SCHENKEL. 634 SCHEURER-KESTNER. ni'i 1.11 .l.Ktriiio- ^li>liIl^^li^llOs Die christliche Dog- mitliU voin HtiindiiunUt ties Ueuyissens ( 1858-59 1. In 1803 lie pniticipateil in the foundation of and presided over the Gernian-Protcstant Union, whose principles were elucidated in his Clirist- cnliini iinil hirclie im Einklang mil der Kultiii- otltcickluny (18(17-72), and in Der deulsclie I'lvleslniilenrirriii uiirf seme Hedmitung in der (Jeiienuurt (1871). Much hostility was excited by" his ChnraKterbild Jemi (18U4. 4th ed. 1873). His subswiucnt publications include; Friedrich Schleiermacher ( 1868) ; Lulher in llorm.? und in Willenbcvy (1870); and this Christ unhiUl jler A/toslel und der nach-apostolisclien Zeit (187U). He als« edited the Bihellexikon (5 vols., Leipzig, 1800-75). SCHENKENDORF. shCnkVndorf, Max von {17.s:Msl7). A (uTMian poet, born in Tilsit and educated at Kiinigsbcrj;. During the War of Liberation, in which lie took an active part, Schenkendorf was associated with Arndt and Kiirncr in the writing of patriotic songs. His poems were published as Gediehte (1815), Poeli- scher .YacWoss (1832), and i<iimtliche Gedichie (1837 and 1871). For his life, consult Hagen (Berlin. ISi::!) and Knaake (Tilsit, 1890). SCHERER, shft'rilr', Epmond (1815-89). A French theologian and literary critic. He was born in Paris, studied theology in England and Strassburg. and in 1845 was appointed pro- fessor of exegesis at Geneva. Owing to the changes in his religious convictions, he resigned his professorship in 1S.")0. and in 18C0 removed to Versailles, where he headed a liberal move- ment in the French Protestant Church. After the establishment of the Republic he was elected, in 1871 a member of the National Assembly, and in 1875 a life Senator. His publications include: Melanges de critique religieuse (18G0) ; MHanges d'histoire religieuse (1864); Etudes critiques sur la littcrature eontenipnraine (1863-95), of which Ceorge Saintsbury translated Essnys on English Literature (London, 1891); and biog- raphies of Alexander Vinet (1853), Diderot (ISSOi. and :IeIehior Grimm (1887). Consult his /.;/, by GrOard (Paris, 1890). SCHERER, sha'rer, Wilhelm (1841-86). A German critic and literary historian. He was horn in Berlin, studied there and at Vienna, and, after holding professorships at Vienna and Strassburg, was in 1877 appointed professor of the history of modern German literature at Berlin. In 1874 he had founded at Strassburg with Ten Brink the valuable series, Quellcn uiid Forschiingr n zur Sprach- und Kulturgeschichte der gcnnanischcn Volker. Scherer's great work was the Oeschichie der deutschen Litteratur (1883, and often :Eng. tr. 1886) , which is marked by scientific method, by grasp of the development of national literature, and by clarity of style. Besides, he wrote Deutsche" fitudien, on the eleventh and twelfth centuries (1870-78; 2d ed. 1891), a (Icschichte drr deutschen Dichtung in the same period (1875), Zur Geschichte der deutschen fiprache ( 1868) , Anfiinge des deutschen Prosaromiins (1877), Jakoh Grimm (2d ed. 1885). and Aus Goethcs Friihzeit (1879). SCHERMAN, sher'man, LuciAN (1864—). A German Orientalist, first doeent, and in 1901 extraordinary professor of Sanskrit lanaruage and literature in Munich. He wrote Philosophische Bymnen aus der Rig- und Atharva-Veda-San- hita (1887), and Mntrrinlien zur Geschichte drr indisehen 'isi(Mslitterutur (1892), and in 1894 became the editor of the Orientalische Uibliu- grapliir. SCHERR, sher, Joiian.ves (1817-86). A Ger- man literary critic, born at Hobenreehberg, Swabia, and educated at tlic universities of Zurich and Tubingen. In the revolution of 1S4S lie took so prominent a part that lie was forced to flee to Switzerland. After 1860 he taught in the Zurich Pol.vtechnic. He wrote some purely humorous sketches, a few novels, of which the most popular was Micliel, Geschichte riucs Deutschen unserer Zeit (1858; 7th ed. 1895); a series of literary and cultural histories and essays, notably Allgcmeine Geschichte der Lit- teratur (1851; lOth'ed. 1900) ; Deutsche KuUur- und Sittengeschichte (1852: 11th ed. 1902); Geschichte der englischen Litteratur (1854; 3d ed. 1883) ; Geschichte der deutschen Frauenirclt (4th ed. 1879) ; and biographies of Schiller (1859; lasted. 1900) and of Bliieher (1862; 4th ed. 1887). German critics compare him to Carlyle. because of his vivid style, his vehement bias, and his biting wit. SCHERZER, sher'tser, Kabl von (1821- 1903). An Austrian traveler and author. He was born at Vienna and in 18.52-55, w-ith Moritz Wagner, visited the United States, Central Amer- ica, and the West Indies. In 1857-59 he accom- panied the Xovara expedition around the world. On his return he was knighted, and in 1866 was made Ministerial counselor in the Department of Commerce. In 1S69 he accompanied the Austrian expedition to Eastern Asia, and in 1S72 entered the diplomatic service, becoming Consul-General in Smyrna. In 1875 he was transferred to Lon- don, in 1878 to Leipzig, and in 1884 to Genoa. He was an acute observer and wrote many vol- umes, among the more important being Reisen in .ordamerika (with Wagner, 1854), Wande- rungen durch die mittelamerikanischen Frei- staaten { 1857) , Reisc der fisterreiehischen Frcgal- te Xovara uin die Erde (1861-62, and statistical section, 1864), Fnchmiinivische Berichte iiber die iisterreichisch-tingarische Expedition nach Siam, i'hina und Japan (1872), Smyrna (1873). and Dos icirischaftliohe Leben der Volker (1885). SCHERZO, sker'tso (It., jest, sport). In music, a term ap])lied to an instrumental compo- sition of a lively, piquant character, admitting sudden and violent contrasts of dynamic shading. The term was originall.y used as a direction-mark for performers. In the modern sonata or sym- phony, however, the ■scherzo is an essential move- ment. It was first introduced by Beethoven, who greatl.v extended the form and gave it its spe- cial character, in his Second Symphony, where it takes the place of the minuet in the sym]dionies of Haydn and Mozart. Even in Haydn's time the minuet in the symphony had lost its original statel.v character, and Beethoven's first scherzo is more like the minuet than the form which he perfected later in the Eroica. Schu- mann, in the first and second of his symphonies, becomes an innovator through the introduction of tiro trios, instead of the usual one. SCHEURER-KESTNER, shoi'rer-kest'ner, Fr. prou. she'rar' kest'nar'. Auc.rsTE (1833 — ). A French chemist and politician. He was born at Miihlhausen, Alsace, and studied chemistry
