resentatives of ideas that are independent of economic motives. And the intelligent classes (Intelligenz) are constantly growing. Therewith grows visibly the common-interest as against the class-interests, grows the independence of the arts, sciences and the ethical viewpoint of the economic forces. Only when we interpret Bernstein's words to mean this, they become understandable (begreiflich) and lose their mystical character; but then they also cease to prove anything against the materialistic conception of history." ············· In a review of Anton Menger's book "Neue Sittenlehre," in the Neue Zeit of October 14, 1905, Karl Kautsky says, among other things:
"Political and social struggle is impossible without moral indignation (sittliche Empoerung) against the opponent.
"The moral indignation against given political and social conditions, against the material oppression of the social powers, is therefore the first and the last, the basic form of the manifestation of the class differences, the most primitive and lasting mainspring (Triebfeder) of the class struggle."
And then he states, referring to Menger's ethical theory and the statements of some reviewers that it was identical with the theory of ethics of the Matrialistic Conception of History:
"To say that the conception of historical materialism, that morality is generated by the material conditions of society, is the same as Menger's conception that it is generated by material force is just as false and misleading as is the oft-repeated confusion of material conditions with the material interests of the individual, which reduces Marxism to that low level of ethics according to which all morality is reduced to egoism. People who so represent and propagate the Materialistic Conception of History may consider themselves good Marxists, but they really belong to those who reflect little credit on the Marxian teachings, who made Marx shudder, and with whom he begged not to be confounded."
And in his recent book: "Ethics and the Materialistic Conception of History," Kautsky says:
"While the growing contradiction between the changing social conditions and the stagnating morality expresses itself in the conservative, that is in the ruling classes, in growing immorality, hypocrisy and cynicism, which often
