TRAILL, träl, Catherine Parr. A sister of Agnes Strickland (q.v.).
TRAILL, Henry Duff (1842–1900). An English journalist and author, born at Blackheath, near London. He was educated at the Merchant Taylors' School, London, and at Saint John's College, Oxford. In 1869 he was called to the bar at the Inner Temple, but he soon gave up law for journalism. He edited the Observer from 1880 to 1891, and was the projector and first editor of Literature (established 1897). Traill did much miscellaneous work of good quality, For the "English Men of letters" series he wrote Sterne (1882) and Coleridge (1884); for "English Worthies," Shaftesbury (I886) ; for "English Statesmen," William III. (1888); and for "English Men of Action," Strafford (1889). Other biographies by him are Lord Salisbury (1891), Sir John Franklin (1896), and Lord Cromer (1897). In politics and history are Central Government (1881) ; the exhaustive Social England (1892-96), of which he was editor; From Cairo to the Soudan Frontier (1896); and England, Egypt, and the Soudan (posthumous, 1900). For prose literature may be cited The New Lucian (1884) and The New Fiction and Other Essays (1897). Political verse contributed to various periodicals was collected under the titles, Recaptured Rhymes (1882) and Saturday Songs (from The Saturday Review, 1890).
TRAIN, George Francis (1829-1904). An American author, born in Boston, Mass. After engaging in the mercantile business in Boston and Australia, he went to England in 1860, and undertook to form street-railway companies in Birkenhead and London, but his plans were obstructed by legal opposition. His publications include: An American Merchant in Europe, Asia, and Australia (1851); Young America Abroad (1857); Irish Independency (1865): and Championship of Women (1868). He also published an autobiography entitled My Life in Many States and in Foreign Lands (1902).
TRAIN BANDS. Early English militia raised by commissions of musters, and organized and drilled as military bodies. On the abolition of the fyrd in 1604, James I. organized in its place the train bands to the number of nearly 200,000 men. As an organization the train bands were neither militia nor volunteers, but partook of the nature of both, and in point of efficiency lacked both discipline and drill. During the Civil War they sided almost to a unit with the Parliamentarians, and rendered very effective service. After the Restoration, the command and control of the army was definitely assigned to the King: before this time the question had been in doubt. See Armies. section on Great Britain; Militia.
TRAINING. See Physical Training.
TRA'JAN (Marcus Ulpiis Traianus) (a.d. 51-117). A Roman Emperor (a.d. 98–117). He was born at Italica, near Seville, in Spain. He was descended from a family which was probably of Roman origin, and was early trained to arms, becoming a leader in the Parthian and German campaigns, during the reigns of Titus and Domitian. He was rewarded for his services by promotion to the offices of prætor (a.d. 85) and consul (a.d. 91), and was adopted (a.d. 97) by Nerva (q.v.) as his colleague and successor. Trajan became sole ruler in January of the following year, and celebrated the event of his accession by largesses to the soldiers, and to Roman citizens and their children. He also made provision out of the Imperial treasury for the maintenance of the children of poor freemen in Rome and other Italian towns. In a.d. 101 Trajan set out on his first campaign against the Dacians, who had exacted tribute from Rome since Domitian's time. The struggle was long and destructive, but the Romans at last gained a decisive superiority, and in a subsequent campaign (104 to 105) completely subdued their opponents, whose country thenceforth became the Roman province of Dacia, and was secured by partial colonization. This conquest, the first since the death of Augustus, was celebrated, on Trajan's return to Rome, by a triumph, and by games on a most extensive scale, which continued for four months. The Column of Trajan was erected to commemorate this victory. In 106 Trajan again went to the east. Landing in Syria, he marched northward, receiving on his way the submission of numerous princes, and conquered Armenia, which he made a province. The record of the events of the next seven years of Trajan's reign is extremely defective, the few notices in Dion Cassius and others being insufficient for the construction of a consecutive narrative. In 115 he again set out from Syria, directing his march this time against the Parthian Empire. He took Ctesiphon almost without a struggle, and, descending the Tigris, subdued the tribes on both banks, being the first and only Roman general who navigated the Persian Gulf. On his return he found that Mesopotamia, North Syria, and Arabia required to be subdued again. This being done, and Parthia again conquered, Trajan, sinking under a combination of dropsy and paralysis, attempted to reach Italy, but died at Selinus, in Cilicia.
Though most of Trajan's reign was spent in the gratification of his warlike ambition, the internal administration was far from neglected; the administration of justice was vigorous and impartial; that of finance was equally acceptable; informers (delatores) were severely punished, and peculating governors of provinces rigorously prosecuted. The improvement and beautifying of Rome was carried on; the Empire was traversed in all directions by new military routes, canals and bridges were constructed, new towns built, the Via Appia was restored, the Pontine Marshes partially drained, the magnificent 'Forum Traiani' erected, and the harbor of Centum Cellæ (Civita Vecchia) constructed. During Trajan's reign a persecution of the Christians, of a mild character, took place.
TRAJAN. Arch of. (1) An arch at Benevento, Italy, somewhat resembling the arch of Titus at Rome, erected in a.d. 114 to commemorate the completion by Trajan of a new road to Brundisium. It is of white marble with one archway 27 feet high, the whole structure being 50 feet in height. The reliefs represent the triumphs of Trajan over the Dacians. The arch is one of the finest and best preserved specimens of the Roman arch. (2) A triumphal arch, in good preservation, at Ancona, Italy, built by the Roman senate in a.d. 112. It commemorates the
