SCHRADEB. OGS SCHREYEB. lalar, text, version, and couiinentaty (1S74) ; and Zur f'raye niicli ilem Urspniiii/ der ultbabylon- isclui, Ktiltur 11884). SCHRADEB, Julius (1815-1900). A dis- tiiiyiiisliiil (ieiinan liistorical painter, born in Berlin, lie entered the academy of that eity at the aj;e of fourteen, and in 1837 he went to DiisseKlorf to study under Schadow, vliose pupil he remained until 1845. At Rome he painted his first picture of significance. "The Capitulation of Calais in 1347" (1847, National Gallery, lierlin). Then followed "Frederick the Great After the Battle of Kolin" (184!). Leipzig :Museuni). "Wallenstein and Seui" (1850), and "The Death of Leonardo da Vinci" (1851). By the last his reputation was assured and he was oll'ered a professorshi]) in the Academy at Berlin, of which lie afterwards became associate and senator. Other well-known pictures are: "Consecration of the Church of •Saint Sophia in Constantinople" (1853), fresco. New Museum, Berlin; "Parting of Charles I. from His Family" (1855), "Esther Before Ahasucrus" (185U), "Homage of Berlin and Cologne in 1415" (1874), all in National Galler.y, Berlin. Schrader also executed mural paintings in the Cliapel Koyal. Berlin, as well as several jjortraits. His work is distinguished by its fine color, its uiasterly treatment of the nude, and its historic accuracy. SCHRADER, Otto (1855—). A German comparative jjliilologist, born at Weimar, and educated at .Tena and Leipzig. First a teacher in the gynuiasium at Jena, he afterwards became professor in the universit.y there. An authori- tative writer ou linguistic archaeology, he is known b.v IJtinuistisch-historische Forschungen zi>r Handcls'Hrscliichte mid Warcnkunde (1886), fiprnchrcrnlcichiDiii und Urpeschichte (1883; 2d ed. 1890; Eng. trans., Prehistoric Antiquities of the Ari/iin I'coples), and his Reallexikoti der indof/enniniifichcii Altertumskunde ( 1901 ) . SCHRADIECK, shrii'dek, Henkt (1846-). A German violinist, born at Hamburg. He studied with Leonard at Brussels, and with David at Leipzig. He taught at the Moscow Conservatory (1864-68) and later was concert- meister at Hamburg and at Leipzig. From 1883 to 1889 professor at the Cincinnati Conservatory, he went back to Germanv to conduct the Ham- burg Pliilharmonie Societv. In 1894 he returned to America as professor at the National Conser- vatory and later occupied a similar position in Philadelphia. Among his works are 23 yrosze Stiidien fiir Geige allein. Scale Studies, Technical Studies, and Guide to the Study of Chords. SCHRATTDOLPH, shrou'dftlf, Joiiaxn von (1808-79). A distinguished German religious painter, born at Oberstdorf. In 1825 he went to the Academ.y of Fine Arts in Munich, where he studied xmder Schlotthauer. There he was employed by Cornelius in frescoing the GI,ypto- thek and by Hess in the decoration of" the All-Saints Chapel in the Basilica of Saint Boni- face. He designed windows for the Church of Saint Martin's at Landsliut and for the Cathedral of Eegensburg. In 1844 lie received from King Ludwig I. of Bavaria the important commission of decorating the entire Cathe<lral of Speyer. The work occupied him nine years. Many altar pieces and easel pictures are also from his brush, among which may be mentioned a large "Ascension of Christ," "Esther Before Ahasue- rus," and "Fishing in the Sea of Tiberias," all in the New Pinakothek, ilunicli. His work shows a depth and sincerity of sentiment reminiscent of the Pre-Kaphaelites, although purely modern in treatment. SCHRATJF, shrouf, Albeecht (1837-97). An Austrian mineralogist, born and educated in Vi- enna. He was assistant curator (18G1-67), and until 1874 curator of the Royal Museum of Min- erals, an<l then after eleven jears as docent in the university became professor of mineralogy. He published Atlas der Krysiallformen (1804-78), Leiirbuch der phy.nkalischen Uirwralogie (1860- 08), I'hi/sikalische Studien (1867), Handbucli, der Edclsteinkunde (1809), and JUineraloyisehe Beobach t iingcn (1871-76). SCHREIBER, shri'ber, Heinrich (c.1476). A (German mathematician, supposed to have been born at Erfurt, but the place and date of his death are unknown. He w'rote under the Greek name Grammateus, and b,y this he is generally known. He studied first at Cracow and wrote while there (1514) an Algorismus I'roportionum. Soon after (1518) he went to Vienna, where he became a professor in the university. The lectures being discontinued (1521) on account of an epi- demic, Schreiber returned to Nuremberg and Er- furt and published (1523) a work on arithmetic and algebra which he had completed (1518) ill Vienna. It is from this work, a decided con- tribution to German elementary mathematics, that he is chiefly known. He used the s.vmbols + and — , though not the first to do so, and was the first, so far as known, to teach bookkeeping in the German language. SCHREINER, shri'ner, Olive (1862—). An English novelist, the daughter of a Lutheran clerg^'man sent as a missionar.v from England to Soutii Africa. She was born in Basutoland, South Africa, in 1802. In 1894 she married Mr. Cronw-right. When about twenty years old she visited England, bringing with her the manu- script of her Story of an African Farm. After receiving the approval of George Meredith it was published with a few alterations in 1883 under the pseudonym of Ralph Iron and won instant success. It is best described as a spiritual auto- biography representing the mental reaction by which an imaginative sensitive tempcrnment passes from extreme Calvinism to hopeless athe- ism. Her other works include Dreams (1891), Dream Life and Real Life (1893), and Trooper Peter Halket ( 1897) . In the South African War Mrs. Cronwright's sympathies were with the Boers. She expressed her opinions in An English South African's TiVic of the Situation (1899). SCHREVELIUS, skre-ve'Ii-us, Coi!xeli§ (C.1615-C.64) . A Dutch classical scholar, born at Haarlem and educated mainly by his father, whom he succeeded in 1664 as rector of the Uni- versity of Le.vden. Schrevelius was a diligent and erudite man, but possessed little critical dis- cernment. His most notable work was a Lexicon Manuale Grceco-Latinum ct Latino-Grwcum (Le,vden, 1654), which passed through many edi- tions. SCHREYER, shrl'er, Adolf (1828-99). A Gernuin painter. He was born in Frankfort, where he received his artistic training at the Stadel Institute, afterwards studying at Diissel- dorf and Munich. Later he went to Paris, where he became a follower of Fromentin, depicting
