RENOUF. 31 RENT. Brooklyn Bridge (in the Havre Museum), ilone while he was in Xew York City in 1SS7-88. He received a medal of the lirst class at ilunich in 1883 and the Legion of Honor in 1880. RENOUF, Sir Peter le P.ge (1822-07). An Knjilish Kgyptolojiist, born in the island of Guernsey, August 23, 1822. He received his early education at Elizabeth College and went later to Oxford, where he formed a lasting friendship with the Rev. John Henry, afterwards Cardinal, Xewman. He took an active part in the 'I'ractarian controversy, and in 1842 was received into the Roman Catholic Clnireh at Saint Mary's College, Oscott, where he began the study of Oriental languages together with the- ology and philosophy. In 184G he undertook the tuition of the young ilai'qnis de Vaulchier, and inilil lSo.5 resiileil on the Continent., where he formed the accpiaintance of many of the most distinguished scholars of the time. From 185.5 to 1SH4 he Avas professor in the Catholic Univer- sity at Dublin, lecturing at first upon French literature and the history of philosophy, and later upon ancient history and Oriental lan- guages. It was during this time that he took up the study of Egyptian, and he soon became one of the foremost as well as one of the most conscien- tious and reliable Egyptologists of his day. In 1804 he left the university to accept an appoint- ment from the (Government as one of the chief inspectors of schools, a position which he held for over twenty years. He visited Egyjit in 1S75 and spent some time there studying the monu- ments. From March. ISSC). until'the end of 1801 he was kee]ier of the Egyptian and Assyrian an- tiquities in the British Museum, and in 180(! he was knighted in recognition of his distinguished scholarship. From 1887 until his death he was president of the Society of Biblical Arch;Tology. He died in London. October 14, 1807. Renouf was a versatile scholar, and in addition to his E,g}-ptological attainments he possessed a knowl- edge of most of the ancient and modern Semitic, Indo-European. Berber, and Finnic languages. In his later years he also became a student of Chinese. He was a very prolific writer ami con- trilnited a large number of valuable articles to Atlantis, Proccedhtfjs of the Societ;/ of Biblical Archrrolociy, Zcitschrift fiir ligt/ptische Sprache, and other periodicals. He also translated a number of Eg^-ptian texts for Records of the Past. In 1S79 he delivered the second course of the Hibbert Lectures, and the ffdlowing year he published his Lectures on the Orir/in and Grotrth of Reliqion, as lUustrated hy the Reliqion of Ancient Efiupt (1880: 2d ed.' 1884). Renouf's great work was his masterly translation of the Egyptian Book of the Dead (q.v. ). the study of which formed his chief occupation for nearly forty years. Tile translation, accompanied by a valuable commentary, was published serially in the Proceedinas of the Hocietjj of liitdieal Archce- ■ olof];i (vol. xiv.. 1802. et seq.) and was unfin- ished at his death, but was completed from the author's manuscript notes by E. Xaville (q.v.). A biography of Renouf and a full bibliography of his writings are to be found in Proceedinf/s of the Societal of Biblical Arehreolofitf (vol. xix.. London, 1807)'. RENOTJVIER, rr-nrTn'-vf'. Cn.Ri,Es Ber- nard (1815—). A French philosopher and politi- cian. He became known through his Manuel de philosophic modemc (1842) and his Manuel dc philosophic ancicnnc (1844). After the Revolu- tion of 1848 he published a Manuel r^puhlicuin dc I'homme et du eitoi/en (1848), which was con- demned for its socialistic propositions. He retired from ])ublic life after the coup d'etat of 1851. From 1872 until 1000 he Wivs associate editor of La Critiijue philosophiijuc, and he published A's- sais de critique i/cncrale (1854), Science dc mo- rale ( 1800), and Estjuisse d'une clas^'iitication sys- tematique des doctrines philosophiques (2 vols., 1885). RENO'VO. A borough in Clinton County. Pennsylvania. 28 miles northwest of Lock Haven, on the Philadelphia and ICrie division of the Pennsylvania Railroad (Map: Pennsylvania, D 2). It is of some importance as a summer re- sort, being situated near tlic Alleghany Moun- tains, in a picturesque region. There arc valu- able deposits of bitiiniinous coal and fire clay, and manufactories of lire brick; shops of the Pennsylvania Railroad arc here. Population, in 1900. 408 J. RENSSELAER, ren'sc-ler. A city in Rens.se- laer County, Xew York, on the Hudson River, di- rectly opposite Albany, with which it is connected by three bridges, and on the Xew York Centra! and Hudson River and the Boston and AUkuiv rail- roads (Map: Xew York. G 3). It is situated in an agricultural and dairying region, and manu- factures felt, leather, ice tools, chains, shirt waists, and lumber products; but is important chiefly as a railroad town, having shops, round- houses, freight yards, etc. Rensselaer was chart- ered as a city in 1S07, having been known former- ly as Greenbush. which was incorporated as a village in 1815. In 1002 the village of Bath, with a population in lOOO of 2504, was annexed to Rensselaer. Population, in ISOO. 7301; in 1900, 7466. RENSSELAER POLYTECHNIC INSTI- TUTE. A school of engineering and science at Troy, Xew York, founded by Stephen Van Rens- selaer in 1824 as Rensselaer School and reor- ganized in 1850 under the present name cm the basis of a general polytechnic institute. It was the first school of science and the first school of engineering established in any English-speak- ing country, and has long been famous for its engineering courses. Opportunities for investi- gation and research are offered by the_ many well-known engineering works within reach of the school. In 1902 the electrical and chemical laboratories were destroyed by fire, but were rebuilt, and with the other laboratories are equipped with machinery and appliaiKcs of the most modern type. The students in 1903 num- bered 309 and the faculty 20. The Institute owns valuable collections and a scientific library of 6700 volnnies and 3500 pamphlets. RENT (OF., Fr. rente. It. rendita. income, from ML. roidere, nasalized form of Lat. rcddere. to restore, return). In political economy, the term rent, when used without a qualifying phrase, re- fers to the payment which is made for the use of land. In the payments popularly known as rent are usually included two elements, one of which may be classed as interest on buildings and other improvements, the other as economic rent. The economic rent of any given jiiece of land is measured by the dilTerence between the prices which its products obtain and the cost of
