BEED. 776 REED. educated at the School of Mathematics and Naval Construction at Portsmouth, and became secretary of the Institution of Naval Architects. From 18G3 to 1870. when he resifjned. lie was chief constructor of the British Navy. In 1886 Gladstone appointed him Lord of the Treasury, and from 1874 to 1895 he was a member of Par- liament. In 1880 he was created a knif;ht com- mander of the Bath. He published: Our Iron- clad Hliips (1869) : Letters from Russia in 1S75 (1876) ; The titability of Ships (188-1) ; and, in collaboration with Admiral Simpson, Modern Ships of ^yar (1888). KEED, Henry (1808-54). An American edu- cator and critic, born in Philadelphia, Pa. He graduated at the University of Penn.sylvania in 1825. studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1829. In 1831 he became assistant professor of English and of moral philosophy in the Uni- versity of Pennsylvania, and in 1S35 was made professor of rhetoric and English literature at the same institution. This he held till the year of his death, which occurred in the sinking of the steamship Arctic, September 27, 1854. His literary work consisted mainly of the posthu- mously published lectures and essays on litera- ture; Lectures on Enf/Iish Literature (1855); Lectures on Enfilish History and Tragic Poetry as Illustrated by Shakespeare (1856) ; and Lec- tures on the British Poets (1857). He did much by his editions of Wordsworth to further the study of that poet in America. His works were edited by his brother, William Bradford Reed (q.v.). REED, Joseph (1741-85). An Amarican patriot of the Revolutionary period. He was born at Trenton, N. .J.. August 27. 1741, and graduated at the College of New Jersey, now Princeton, in 1757. From 1703 to 1765 he studied law in England, being entered at the ^Middle Tem- ple. He then began practice at Trenton, and in 1767 became deputy secretary of New Jersey. On his return in 1770 from a second visit to England, where he married a daughter of Dennis Deberdt. the agent of ^Massachusetts in England, he re- moved to Philadelphia, served on the Committee of Correspondence, and was president of the Pennsylvania Provincial Congress in 1775. In 1775 he served as a delegate to the Continental Congress and became Washington's secretary and aid-dc-camp. He was adjutant-general during the New Jersey campaign, the success of which was due in no small degree to his knowledge of the coimtry. In 1777 he declined the posts of Chief Justice of Pennsylvania and Commissioner of Indian Affairs, and a promotion to the rank of brigadier-general, and remained in the array as a volunteer without pay. serving with credit in the battles of Brandywine, Germantown, and ilonmouth. He was a member of the Continental Congress in 1778, and signed the Articles of Confederation. He was president of the Pennsylvania Supreme Executive Council from 1778 to 1781. in which capacity he helped to suppress the revolt of the Pennsylvania line in the latter year. He had previously caused the trial of Arnold for maladministration. Dur- ing his administration he aided in founding the University of Pennsylvania and advocated the gradvial abolition of slavery. Reed died March 5, 1785. Consult W. B. Reed. Life and Corrc- spondence of Joseph Reed (Philadelphia, 1847). REED, Thomas Brackett (1839-1902). An American lawyer and political leader, born at Portland, Maine. He graduated at Bowdoin Col- lege in 1860; emigrated to California, where he ■ taught school, in the meantime devoting his spare moments to the study of law; returned to Port- land in 1864, and was appointed paymaster in llie United States Navy, in which capacity he served until his honorable discharge in November, 1865. Shortly thereafter he was admitted to the bar and began the practice of law at Portland. In 1868-69 he was a member of the Lower House of the Maine Legislature, and in 1870 sat in the State Senate. From 1870 to 1872 he served as Attorney-General of JIaine, and from 1874 to 1877 was solicitor of the City of Portland. In 1876 he was elected to Congress and was continuously reelected until 1898. In 1889 he was clioscn Speaker of the House. Again in 1895 and in 1897 he was elected Speaker, but before the exi)iration of his last term he resigned his seat in Congress and entered upon the practice of law in New York City. As Speaker of the National House of Representa- tives, he made a notable innovation upon the par- liamentary procedure of that body by adopting the practice of counting as present those mem- bers of the opposition who. though physically present, refused to vote in order to prevent a quo- rum. This innovation created a storm of oppo- sition in the House and was denoimced as revo- lutionary. His rulings, however, were sustained by the majority. The practice was soon ac- quiesced in by the Democrats, and it has come to be a permanent part of the procedure of the Lower House. In 1896 Reed was a prominent candidate for the Republican nomination for the Presidency, but was defeated by William McKin- ley. He died at Washington in December. 1902. Speaker Reed was an able parliamentarian and an efficient speaker, his addresses often being en- livened by rare wit and humor. REED, Walter (185I-I902). An American army surgeon, sanitarian, and bacteriologist, l)oru in Virginia. He received his medieal education in the University of Virginia and in Bellevue College Hospital, New York City. He was ap- pointed assistant surgeon in the army in 1875, and in 1890 was assigned to duty in Baltimore, where he remained a year. During this period he made an especial study of bacteriology in the laboratory of Prof. William Welch in Johns Hop- kins University. In 1893 he was appointed cura- tor of the Army Medical Museum in Washington, and established a laboratory in which he gave instruction in bacteriology to the student officers of the newly established Army Medical School, and did much original work in bacteriology and in the conduct of special sanitary inspections and investigations. In 1898 he was placed at the head of a board, of which Drs. Victor C. Vaughan and E. O. Shakespeare were the other members, to investigate the epidemic occuri-ence of typhoid fever among the troops assembled for the Span- ish-American War. It developed the surprising fact that infected water was not an important factor in camp epidemics of typhoid fever, but that the infection was distributed by the agency of flies and on the hands, feet, and clothing of the men. Their work is remarkable for the patience and skill with which a vast number of facts were brought together and collated. In 1899 Reed, with his assistant, Carroll, demonstrated the
