SAVIGNY. 597 SAVINGS BANK. science was not sulliciently developed to warrant such an undertaking, but lie also set fortli the limitations and the perils of codilicalion with a precision and force that have not been cxccUcd. In insisting that Uiw is a product of the life of each nation, ho gave to the historical sehoid of jurisprudence its theoretical basis. In 1815, in cooperation with other jurists, he established the Zeitsi'liiift fiir (/escliiclillicltc IfcchtsicissciiscliafI, which continued to apjjcar until 1850. Us mod- ern successor is the Zcilsvlirift iter Havigiiy- StiftiDui fiir RechtSi/t'Sfhiflile. Between 1815 and 1831 he published his History of Roman Laio in the Middle Ages (Geschichte des romischen If edits im ilittelalter) , and between 1835 and 1853 his Si/stcm of Modern Roman Law (System des heutiijen rijmischen Rechts), which remained unfinished. His miscellaneous writings were collected and published in 1850. In addition to his services to historical jurispru- dence, Savigny did much to promote a more fundamental analysis of legal conceptions. There are lives of Savigny by Strutzing (Berlin, 1862) and Landsberg (Leipzig. 1890). SAVILE, sav'il, or SAVILLE, George, iIar- quis of Halifax (1033-05). An English politician and statesman, born at Thornhill, He was a con- fidential adviser of Charles II., by whom he was created Earl of Halifax in 1079 and Marquis of Halifax in 1GS2. In the latter year he was also made Lord Privy Seal, the highest post in the realm. In this position he used his influence to oppose the ambition of James, Duke of York, and to advance the interests of the Duke of 5Ion- mouth. When James came to the throne he re- tained Savile among his advisers, but in a lower office — the presidency of the council. He was, however, almost immediately dismissed from the council because of his opposition to the repeal of the Test and Habeas Corpus Acts. When the storm broke over James he attempted to con- ciliate the Marquis, who seems to have met the King's advances half-way. But on the arrival of William Halifax went over to him and, next to Somers, exercised the greatest influence in bring- ing about the new regime. He was again ap- pointed Lord Privy Seal, but he gradually with- drew from political activity. His last years were spent almost entirely in literary work. In politics he was moderate, and worked for what lie believed to be his country's good, regardless of party interests and prejudices. This mental attitude, however, made him generally suspected and disliked, and gained him the name of 'Trim- mer,' which he accepted as a far from opprobious appellation. His numerous iiamphlets are pub- lished in a volume entitled Miscellanies hy the Most Xohle George Lord f^arile, late Marquis and Earl of Halifax (London. 1700). Consult: Burnet. History of His Own Time (Oxford, 1833) ; English Historienl Review, October, 1890. SAVILE, sav'il, Sir Henry (1540-1022). An English scholar, born at Bradley, in York- shire. He entered Brasenose College, Oxford, but was transferred to Merton College in 1501, and became fellow of that college in 1565. Sub- sequently he visited many places on the Con- tinent, collecting manuscripts, and on his return was appointed Greek and mathematical tutor to Queen Elizabeth, 1578; provost of Eton. 1596; ■warden of Merton College. 1585-1021. He was knighted by James I. in 1604. He founded at Oxford the Savilian professorships of geometry and astronomy, and gave liberally to the uni- versity iH'sides the gift of his valuable library. He was the author of a translation of The End of ^cro and Beginning of Oalba, fowcr liookcs of the Histories of Cornelius Tacitus; The Life of Agricola, with otes (Oxford, 1591); a folio edition of the Rcrum Anglicaruiii ticriptores post lUdam I'racipui (Oxford, 1596) ; and a tolio edition of the works of Saint Chrysostom in 8 vols. (1610-13). SAVIN, or SAVINE (OF., Fr. saline. It. sacina, from Lat. savina, savin, for Sabina herba, Sabine herb), ,funipcrus Sabina. A low, nuich- branched, widely spreading shrub, with small, imbricated evergreen leaves. U grows on nioini- tains in Europe, Asia, and Xorth . ieric;i, bears small black berries, covered with a ])ale blue bloom, and has strong smelling aromatic leaves. Two pounds of the tops yield about live ounces of limpid and nearly colorless oil with the odor of the plant and a hot acrid taste. This oil is sometimes used medicinally. SAVINGS BANK. An institution for the accunuilation and profitable em])loyment of small sums, chiefly the savings of the poorer classes. Savings banks originated in the philantliropic movement of the close of the eighteenth century. An institution of this nature was in oi)eralion in Hamburg in 1778; another was founded in Oldcnliurg in 1786. In England a s;ivings liank was founded in London in 1798. In the first two decades of the nineteenth century such institu- tions were established throughout Western Europe; in 1810 the first one in America was founded at Philadelphia, and by 1820 ten sav- ings banks were in operation in the United States. Since that time such banks have in- creased steadily in number, until at present no civilized State is wholly without them. Trustee S.wings Banks. Early saving banks were all founded by philanthropists who acted simply as trustees for the depositors, giving their services gratuitously in managing the fmids de- posited with them. Practically the same plan is followed by most of the private savings banks of England and by the mutual savings banks of America. The system is, however, subject to fraud and reckless management — evils which are of a serious nature, since they check the tendency to save which the bank exists to develop. In many cases the Government endeavors to mini- mize the risk of bad management by prescribing the classes of securities in which savings banks may invest. National. State, and municipal bonds and real estate mortgages are favorite forms of investment in the LTnited States. Joint-Stocic Savings Banks exist in large numbers, especially in the western part of the United States. Owing to the necessity of earn- ing profits, it is impossible for these banks to make any great effort to secure very small de- posits; hence their educational value is limited. The chief purpose they serve is the productive em])loynient of savings of those who enjoj' con- siderable incomes. Savings Banks in the United States. The following table, from Hamilton, Savings Institu- tions, page 190, illustrates the growth of savings banks (mutual and joint-stock) in the United States:
