SANTOS. 565 SAO PAULO. amounted to .').S4!t.I14 hags of 1.32 pounda each valued at about $44,000,000. Population, in 1!)(I0, I'stiiiiatc.l at 41,000. SANTOS-DUMONT. siin'tos du'iiK-.x', Ai.- BEKTo ( l.S7;i — ). A Brazilian aeronaut and designer of airship.s. born in Sao Paulo. I-'roni an earl.v a;;e he was interested in praetieal me- olianics and engineering;, and especially in the literature of aeronauties, l)ut it was not until ISilT that lie attempted his lirst aseent at Paris, where he niaile his resideni'c. Soon after he eonsfrueted and used a spherieal balloon in which new and original ideas were embodied, and in IHIIS, profiting by his experience as an automo- bilist, he successfully applied a gasoline engine and propeller to an elongated balloon. For an improved air-ship he received the Encouragement Prize of the Paris Aero Club in 1!M)I, and in the same year with his sixth air-ship he made a trip from Saint-t'loud around the Eirtel Tower and l>aek, winning the Deutsh Prize and receiv- ing a medal from the Brazilian tTOvernment. Sub- seijuently he devoted himself to improving his air-ships and to devising new types, especially for military and long distance work. For descrip- tion of these and other air-ships see Aeronaut- ics. Consult Santos-Dumont, ily Airsliips (New York. 1904). SANTO TOMAS, t6-mas'. A town of Central Luzon. Philippines, in the Province of Batangas, situated 25 miles north of Batangas. on the main road and projected railroad between that city and Manila (Map: Philippine Islands, F 5), Popu- lation, estimated, 1899, 10,769. SAN VICENTE, siin v^-siin'tfi. A town of the Republic of Salvador, on the riglit bank of the Acahuapa Rivt^r, 32 miles east of San Sal- vador (Map: Central America, C 4). It manu- factures rebosos, silk shawls, shoes, hats, salt, spirits, and cigars. Population, about 10,000, SANZIO, R.vPii.EL. See Raph.el Santi. SAO CARLOS DE CAMPINAS, soux kiir' 16s da kam-pe'na.^. See CAMrix..s. SAO FRANCISCO, fraN-sgs'k.l The chief river of Eastern Brazil {Map: Brazil. K .5). It rises on the Serra da Canastra in the southern part of the State of Minas fieraes, and flows northeast through that State and the State of Bahia. then eastward on the boundary between Bahia and Pernambuco, and finally southeast between Alagoas and Sergipe. emptying into the Atlantic Ocean 200 miles southwest of Pernam- buco. Its total length is about 1800 miles. The greater part of its course lies on the semi-arid plains of the Brazilian plateau In its extreme upper course it is torrential, descending from the mountains in a series of rapids as far as the confluence with the Rio das Velhas. where it be- comes navigable for large vessels. For the next 1000 miles of its course it is broad, deep, and navigable until it begins the descent of the escarpment, about 200 miles from the sea. Here it is completely obstructed by a series of rapids which end in the magnificent Falls of Paulo Alfonso, where the river, narrowed to a width of 60 feet, plunges over a rocky ledge in three leaps with a total height of 265 feet. Below the falls, which have been called the 'Niagara of Brazil,' the river flows through a deep canon, and only for the last 135 miles of its course is it navigable for sea-going vessels. It enters the ocean by two mouths, both of which are ])artly obstructed by bars, though they admit vi'ssels of 15 feet draught at high water. . railroad has >eon built around the falls, and another connects Bahia with .Joazi'iro on the upper course of the river, which is regularly navigated by inland steamers. The tributaries are all comparatively short, though several are navigable. The largest is the Rio (;ran<le, one of whose branches, the Hio I'reto, has continuous water connection with a branch of the Tocantins. SAO JOAO D'EL REI. soux zli.VouN'dfl rA'^. A town Ml the Static of Minas (ieraes, Brazil, sixty-six miles southwest of t)uro Preto, on the right bank of the river .Mortes. It is an im- portant conunercial centre, with railroad con- nection with Saban'i and Rio di' .lanciro. The town was founded in 1670 and was formerly cele- brated for its gold anil diamond mines. Now its chief industry is sto<k-raising. It exports hides, lard, and cheese. Population, about 10,000. SAO LEOPOLDO, la'6-pf.l'dr>. A town of the State of Kio (irande ilo Sul. Brazil, on a branch of the .Jacuhy, twenty miles north of the capital. Porto .Megre (Map: Chile, (i 9). The town is in a rich agricultural region, peopled almost wholly by (iermans, many of whom are descendants of the first (!erman colony of Brazil, established here in IS24. Population, about 7000. SAO LUIZ DE MARANHAO, loo-esh' dA mii'ra nyoux'. A city of Brazil. See Mabanuao. SAONE, son (ancient .-Irai-). A river of France, the most important aftluent of the Rhone (Map: France, L 5). It rises in the Faucilles Mountains in the Department of V'osges, and flows south past Gray. Chalon. and Macon to its confluence with the Rhone at Lyons. It is 300 miles long, and navigable to Corre. 232 miles. Canals connect it with the Loire, the Seine, the Meuse, the Moselle, and the Rhine. The chief aftluents are the Doubs and ()gnon. Consult llamert(m. The Saone (London, 188,S). SAONE, Haute. A department of France. See Haite-Saoxe. Sa6nE-ET-L0IRE, h Iwar. A southeastern department of France, bounded on the east by the Department of lura and the river Saone, and on the west by the Department of Ni^vre and the river Loire (Map: France. L 5). Area. 3.302 square miles; population, in 1890. 621,337; in 1901, 620,360. The country consists for the most part of fertile plains, watered by the rivers which give their names to the department, and sepa- rated by rich vine-clad hills. The most impor- tant cereals are wheat and oats. Coal is mined extensively, and there are important iron manu- factures, the works of Le Creusot (q.v.) being in this department. Capital, MAcon. SAO PAULO, soux poiTlO. A State of Brazil, situated in the southeastern part of the Republic and bounded by Minas (ieraes on the north and east. Rio de .laneiro on the east, the Atlantic Ocean and the State of Parana on the south, and Matto Grosso on the west (ilap: Brazil, H S). Area, 112.280 square miles. The narrow strip of low coastland is succeeded by a mountain chain running parallel to the coast. The country west of the mountains is an elevated plateau, traversed bv numerous river valleys. The western portion, ail joining the Parana River, is little known and inhabited only by roving Indians. The chief riv-
