vice of Señor Deodoro da Fonseca; and then the first president of
the Brazilian republic, to give back to him the insignia of rear--
admiral, which he received for serving the republic, and which,
on the 7th of December, he offered to wear in the service of the
Prince of Gram Pará.
The part taken by Señor Saldanha da Gama in the naval re-
volt brings with it at least the advantage of putting an end to
the system under which any ambitious leader arrogates to himself
the right to speak in the name of the nation, and of disclosing
the plans of monarchical restoration which have been until now
a cloud on the republican horizon.
From the fratricidal strife which is now going on, the new in-
stitutions must come forth victorious, for the reason that in spite
of all the difficulties incident to the reorganization of the country
under the new form of government, despite the errors of the re-
publican administration and the campaign of slander waged
against it abroad by Brazilians unworthy of the name, Brazil has
made within the last four years a progress unexampled in the time
of the monarchy. The revenues of the state, which in 1888
amounted to about $72,000,000, are estimated for the present year
at $116,761,000. The immigration, which in 1888 reached
131,745, rose to 218,930 in 1891. The States, relieved of the yoke
of centralization, have in four years doubled their production, and
have in almost all cases an annual surplus, a thing unknown dur-
ing the empire, and which now enables them to effect their local
improvements on their own account. New interests have arisen,
with new men to direct them, and these cannot be dispossessed with-
out the employment of a force far greater than that possessed by
the naval revolt.
The interest of foreign nations, which in our times is directed
rather to the conquest of new markets for their products than to
rebuilding thrones for unemployed princes, lies in the re-establish-
ment of peace in the great South American republic. In the
unlikely hypothesis of the victory of the restorationists in Brazil,
peace would be impossible because the re-establishment of the
monarchy would be but the beginning of a civil war of indefinite
length, which could only end like the Napoleonic adventure in
Mexico : with one querataro more and one emperor less.
Salvador de Mendonça.
