TRASS. 430 TRAVANCORE. TRASS. See Trachyte. TRASTEVERE, tras-t;Vve-re. A district of Rome about the Jaiiiculum, which was annexed to the city bj' Augustus as the Regio Truiisti- berina. In Imperial times it was the abode of street peddlers, and during the Middle Ages was frequented by foreigners. It is now almost en- tirely inhabited -by the working classes. Many valuable anticiuities have been recovered in the district, among them the Apoxyoraenos (q.v.) of Lysippus. TRAU, trou. A town of Dalmatia, Austria, on tlie Adriatic, 12 miles west of Spalato (Map: Austria, E 5). It is interesting for its remains of Venetian domination, including a thirteenth- centurv catliedral. Population of the commune, in I'JOb, 17,004. TRATJBE, trou'be, Ludwig (1818-76). A German clinician, born at Ratibor, Silesia. He studied at the universities of Breslau and Ber- lin. In 1849 he became assistant of Schijnleiu in Berlin, and for many years was connected with the Charite Hospital there. In 1857 he was made professor at the Friedrich-Wilhelm Insti- tute, and in 1872 he became professor at the University of Berlin. Traube was especially noted for his experiments on animals for the purpose of demonstrating pathological conditions. The practice of auscultation and percussion was greatly promoted by him, and he also made im- portant studies regarding diseases of the heart, kidneys, and lungs. He published : Beitnage zur exper'imentellen Pathologie (1846); Ueber den Zusammenhang von Herz- und Nierenkrankheiten (1856); GcsammeUe Beitmge zur Pathologie und PlnifiiohKjii' (1S71). TRAUMATROPISM (from Gk. Tpavtm, trauma, wound + rpo-n-Zi, trope, a turning, from rpivav, trepein, to turn). The sensitiveness of plant parts to wounding, by reason of which they change their growth so as to curve away from the side wounded. This sensitiveness is especially manifested b.y roots; in which, how- ever, severe wounding may produce a purely me- chanical effect, overpowering the true irritable reaction, which is only manifest in response to slighter wounds. See Growth. TRATIN, troun. A river of Austria. It rises on the Gross-Hochkasten in Northwestern Styria and. entering Upper Austria, ti'averses the Hallstiittersee and the Traunsee (q.v.) and flows into the Danube a few miles below Linz. It is celebrated for its trout. Near the village of Roitham it forms a notable waterfall. Length, about 110 miles. TRAUNSEE, troun'z.'i, or GMUNDENER- SEE, gmun'den-er-za. The largest lake of Austria after the Attersee (Map: Austria-Hungary, C 3). It lies in Upper Austria, at an altitude of 1376 feet, between Ebensee and Gmunden in the Traun Valley, and is eight miles long and 626 feet deep. It is "a picturesque lake and, after the Walschen- see and some of the Italian lakes, the deepest in the Eastern Alps. TRAUTENATT, trou'te-nou. A frontier town of Bohemia, situated 74 miles northeast of Prague, on the Ajipa, a tributary of the Elbe (Map: Austria, D 1). It is the centre of the linen industry of the Riesengebirge, and has in addition paper mills. Here occurred two en- gagements between the Prussians and Austrians, June 27 and 28, 1866. Population, in 1890, 14,777. TRATTTWINE, trout'win, John Cresson (181083). An American civil engineer, born in Philadelphia, Pa. In 1828 he began the study of his profession in the office of William Strick- land, then the principal architect and civil engineer of Philadelphia. He assisted Strickland in the construction of the United States Mint at Philadelphia, was a civil engineer on the Colum- bia Railway in 1831, became principal assistant engineer of the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railway in 1835, and an engineer of the Philadelphia and Trenton Railway in 1836. In 1830-42 he was chief engineer of the Hiawassee Railway, connecting Georgia and Tennessee. With G. M. Totten he constructed the waterway known as the Canal del Dique, between the Bay of Cartagena and the Magdalena River, and executed (1850) the surveys for the Panama Railway. Other surveys made by him include those for the Lackawanna and Lanesborough Railway (1856), and those for an interoceanic railwaj' route across Honduras ( 1857 ) . He also planned a system of docks for the city of Montreal. TRAVAILLETJRS DE LA ICER, tra'vl'yer' de la mar ( Pr., Toilers of the Sea ) . A novel by Victor Hugo (1806), containing wonderful and sympathetic descriptions of the sea. The theme of tlie story is the desperate devotion of Gilliat for Deruehette, leading to his suicide. TRAVANCORE'. A native State of Brit- ish India, lying territorially within the Province of Madras '( Map : India, C 7 ) . It occupies the western part of the extreme southern end of the Indian peninsula, and stretches from Cape Co- morin northward along the coast to Cochin. Area, 7091 square miles. The coast, which is low and sandy, is lined with lagoons receiving numerous small streams. The land rises gradu- all}' to the crest of the Anamalay Mountains, which extend along the eastern boundary with an average altitude of 4000 to 5000 feet, rising in their highest peaks to over 8500 feet. The climate is hot on the coa.st ; the rainfall is heavy, and the mountain slopes are covered with forests of valuable woods, such as teak and ivory. Rice, the sago palm, and vegetables are among the principal products'. Pepper", coffee, tea, cocoanut products, and timber are the chief arti- cles exported. Travancore is one of the most progressive of the native States of India. Its chiefs for a long period have been highly quali- fied by character and education for their ]iositions, government has been well admin- istered, and a higher degree of prosperity has prevailed than has been common in India. The chieftaincy descends in the female line. The ruling family belongs to the Hindu race. A tribute of 810,102 rupees is paid annually to the British in consideration of the protection which they afford. In 1897-98, 64 per cent, of the boys and 19 per cent, of the girls of school age were in attendance at schools. The total popu- lation increased from 2,557,736 in I89I to 2,- 951.038 in 1901. The large majority of the population, 2,035.615, were Hindus. There were 190.566 Mohammedans and 28,183 Animistics. In few regions of India has. Christianity secured so
