RASPBERRY. 713 RASPE. following season's crop. The crop is usually picked by hand ; many growers, however, use a simple device consisting of an apron with a shallow box attached, into which the ripe fruit is jarred. After the fruit is dried it is run through a fanning mill to separate any leaves or twigs which fell with the fruits into the pick- ing box. Two species of red raspberries are cultivated, the native American red raspberry {Rubus stri- j/o.sH.s) and the European (Riibus Idaus.) These two plants are clcsely related botanically, but differ under cultivation, a marked distinction being the habit of the European species to con- tinue fruiting throughout tlie season after ripen- ing begins. This is a disadvantage to the com- mercial grower, but an advantage to the ama- teur. The European sorts are less hardy than the natives, and cannot be relied upon in the Northern States except in sheltered positions. The number of foreign varieties cultivated in the United States is comparatively small. Out of a total of 100 or more introductions not more than 6 or 8 have stood the test. Both forms of red raspberry propagate readily from sprouts and root cuttings. As a result of the habit of sprout- ing, the patches soon present the character of a matted row, although they are usually planted 3 by 6 feet apart in original plantations. Thorough cultivation is necessary, not only for the pur- pose of stimulating growth, but in order to hold the plants within bounds. The fruit of these species cannot be successfully gath- ered by machinery and is never evaporated. Its chief use is for dessert purposes, although the fruit is ahso prized in wine-making, for jam, and for canning. Another important group of raspberries seems to have resulted from the crossing of Rubus occi- flentalis and Rubus strinosiis. In habit of growth the plant resembles the black raspberry more closely than the red, since it propagates by 'tips,' has a firmer fruit than the red, with greater size and much better flavor than the black. For shipping it is much better than the red, and for dessert purposes superior to the black. Flower- ing raspberry {Rubus oderatus) is often planted for ornament. See Plate of RrBCS. RASPBERRY DISEASES. The fungous dis- eases of the raspberry, blackberry, and dewberry are the same, and at times work serious injury. Among the most important are anthracnose and orange rust. The anthracnose {Cllwosporium neca- tor) is first indicated by the appearance of small rapidly growing purple spots upon the young shoots near the ground. As these spots enlarge and extend around the stems the centres become dirty white, the spots coalesce and rupture the epidermis, and the canes die as though girdled by a knife. The fruit may shrivel and remain upon the stems. Rust {Cceoina iiiteiis) attacks and dwarfs the young growth. Soon the leaves turn yellow and both they and the young stems be- come distorted and" covered with masses of orange-colored spores, which rapidly spread the disease. The remedy recommended for the form- er is spraying with a fungicide (q.v.), for the latter digging and burning. RASPBERRY INSECTS. The canes of rasp- berry bushes are attacked injuriously in the United States by two species of beetles. The raspberry cane-borer {Oberea binuiculata) lives in the larval state in the centre of the cane, where it burrows downward, often causing the death of the cane. It is a native insect, feeding in the wild raspberries, but has transferred its attention to the cultivated varieties. The per- fect insect is a cerambycid or long-horned beetle, with a long and narrow black body, the top of the thorax being pale yellowish. It appears in .June, and the female lays her eggs toward the end of that month, girdling the young growing cane near the tip in two places and inserting the egg between the girdles. This insect feeds in black- berry as well as in rasjjberry stems. The remedy consists in prvuiing the girdled tips as soon as observed, and they are very evident from the withering of the terminal leaves. The other cane-borer is the red-necked Agrilus {Agrilu-s ruficolUs) . This is a buprcstid beetle which lays its eggs in the stems of raspberry and blackberry, and the resultant larva makes a swelling in the cane. Several larva? will be found under the bark of one of these swellings, and when full- grown they penetrate to the pith and transform to pups from which the perfect beetles escape early in the summer. Raspberry canes are sometimes damaged to some extent by the snowj- tree-cricket (CEcanthus niveus), which perforates the .stems to a distance of an inch or more, inserting its eggs in the per- forations. This is the only damage done by this insect, which, after it issues, feeds upon plant-lice. The raspberry sawfly (Helandria rubi) in the larval condition feeds upon the leaves, and trans- forms to pupa at the surface of the ground or a little below the surface. This insect is de- stroyed, when abiuadant, by sprinkling with helle- bore and water. Several species of Lepidoptera in the larval state feed upon the leaves of rasp- berry, and there is a little measuring worm which feeds upon the fruit. This species (Synchlora wrata) reaches full growth about the time of the ripening of the raspberry, when it is about three- fourths of an inch long, of a yellowish gray color, each segment being furnished with several sharp thorns. It has the habit of disguising itself by attaching to these thorns small bits of vegetable matter, such as the anthers of flowers and bits of leaf. The adult moth is of a delicate pale- green color, and has a wing-ex])anse of about half an inch. The flea-like negro-bug (q.v.) is often foimd upon raspberries, and its presence may be discovered by the disagreeable odor of the fruit. The insect is so small that it is often taken into the mouth unnoticed until the disgust- ing flavor reveals its presence. Consult Saund- ers, Insects Injurious to Fruits (Philadelphia, 1889). RASPE, riis'pF, Rudolph Erich (1737-94). A German-English writer and mineralogist, born in Hanover. He studied in 1750-00 at Giittingen and Leipzig. In 1707 he became a professor in the Collegium Carolinum at Cassell, and curator of the Landgrave's cabinet of antiquities and coins. During this time he tran.slated (1705) Leibnitz's philosophical works, wrote the poem Hermin und Gunilde (1766), published a critical treat- ise on Percy's Reliques, and papers on geol- ogy and mineralogy. In 1775 he was charged with purloining coins and other articles of value, and fled to England, where he published Some German Volcanoes and Their Productions (1776), a translation of Lessing's Nathan der
