SABTI. 582 SABTWELL. tlic only composition bj- which he is now known is liis beautiful sacred terzett, Amplius Lava Me. SARTO, siir'tA, Akdbea del (1487-1531), A Pliucnliiie painter of the High Kenaissanee, the greatest colorist of the school. He was born at Gualfonilo, near Florence, July IG, 1487, the son of Angelo, a tailor (Sarto), whence the name usually given him. In 1004 his father went to Florence and apprenticed his son to a goldsmith. The lad's talent having attracted the attention of Giovanni Basilc, a local painter, the latter instructed him, afterwards placing him with Piero di Cosimo. Andrea learned more, however, from the cartoons of Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo then e.xhihited in the Sala del Papa. In the .Sala del Papa he met Francialiigio (q.v.), with whom he was associated until about 1.t12. In 1.508 he became a memljcr of the Painters' Guild, and in 1513 occurred his supposed disas- trous marriage with Lucretia del Fede, the beau- tiful young widow of a hatmaker. Vasari's account of this lady has taken strong hold of the popular imagination — witness Brown- ing's celebrated poem — and is even accepted by , biographers. We are told that she was the evil genius of his life, hindering his work, racking him with jealousy, wasting his substance. There is, however, no evidence confirmatory of Vasari's statements; whatever there is, goes to disprove them. His dislike was, perchance, due to the blows which he tells us the vixenish lady was wont to inflict upon her husband's pupils, of whom he was one. Ik'fiire his journey to France Andrea was con- sidered a famous painter and had been intrusted with important fresco commissions, which he completed after his return to Florence. In these frescoes his progress as an artist may best be traced. In Santa Annunziata, the church of the Servites, he painted, 1509-14, seven of the ten frescoes in the cloister. Five are scenes from the life of Filippo Benozzi, founder of the Order; but the finest are the "Adoration of the Kings" ( loll ) , and especially the "Birth of the Virgin" (1514), which, although the composition is imitated from Chirlandajo, shows all of Andrea's best qualities. In the lunette over the entrance to the cloister he painted the celebrated "Madonna del Sacco," in reality a "Holy Family," and so called from the sack of corn upon which .Joseph sits reading to the beautiful and dignified Madonna. This picture is the acme of Andrea's coloristic produc- tion in fresco. Another famous series of ten scenes from the life of John the Baptist, in the cloister of the Scalzi, was executed in brown monochrome, 1511-2G. The absence of color in this work incited the artist to display his great gifts of composition and narrative power. Inthe refectory of the Convent of San Salvi he painted, besides earlier panels, his celebrated fresco of the "Last Supper" — the only represen- tation of the subject worthy to be com'pared with Leonardo's. He has chosen the moment subse- quent to that depicted by Leonardo, when Christ and Judas dip their bread into the dish. Less monumental and impressive than his predeces- sor's, his representation is fresh in treatment, brilliant and soft in color. The former's cele- brated portrayal of the action by means of the hands is almost equaled by his follower. Andrea's easel pictures mav best be studied at Florence. Among those in the Pitti Palace are the "Annunciation" (1512), "Disputa," two •Holy Families" (1523 and 1529), a large "Pie- til," the "Adoration of the Virgin," and several portraits, including one of himself and wife, also ascribed to Franciabigio. The best known in the Ullizi are "Madonna of the Harpies" ( see Ma- l)O.N.A), "Saint James Caressing Little Chil- dren," and two portraits of himself. In the Academy of Florence is a ])icture of stately saints; and in the Cathedral of Pisa, Saints Catharine, Margaret, and Agnes are among the most charming female figures Andrea ever paint- ed. Dresden possesses "Abraham's Sacrifice" (replica at Madrid) ; the Louvre his "Charity and a "Holy Family;" Berlin a portrait of his wife and a "iladonna with Saints" (1528). . drea died of the plague .January 22, 1531, and was buried in the church of the Servites, near his own frescoes. He was far the greatest colorist south of the Apennines, and his works will bear comparison with those of the great Venetian masters. Silvery in the frescoes and tending toward gold in easel pictures, his colors are al- ways clear, luminous, and harmonious. He was an accomplished chiaroscurist, and in line he was second only to Michelangelo and Leonardo. His drawings, of which the best collections are in the Louvre and the UHizi, are often essentially modern in character. Such technical merits, in- deed, made him deserving of the title the "Fault- less Painter;" he only lacked that sense of the truly significant possessed by the greatest geniuses. The effect of his work is often inter- fered with by the use of too much statuesque drapery. Consult: Vasari, Tite (ed. Milanesi, Florence, 1880; English translation, Blashfield and Hop- kins, New York, 1896) ; Biadi, Xotizie incilile della vita d' Andrea del Sarto, etc. (Florence, 1830) ; Reumont, Andrea del Sarto (Leipzig, 1835) ; Janitschek, in Dohme, Eunst und Eiinst- ler Italiens (ib., 1876). SAKTOBIUS VON 'WALTERSHAUSEN, sjir-tt/re-ns fun viil'ters-hou'zrn, ALit;i'ST, lUuon (1852 — ). A German economist, born in GOttin- gen. He was educated in the University of Gi-ittingen, became professor at Zurich in 1885, and in 1888 was called to a chair of economics in Strassburg. His principal works deal with American economic and industrial prob- lems and include; Die Zukuiift dcs Deutschtiiiiis in den Tereinigten Staaten (1885) : NordamerHn- nische Gewerkschaften (1886); ilode-rner Sozia- Usmiis in den Tereinigten Staaten von Amerika (1890) ; Arieitsverfassiing der englischen Kolo- nien in Nordamerika (1894) ; and Handclshilanz der Yereinigten Staaten von Amerika (1901). SARTOR RESARTUS. See Cakltle, Thomas. SARTS. The term denoting the settled (farming and commercial) population of certain regions of Turkestan, Persia, and Afghanistan, as opposed to the nomadic. It has more of a topo- graphical than of an ethnological significance, being applied sometimes to the Tadjiks, who arc Aryans, and at others to the Uzbegs, who are of Turkic stock. SART'WELL, Henet Parker (1792-1867). An American botanist, born in Pittsfield. Mass. His great herbarium came into the possession of Hamilton College. The last years of liis life were spent on the study of the sedges, and in 1848 he published two parts of Carices Americanw Sep-
