BIGGS. 150 RIGHTS. Modern ArmciiUiii l.iuitiutiiif, with tlio aid of na- tive scholars (1853. and suhsuqiuMitlv) ; Transla- lioii oi the tlcriptuns into the liulyariun l.an- iiuojic, assisted by native scholars and the Rev. Albert L. Long (1871) ; A Harmony of the Gos- pels, in Bulgarian (1880); A Bible Dictionary, in Bulgarian (1884). RIGGS, J.MES Stevenson (1853—). An American Presbyterian theologian, born in New York City. He graduated at Princeton in 1874, and after two years at Leipzig and Tiibingen entered Auburn Theological Seminary. There he graduated in 1880, and in 1884. after a pastorate at Fulton. X. Y., became adjunct professor of biblical Greek. In 1892 he was ap]iointed to the chair of bil)lical criticism and New Testament. His pul)lications include The Bible in Art (1S05) and .1 History of the Jeicish People Dur- ing the Maccabean and Roman Periods (1900). RIGGS, Stephen Return (1812-83). A mis- sionary among the American Indians, born in Steubenville, Ohio. He was educated at the Rip- ley (Ohio) Latin School, Jefferson College, and the Western Theological Seminary at Allegheny, and in 1837 was commissioned missionary at Fort Snelling. During the early years of his work he found time to publish lesson books in Dakotah. and to prepare the manuscript for his Grammar and Dietionary of the Dakotah Lan- guage, which was published by the Smithsonian Institution (1852). In 1883 his Dakota-English Dictionary was published by the Bureau of Ethnology. RIGHI, re'ge. A mountain of Switzerland. Sec RiGi. RIGHI, AuGUSTO ( 1850— ) . An Italian phys- icist. He was born in Bologna and was edu- cated at the university of that town. After hold- ing various positions in the Physical Institute, he was called to be professor of physics at the L'niversity of Palermo, and was then elected professor of physics in the University of Bo- logna, Italy. Professor Righi has devoted himself almost entirely to the field of electricity and mag- netism. His researches in regard to the connec- tion between the magnetization of bismuth and other substances and their conduction of heat and electricity are classical. Immediately after the discovery by Hertz of the physical methods for the investigation of electro-magnetic waves Righi took up this line of work and made many important advances. It was in the elaboration of certain methods due to Professor Righi and by simple changes in his apparatus that Marconi succeeded in making use commercially of electric waves in wireless telegraphy (q,v.). RIGHT (AS. riht, Goth, raihts, OHG. reht, Ger. recht, right; connected with Lat. rectus, Av. rasta, right, straight. Skt. rju. right, and with Lat. regere, to direct, rule. Gk. 6ph/uv, oregein. to stretch out). The. In European poli- ties, the name generally given to conservative parties in the national assembly. See Political P.RTTES. RIGHT OF WAY. See Wat. RIGHTS, Civil. In the most general sense, rights secured to the individual by civil or municipal law. As this employed the phrase is nearly identical with legal, as distinguished from moral or merely abstract rights. It does not in a given case necessarily comprehend all the privi- leges of citizenship, still less the privileges wdiich political pliilosophers may claim as incident to citizcnshij). Thus the rights to life, to liberty, and to the pursuit of liappiness, asserted in the American Declaration of Independence, are civil rights only in so far as they are defined and pro- tected by the Constitution and laws of the United States. Furtlicr than that they are merely rhe- torical and philosophical claims as to the right- ful position of the individual in organized society. The expression 'civil rights' thus includes the rights which ])eople have and are legally capable of enforcing against one another, as well as those rights which individuals may assert and defend against the State. It is sometimes employed in a more limited sense^ as referring only to the latter class of rights, such as are asserted in the Declaration of Rights made by the Lords and Commons of England at Westminster in 1688 and presented to William of Orange and Slary, his wife, as the conditions of their accession to the throne, the Bill of Rights passed by the Brit- ish Parliament in 1689, such provisions of law as are embodied in the first ten amendments to the Federal Constitution of the United States, and corresponding or similar provisions in the constitutions of the several States. These pro- visions relate to the religious freedom of the citizen, to liberty of speech and of the jjress. to the right to assemble and petition for the redress of grievances, to the right to bear arms, to the pro- tection of the individual against arbitrary arrest, to the guarantee of an orderly administration of justice, to the right of habeas corpus, and to security against arbitrary interference with prop- erty and the like. In the United States the phrase 'civil rights' is employed in a specific sense to denote the rights intended to be secured by the fourteenth and fifteenth amendments to the Federal Constitu- tion, adopted in 1868 and 1870 respectively, and by certain acts of Congress and of the Legisla- tures of the several States to the same effect. These constitutional provisions and legislations were a part of the reconstruction policy of the Government and were intended to secure the re- cently emancipated slaves in their freedom and in the exercise of the rights of citzenship which had been conferred upon them. The more important provisions of the two amendments referred to are ( 1 ) those forbidding the States to make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privi- leges or immunities of citizens of the United States, or to deprive any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law, or to deny to any person the equal protection of the law's; (2) thift providing for the reduction of the representation of a State in Congress in propor- tion to the number of its male citizens over twenty-one years of age who are denied the right of suitrage : and (3) that which declares that the right of the citizens of the United States to vote shall not be abridged by the L'nited States or by any State, on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. It is generally conceded that these provisions of the Constitution have failed of their object and that they have done little to secure to the negro in America the civil rights to which they refer. As to the second provision above enumer- ated, no effort has been made by the National Government to enforce it. The third provision has been generally evaded in the Southern States, and
