REIN, Wilhelm (1847— ). A German educator and author, born at Eisenach. He studied at Heidelberg, Leipzig, and Jena, for several years was teacher at Weimar, and from 1876 to 1886 was principal of a school in Eisenach. In 1886 he was appointed professor of pedagogy at the University of Jena. Rein's system of education resembles Herbart's. He ranks among the foremost of educational theorists, and has exerted great influence on the educational institutions of his country. His principal works are Theorie und Praxis des Volksschulunterrichts (1879-93) and Pädagogik im Grundriss (1892). He edited Niemeyer's Grundsätze der Erziehung (1878-79), and founded the educational journal Pädagogische Studien in 1880.
REINACH, rï'näK. Joseph (1856— ). A French publicist, born in Paris. He studied at tbe Lycée Condorcet and in the faculty of law of the University of Paris, was admitted to the bar in 1877, wrote for the Dix-neuvième Siècle and Gambetta's Republique Française, and in 1881-82 was private secretary to Gambetta, then president of the Cabinet council. Having reëntered Journalism, in 1886 he became proprietor with Deynarouse of the Republique Française, in which he supported the Union-Republican group. In 1889 he was elected as Liberal-Republican Deputy for Digne (Basses-AIpes), in 1893 was reëlected, but in 1898 failed of reëlection because of opposition to his attitude in the Dreyfus case. In the Chamber of Deputies he was a member of the committees on the budget and on the army, and took a prominent part in the legislative debates. He became departmental councilor of Basses-Alpes for the Canton of Moustiers in 1896. He appeared prominently in connection with the Dreyfus case, denounced the introduction of secret documents into the trial of 1894, the forgeries of Paty du Clam and Henry, and the complicity of the latter with Esterhazy, and was associated with Scheurer-Kestner in the movement for revision. He published on the case several pamphlets, including La voix de I'ile (1898), Les enseignements de I'histoire (1898), A l'ile du diable (1898), Vers la justice par Ia vérité (1898). Le crépuscule des traitres (1899), and Les faits nouveaux (1899), and the volumes Les bles d'hiver (1901), Histoire de I'affaire Dreyfus, Le procés de 1894 (1901), and Histoire de I'affaire Dreyfus, Esterhazy (1903). The brochure Les enseignements de I'histoire originally appeared in the Siécle, and caused Reinach to be expelled from his captaincy in the territorial army for "a gross offense against discipline" and to be deprived of the decoration of the Legion of Honor. Among his further publications are: La Servie et le Monténêgro (1876); Voyage en Orient (1879); Le ministére Gambetta (1884); Etudes de littérature et d'histoire (1888-89); and Les petites Catilinaires (1888-89), collected articles against Boulanger. He also edited the Discours et plaidoyers politiques de Gambetta (11 vols., 1881-85), and Dépêches, circulaires, décrets, proclamations et discours de Gambetta (1886).
REINACH, Salomon (1858— ). A French archæologist, brother of the preceding, born at Saint-Germain-en-Laye (Seineet-Oise). He studied at the Lycée Fontanes and the Ecole Normale Supérieure, was appointed to the French Classical School of Athens (Ecole Française d'Athènes), and made interesting excavation and discoveries at Myrina, near Smyrna, and elsewhere (1880–82). In 1886 lie became attaché in the Museum of National Antiquities at St. Germain-en-Laye, in 1890-92 held the chair of assistant professor of national archæology at the Ecole du Louvre, and in 1893 was appointed associate curator of the National Museums. He was elected to the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres in 1896. He reviewed works on archæology for the Revue Critique, edited a careful text (1877) of Saint-Augustine's De Civitate Dei, and published among his original volumes a Chronique d'Orient (1885-91), cataloguing all discoveries made in Greece to that date; La necropole de Myrina (with Pottier, 1887); Description raisonnée du musée de Saint-Germain (1890); Les Celtes dans les vallées du Pô et du Danube (1894); Répertoire de la statuaire grecque et romaine (1897–98); and Guide illustré du musée national de Saint-Germain (1899).
REINAUD, ra'no', Joseph Toussaint (1795–1867). A French Orientalist, born at Lambesc (Bouches-du-Rhône). He was a pupil of Sylvestre de Sacy, became connected with the Royal Library, and was appointed conservator of that institution in 1834. He was also president and (1838 et seq.) De Sacy's successor as professor of Arabic at the Ecole des Langues Orientales Vivantes (1838-67). He published: Monuments arabes, persans, et turcs du cabinet de M. le due de Blacas et d'autres cabinets (1828), a work of great value, especially in the province of epigraphy; a version of Raymond Lully's Livre de la loi au Sarrazin (1831, with Michel); Extraits des historiens arabes relatifs aux guerres des croisades (1829); Invasions des Sarrazins en France (1836); the text and a French version of Abulfeda's geography (with Slane. 1840-48); Fragments arabes et persans relatifs à l'lnde (1834); Relation des voyages faits par les Arabes et les Persans dans I'Inde et Chine (1845); and Relations politiques et commerciales de I'empire romain avec l'Asie orientale (1863). From 1847 to his death he was president of the Société Asiatique.
REINDEER (Icel. hreinn, AS. hrān, reindeer, from Lapp reino, pasturage + deer, AS. dēar, Goth. dius, wild beast, animal, Ger. Thier, animal). An Arctic deer (Rangifer tarandus) which has long been domesticated and used as a draught animal and a beast of burden in Northern Europe. The wild race still exists in varying abundance almost everywhere from Northern Scandinavia to Eastern Siberia, wandering to the Arctic coast and throughout Spitzbergen, Nova Zembla, and the Phipps and Parry islands. They are not known much south of Lapland in the west, nor below the northern margin of the great forest region in Siberia, but in the Ural region they wander southward to the borders of Perm. Whether the caribou (q.v.) of Greenland and Canada are to be regarded as merely geographical races of the European form, thus considered as a circumpolar species, is a matter of opinion. European zoölogists generally do so regard it, and assert that the differences between European and American examples are not sufficient to be deemed specific. Merriam and other recent American zoölogists think otherwise and set apart no less than six 'species' in the New World. Within historic times reindeer lived in the islands north of Scotland, but became extinct there before the
