RECtrSANT. 765 RED CEDAR RIVER. RECUSANT (OF. recununt, Fr.« recusant, from Lat. recusare, to reject, from re-, back again, auew + causa, cause). In English ec- clesiastical legislation, an}' person who refuses to attend the services of the Established Church. Laws against recusants have borne most heavily upon Roman Catholics, who in earlier times were generally suspected of plotting against the Gov- ernment and the person of the sovereign. The first of such laws was passed under Elizabeth in 1581, but the culmination of such legislation in her reign was in 159.3. A law passed in that year read that all Popish recusants over sixteen years of age must "repair to their places of dwell- ing where they usually heretofore made their common abode, and shall not, at any time after, pass or remove above five miles from thence." If they did remove, their goods were forfeited to the Crown. A careful list was made of all such per- sons. If they had no property they were required to leave the coimtry, upon penalty of being treatcxl{ as felons. If they made public submission, they were to be absolved. Consult the act in Gee and Ilardv. Documents lUustratirc of English Church History, pp. 498-508 (London, 1896). The Popish recusants still being considered a source of danger after Elizabeth's reign, additional and more stringent laws were passed agiiinst them. Thus in the third j"ear of King James (1606) there were two such acts, "for the better discov- ering and repressing of Popish recusants." and "to prevent and avoid dangers which may happ;n from Popish recusants;" in the twenty-fifth year of Charles II. (1GS5), one "for preventing dan- gers which may happen from Popish recusants;" and there were similar laws under William and Mary and Anne. All such legislation was abro- gated in the reign of Victoria. RED. One of the three primary colors, the rays of which are least broken, and which is. consequently, at the end of the spectrum. It is much used, as well in the fine arts as in dyeing and other applied arts. The mineral, animal, and vegetable kingdoms contribute the materials from which red colors are derived. The mineral world furnishes vermilion and the red ochres; the animal, carmine, scarlet, and others; and the vegetable, the different madder pigments. (See these titles.) Since 1848 the term red, as being the color of blood, has been applied by their opponents to the radical parties, especially in France. The red flag has been adopted "as the emblem of their creed by the Social Democrats the world over. RED ADMIRAL. See Admir.l and Colored Plate of Butterflies. REDAN (OF. redan, redent, Fr. redan, from Lat. re-, back again, anew + dens, tooth). A work in fortification which consists of two para- pets, whose faces join in forming a salient angle toward the enemv, like a letter V, in which the apex is to the front. The c(rastruction is similar to a redoubt (q.v.). See FouTiFic.Tiox ; Siege AND Siege Works. RED ANT. See HorsE Ant. RED-BACKED MOUSE, or Wood-Mouse. A small meadow-mouse tErotomiis Cappcri) of the wooded regions of Canada and the Eastern States, especially numerous in boggy regions. The color of the back is bright reddish chestnut, lightening below into butfy white. There is also a Xortlicrn gray variety. These mice have the general liabits of meadow-mice, but those of southern New .Jer.sey inliabit exclusively the Spliagmun bogs, where they burrow deeply in the moss, making tunnels and nests below the frost- line. RED-BACKED SANDPIPER. A shore- bird, the dunlin ( (iq.v. i . nl~o kiKrwn to American gunners a> 'winter .snipe' and 'blackbreast.' RED BANK. A town in Monmouth County, X. J., 26 miles south of New York City, with which it has steamboat eonneclion; on the Shrewsbury River, and on the Pennsylvania and the Central of New .lersey railroads (Jlap: New Jersey, D 3). It is an attractive resi- dential place and a popular summer resort. There are in Red Bank Slirewsbury .cademy, and public and high school libraries. The lead- ing manufactories include carriage shops, a clothing facton'. a large canning factory, boiler works, and gold-beating establishments. Popula- tion, in 1800, 4145; in 1900, .54'28. RED BAT. A small North American bat (Lfisiurus boreaJis) 4.4 inches long and 11 inches in expanse of wing. Its fur varies from bright rust-red to gray, with a whitish patch on each side of the breast. It is one of the commonest of our bats, dwells in dark caves and garrets, and is more likely to come out in daylight than any other species. Those of the Northern States mi- grate southward in winter. It was formerly called the New York bat. RED-BELLIED SNAKE. A common harm- less snake (.S'/ormo occipitomaciilata) of the eastern half of the United States, allied to the garter snakes, but shorter and more robust ; it is also called "wanipum-snake.' It is chestnut or grayish brown ; a i)aler line, about three scales wide, runs along the spine; the hindbead shows three pale blotches, and the abdomen is salmon red. A nearly related species is DeKay's snake {Dekaiii). but this is more grayish and has a gray bolly. Another small red-bellied snake in the Mississippi Valley is Kirtland's {Troiiidoclonium Kirtlandi). Imt its head is shin- ing black, and lines of round black spots mark its whole length. . much larger species is thn red-bellied water snake (Xatrix eri/throgastcr) , which is found in the Southern States and north- ward to ^Michigan. It reaches a length of 4 feet. REDBIRD. A local name for many difTerent liirds of red plumage. In the L'nited States the name is given to the tanagers and to the cardi- nal-bird (qq.v.). REDBREAST. See Konix. RED-BREASTED (or Robin) SNIPE. A dowitclicr (q.v.). REDBUG. . heteropterous insect (Dtjsder- cus sutureltus) which damages cotton and or- anges in the Southern United States; also called cotton stainer. (See Cottox Insects.) The term 'redbug' is also applied in parts of the Southern United States to the larvip of certain harvest mites, also called jigger. REDCAP. -V breed of domestic fowls, the lartrest of the Hamburg group, and long estab- lished in good repute. RED CEDAR RIVER. See Cedab Riveb.
