PTOLEMY. 522 PTOLEMY. .r„vnt hv 1 rpvohition. and luid supreme sway over the minds of almost all he ,vas driven from ^^^P/, ,>,, j^;;r'„„o7^^^^^ the seiintiflc men from his own tnne down to was killed in an ""'^^■^'^-^l "'^'^^^.^^'^^/alex- the close of the Middle Ages; but, and in astron- PtolemyXU. (cJOo-SOBC) suiMmeaAL especially, he seems to have been not so A.XDEB U.,y.a. the so of i l^^j"> -^;^ l^J ^' ^^^ ^„J.„ „J, independent investigator as a corrector known mother. He f,^,' 1 ""p^^j^^^^ Tl>e and improver of the work of his predecessors. In time of the death of hl^, uncle, i toienn -^- ^'^ „^t..„no,nv he had the labors of Hipparchus to latter's daughter, C eopatra-Berenice v.dow of "^'"y.*^^ ,,e scrupulously distin- her uncle, Ptolemy XI., and ^'eP^^!;"-',," /,«^^a f^isl^ b tween Hipparchus's labors and his own. ander II succeeded to ^^^ ^f ^^^^^H"'," I'^^tip To Ptolemy belongs the invention of a planetary Sulla advised Alexander II. to mariy ins step xo r .^ ^jgeoverv of the moons evection mother and thus make '"■"-'. ^^l the Kin.; (^v )' and the singular distinction of being the The marriage was '-'■-.■"gf 'I- ';"'^,;™ * [Jt"eS soV existing authodtv on the subject of ancient and his vvite had ^'S"^^ /°8f " .^"^ ," "^^'J asU-onomv. From this last-mentioned fact, the days, the Queen was "'">-'Y7,fe ■ ,, wh"t they svs cm astrononn' which he sets forth in the " lTnt Itxlnd" l! .' n^pi" h m to deatf Me^dX, S..raJ. x^s ^A.rpo.o,ias, conunonly known With'flmlht^^ie line^f the Ptolemies ^^^ - ^^^^ ^j^ ^.^SL ^J; i^; U^:^: ^^l:" Xm. (c.05-51 B..),surnamedXKOS ^^^^^ Jr^^^^r'"^' ^^"'^^"'°"^ Dlo.N-y^us or AULETES ('the Piper') was a t'l'X^^™;°*,^°f. vided into thirteen books, natural son of Ptolemy X., feoter II.. and .attei _^ '",,;' '^ .i„'„„„,„etr v of the Greeks is known the death of Ptolemy XII possessed hi™^e If of ad the t^'f;j^">"« • ,,^ ^,,i, „.„,k of the thethronewithoutoppos.t.on. He reigned on almos entie ^ ^^^^^ ^^^^ _^^^^^^ B c 80 to 51. He was addicted to every kind ot second ceniui ^ . . vice and debauchery. He was a skilled pertormer on the Hute. and frecpiently competed for the prize in musical contests with professionals. He main- 'tained friendlv relations with Rome; when he died he left his kingdom to his daughter Cleo- patra, and his elder son, Ptolemy XR . who was were then confined to the sexagesimal sys- tem and used tables of whole eliords instead of half-chords. Book i. contains all that can be reoarded as pure theory. It contains a metliod for calculating chords ; the fundamental theorem in rectilinear trigonometrv. that the rectangle , and his elder son, i-toiemy -xix . »uu .>.., m >« diac^onals of an inscribed quadrilateral to mirry his sister, and appointed the Roman "J^^^he ^dm.^onal,^ o^^^^ ,eetangles of the pairs of people his executors. onoosite sides: and the principles of spherical Ptolemy XIV. (c.61-4- B.C.), surnamed ^„,,,t,^. ^,„(i trigonometry sufficient to construct Dionysus, married his sister, the tamous ^.leo- s ^^^^^^ .^^ ^^^ ^^^^,^ declination to each degree of patra (q.v.) , and ruled jointly with her trom B.C. j^^^^j^^^^p rj-j^^ further mathematical work of the 51 to 48, when a dispute arose and the Queen was , , "^^ /pgnsists of applications of the geometry obliged to leave Egypt. ^^f^'S^^^^'^^ and tdgonometry of Book i troops to support her cause and Ptolemy was ae o - - As a geographer, Ptolemy appears as the cor- rector and improver of the works of a predeces- sor JIarinus of Tvre, altout whom, except from Ptolemy's writings, little is known. His Tewipa- feated. He was accidentally drowned while try- ing to escape. Ptolemy XV. (c.58-45 B.C.), the younger son ^^^^^__^^ ^ ^^^ of Auletes, became the nominal husband of his •Td,^7^<ris is divided into eight books, all sister Cleopatra in B.C. 47. and was co-regent witn ^^ ^'^.|^..|^ ^^.jj.,^ ^,^p exception of the first, eighth, her for two years, when she murdered him to ^^^^ ^^ portion of the seventh, are nothing more make room for her son Ca-sarion. ^y^^^ ^ catalogue of places, w^ith their latitude Ptolemy XVI. (B.C. 47-30), called C.ESARION, — - ■■ ' > ..,:*,,„ k,.;.* was the son of Cleopatra by .Julius Caesar and was nominallv co-regent with his mother from B 0. 45 until" her death. After the battle of Actium Cleopatra endeavored to secure his safety by sending him out of the country, but he was betrayed to Octavius, who caused him to be put to death. Consult: Strack, Die Dynastie der Ptolemiier (Berlin, 1897) ; Mahaffy, The Empire of the Ptolemies (London, 1895) ; A History of Efiypt Under the Ptolemaic Dynasty (New York, 1899) ; Mever, Dos Hcentescn der Ptolenmer und Romer and longitude (to 12ths of a degree), with a briet general ' description prefixed to each continent and country or tribe, and interspersed here and there with "remarks of a miscellaneous character on anv point of interest. The rest of the work contai'ns details regarding his mode of noting the positions of places, by latitude i/xriKos) and longitude (^rXiros), with the calculation of the size of the sphere of the earth, and of the extent of surface then known. He also describes the mode adopted bv him of projecting the surface ol a hemisphere on a flat surface, and shows its su- Mever Dos Heernescn der Ptolenmer una Komer pgrioritv over the projections of Eratosthenes, in Aegypten (Leipzig. 1900) ; Budge, A History Hipparchus, and :Iarinus. He constructed a of Enynt (New York. 1902). The last-named ^^ries of twentv-six maps, together with a gen- work contains a full bibliography of the subject - - ■■ " =- ="- ■..■"^.•"" -f l.« See also the section on Ancie^it History under Egypt. PTOLEMY (Claudius Ptolem.eus). An an- cient astronomer and geographer. He was a native of Egypt, though it is uncertain whether he was born at Pelusium or at ^'^^^' ^;;^';j;i'^ ::;;;'::;^ i^slccou,^to he ol ^?:™ JLi^--"^ept^- - LSd ^^^tf^^s^e--^.:. .^^^ ^.^ ^n Alexandria in A.d." 139 and there is prob:,ble .ai .u.a7<-7^ .^"^^^^a^ or a sp des of al- evidence of his having been alive in a.d. . P^^^-^'^^r^J^t^fht works are Ptolemy, both as an astronomer and geographer, manac. Ihe re=t ot series of twentv-six maps, together with a gen- eral map of the world, in illustration of his ^^°The chief of his writings, besides those already mentioned, are: TeTpd^i^Xos 2i)^af«, with which is combined another work, called Kar/ms or t crt- tiloquinm. from its containing a hundred apho- risms both works treating of astrological sub-
