axjSxjC 744 Si£iB£jA. a curved human head. Two trefoil-shaped sound holes ornamented the belly, and the instrument was fitted with a bridge and sound-post. The performer held it against his breast, or under his chin, like a violin. The rebec was the parent of the violin, and the three gut strings were tuned like the three lower violin strings, G, D, and A. The tone was loud and harsh, but power- ful, which made it a favorite in mediawal or- chestras. Specimens are very rare. For illus- tration, see Plate of Musical Instruments. REBECCA. The beautiful Jewess, daughter of Isaac of York, in Scott's Ivanhoe. She loves the hero, whom she nurses after the tournament at Ashliy, but is pursued by the Templar Bois Guilbcrt. Convicted of sorcery, she is condemned to the stake, but is saved by Ivanhoe, who enters the lists as her champion. With her father, Isaac the Jew, she leaves England for Spain, a country then more hospitable to the Jews than England. REBEKAH. See Isaac. REBELLION (Lat. rebellio, from rebellis, making war again, from re-, back again, anew -f- belliim, war). In its narrowest sense, open re- sistance to authority. In its public-law significa- tion rebellion is the armed opposition to the government of a portion of its subjects for the purpose of securing a change in the constitution or laws, or with a view to preventing the execu- tion of the laws. Unless the authority against which tile resistance is directed be lawful there is no rebellion. Thus, resistance to an olTicer who is acting beyond his legal powers is not an act of rebellion. Rebellion is sometimes said to diil'er from insurrection in that it is a more general and more perfectly organized resistance than insurrection, and usually undertaken with a view to sul)verting the government, that is, the difference chiefly is one of degi-ee. This is the view taken by the United States Supreme Court {Prize Cases, 2 Black). Other authorities hold the reverse to be true. According to the latter view a rebel is one who openly refuses to obey the authority of the State, while an insurgent goes further and attacks the government with the intent of overtlirowing it or replacing it by another. According to the public-law view civil war is a struggle between two parties occupying substantially the same geographical limits for the possession of the government, each claiming to be the legitimate party. Rebellion, on the other hand, in its advanced stage (or insurrec- tion, according to the second view propounded above), is the attempt of a section of the people to overthrow the government or its authority with a view to replacing it by another of a diU'erent type, or for the purpose of constituting a separate iiation with a separate sovereignty. Finally, there is the distinction betw'een rebellion and revolution, which may be sinnmed up as the difference between failure and success. Every person who engages in rebellion is liable to the criminal penalties for treason established by the government against which he rebels and he is dealt with by the ordinary civil authorities, but when the rebellion becomes so widespread as to embrace a vast majority of the inhabitants of a considerable portion of the country, and when the rebels have succeeded in estaldishing a government and raising an army or navy, and especially if they have won recognition as bel- ligerents from foreign nations with the rights incident thereto, those who are captured are usually treated as belligerents in conformity with the rules of civilized warfare. While endeavoring to enforce its constitutional rights against armed rebellion, a nation has all the powers, not only of a sovereign, but also of the most favored belligerent. The Constitution of the United States authorizes Congress to provide for calling out the militia to suppress insurrec- tions, and Congress has done so by empowering the President to call upon the militia wlienever in his judgment danger from rebellion recpiires that step. The Supreme Court has decided that the President is the sole judge as to when the exigency shall have arisen. In pursuance of this authority the President has called out the militia three times in our history — namely, in 1704, to suppress the Whisky Rebellion in Pennsylvania; in 1812, to repel the British invasion; and in 1801, to suppress the insurrection in the South- ern States. REBELLION, War of the. See Civil War IN America. REBENSTEIN, raOien-stm, A. The pseu- donym of the German author Aaron Bernstein (q.v.). REBER, ra'ber, Franz von (1834—). A German art-historian, born at Cham, Bavaria. After studying in Munich and Berlin he went to Rome, and in 1858 established himself as lecturer at the University of Munich, was ap- pointed professor at the Polytechnieum there in 180;? and director of the Royal Gallery in 187.'j. His writings include: Die Riiincn RoniK unci der Cainiiagna (2d ed. 1879) ; OesrJiiclitf dcr Bdiil-uiint im Alterttan (1804-67); Kiinst- gesehichtc dcs Altcriiims (1871: trans, and sup- plemented by Clarke, New York, 1882) ; Oe- scliiclite der neueren deutschen Kiinst (2d ed. 1884); Kunstgesehichte des Mittelalters (1880; trans. 1887) ; Oeschiehte der Malerei vom Anfang des l.'i. his ziim Ende des IS. Jahrhunderis (1804); and Die phrt/gischen Fehciideiikmiiler ( 1807 ) . lie translated the ten books of Vitruvius on Architeeliire (1865) and the History of the Antwerp tiehool of Paiuting by Rooses (1880). REBER, ra'bar'. Napoleon Henri (1807-80). A French composer, born at Miihlhausen, Alsace. He studied with Reicha and Le Sueur, wrote ehandier-nnisic, and set to music the new songs of the best French poets. He became professor of harmony at the Conservatory in 1851. and suc- ceeded Halevy as professor of composition in 1862, He was inspector of the branch con- servatories from 1871 and elected to Onslow's chair in the Academic in 1853. Among his works are: A ballet, Le dinble iimoureux (1840) ; the comic operas, La nuit de Noel ( 1848), Le pdre Gnilhird (1852), Les papiUotes de M. Beiioist (18.')3), and Les dames capitaines (1857). His instrumental works, which are written in the spirit of the German classics, consist of four symphonies, one overture, and one suite for the orchestra, three stringed quartets, one stringed r|uintet, one pianoforte quartet, seven piano- forte trios, and pieces for the pianoforte and vio- lin. For the voice he wrote thirty-three songs with pianoforte accompaniment, a Chccjir de pirates. Le soir, an Ave Maria and Agiins Dei for two sopranos, tenor, bass, and organs, besides
