History Survey. He became n mombcr of the Na- tional Academy of Sciences, the Scienlihe So- ciety of C'hristiania, and various other scientific associations, and in 1892, upon the foundation of tlu! JounuiJ of (leolof/ij, was made one of its edi- tors. His principal works relate to the geolo^zy of the Arelia'an and Algonlcian formations. He is a recognized authority of tlio liighest order on Anu'rican Algonkian and Arelia-an geologj', and liarticuhuly on the iron-bearing series of the, LaUe Sujierior region, on the deposition of ores, and on the principles of structural and dynamic geology, as applied to i're-Canibiian formations. His separate publications include such titles as Correlalion Papers — Archccan and Algonkian (1892); The Pcnokee Iron-Bearing Series of Michigan and lT'isco«si)i (with R. D. Irving, 1892) ; Principles of ^^orth American Prc-Cam- brian Oeologi/ (with Appendix by L. M. Hoskins, 189G) ; The Marquette Iron-Hearing District of Michigan (with W. S. Bayley and H. L. Smyth, 1897) : The GnjKtal Falls lion-Iiegring District of Michigan (with J. Morgan Clenu'nts, H. L. Smytli, and W. S. Bayley, 1899) ; The Menominee Iron-Hearing District of Michigan (with V. S. Bayley, 1900) : Some Principles Controlling the Deposition of Ores (1901) ; The Iron Ores of the Lake Superior Region (1901); The Lead and Zinc Deposits of the Mississippi Valley, U. 8. A. (with It. F. Bain, 1902); A Treatise on Meta- morphism ; An Attempt to Reduce the Phenomena of h'ock Alterations to Order Under the Laivs of Energg (1903).
VAN HORNE, Sir William Cornelius
(1843 — ). A Canadian railroad official, born
near Joliet, 111. After filling various positions
with several railways, he became general mana-
ger of the Canadian Pacific Railway in 1882,
and in 1888-99 served as president of that road.
He was also instrumental in the development of
the Canadian Pacific Steamship Company, and
of steamship communication with Australia.
VANILLA (Neo-Lat.. from Sp. vainilla, ray-
nilla. aiiilla. vanilla-bean, little pod, diminutive
of raina, pod. from Lat. vagina, sheath). A
genus of epiphytic orchids, natives of tropical
America and of Asia. The seedlings germinate in
the ground, and climb with twining stems to a
heiglit of 20 to 30 feet on trees, upon which they
feed and to which they cling by fibrous roots
produced from the nodes. The stem is four-cor-
nered and juicy; the leaves long and fleshy; the
very large fleshy, generally fragrant fiowers in
spikes; the fruit, a pod-like fleshy capsule, open-
ing along the side. The vanilla of conuucree is
cliiefly. if not wholly, the fruit of 'I'anilhi plani-
folia. a s]iecies indigenous from Mexico to Peru,
and cultivated in the West Indies. Mauritius,
and Ceylon. The plant is propagated by cuttings
and is allowed to climb trees that will afl'ord it
a partial shade. It furnishes a crop in three
years and continues in bearing for thirty or
forty years. Since it is not self-fertile, artificial
fertilization of the flowers is resorted to in the
more successful plantations. The fruit is cylin-
drical. 7 to 8 inches long, and less than half an
inch thick. It is gathered before it is fully ripe,
dried in the shade, and 'sweated.' to develop and
fix the aroma. This manipulation, which is a
kind of fermentation, requires great care, and
upon it the value of the product largely depends.
The fruit contains within its tough pericarp a
soft black pulp, in which many minute black .seeds
are imbedded. It has a strong, peculiar, agreeable
odor, and a sweetish taste, which is most pro- '
nounccd in the interior pulp. It is much used by
perfumers and also for flavoring chocolate,
pastry, sweetmeats, ices, and liquors. The aro-
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TANILLA PLANIFOLIA.
matio principle of vanilla is vanillin (CsHgOj), now produced artificially by several methods. Owing to the high price of the best vanilla beans, $10 to $15 per pound, the artificial product is used to a great e.xtent, especially in adulterating the cheaper grades. It has not the delicate odor of the natural product and has a tendency to breali up. forming undesirable compounds.
VANILLA GRASS. See Holy Grass.
VANINI, va-n6'ne, LuciLlo (c.1585-1619) .
An Italian free-thinker, born at Taurisano. He
taught successively at Geneva, Paris, and Lyons,
at the last of which cities he published in 1615
the Amphitheatrnm ^I^temw Providentiw. On
account of his pantheistic teachings he was
forced to flee to England. When his dialogues
De Admirandis 'Natures RegincB Deceque Mor-
talium Areanis came . out in Paris the fol-
low'ing year they were burned by the Sorbonne.
Vanini then went to Toulouse, where he began
to teach. Hei-e he was again accused of atheism
and witchcraft, and was burned at the stake on
the day of his condemnation. His dramatic
death has given him a reputation not justified
by the achievements of his life.
VANITY FAIR. In Bunyan's Pilgrim's
Progress, a fair held in the tomi of Vanity, at
which all comers are supposed to give themselves
up to thouglitless frivolity and careless vice. It
is a scene graphically described. The term has
become synonymous ^vitll the world of fashionable
pleasure.
VANITY FAIR. A celebrated novel by Thackeray, published first in monthly parts,