It forms a part of the southern coast ))lateau of the Baltic Sea. and its surface, largely Hat. is in- terspersed with marshy tracts in the northeast and south, and with, dunes alo^ig the coast. The southern part is remarkable for its numerous lakes, of which the largest are the JIauer, Spirding, and Lowentin. The chief rivers of the province are the Xiemen (here called the !Memel), the Pregel, and the Passarge. The larger rivers are navigable, and many of the lakes are con- nected by canals. The climate is raw. Agri- culture is the principal occupation, and rye, oats, barley, wheat, and jjotatoes are gro^vn. Stock-raising is vers* important, and the liorses of East Prussia are among the best in Germany, horse-breeding being furthered by several large studs. The forests belong mostly to the State, and are exploited extensively. The manufacturing in- dustries are as yet .slightly developed, and most of them are in connection with agriculture, such as brewing, distilling, and the manufacture of beet sugar. Iron is produced in limited quan- tities, and the manufacturing of textiles is car- ried on as a house industry. The transportation facilities of the province are very good, there being, besides the extensive system of natural and artificial waterways. 1375 miles of railway, chiefly State lines. For administrative purposes East Prussia is divided into the two districts of Kiinigsberg and Gumbinnen, with Kijnigsberg as the capital. The province is repre.sented by 30 members in the Lower House and 24 in the Upper House of the Prussian Landtag, and re- turns 17 Deputies to the Reichstag. In 1900 the population was 1.996,026 (2.006.689 in 1895), including 1,698,465 Protestants. For history, see Pkus.sia. PRUSSIA, West. A province of Prussia, bounded by the Baltic on the north. East Prussia on the east, Russian Poland and the Province of Posen on the south, and the provinces of Brandenburg and Pomerania on the west (Map: Prussia. H 2). Area, over 9800 square miles. The surface is mostly tlat, and in some parts lies below the level of the sea. It is traversed from west to east by a range of hills which reaches its greatest height in the Turmberg, 1080 feet. The chief indentation on the coast is the Gulf of Danziger, which is separated from the sea by the long spit known as Hela Peninsula. The southwestern part of the Frisches Half also belongs to West Prussia. The province is watered principally by the Vistula and its tributaries, and contains many small lakes. The climate is somewhat raw in the lower parts. Agriculture is the principal industry, and rye, potatoes, and oats are the chief products. Sugar beets and tobacco are produced on a very large scale, and stock- raising is also well developed, the province being noted for its fine hor.ses. The manufacturing industries are ps yet unimportant, and are eon- fined entirely to the cities. The principal in- dustries are shipbuilding, notably at Danzig and Elbing, and lumber manufacturing in many of the cities along the Vistula. Linen and other textiles are produced in the rural districts. The chief article of commerce is lumber, which is imported extensively from Russia to Thorn and Danzig. For purposes of administration the province is divided into the two districts of Danzig and !Marienwerder, with Danzig as the capital. It is represented Ijy 22 nicnd)ers in the Lower House and 13 in the Upper House of the Prussian Landtag, and returns 13 members to the Reichstag. The population of the province was 1.4.3.3.681 in 1800 and 1..503.459 in 1900. In 1895 the Roman Catholics numbered 758.168 and the Protestants 702.030. PRUSSIC ACID. See Htdeocyanic Acid. PRUTH, proof. An important tributary of the lower course of the Danube. It rises in the Carpathian Mountains, on the boundary of Gali- cia and Hungary, flows through the scnilheastern part of Galicia. and then forms the boundary line between Bessarabia (Russia) and Rumania, joining* the Danube near Galatz (ilap: Balkan Peninsula, G 2). Its total length is over 500 miles. Its course is very swift and the river is used principally for floating timber, although it is navigable from .lassy downward for about 170 miles. In 1711 the army of Peter the Great was hemmed in on the bank of the Pruth. near Husi. by the Turks. They finally allowed the Czar to withdraw upon his consenting to give up Azov. PRUTZ, proofs. Hans (1843—1. A German historian, horn at .Jena, son of the following. He stidied in .Jena and in Berlin, where he estab- lished himself as Privat-docent in 1873. The re- Fults of an expedition into Syria, undertaken by order of the Government, in 1874, were embodied
