(Longyearbyen and Svea on Vestspitsbergen) and two-thirds in the Soviet areas (Barentsburg and Pyramiden on Vestspitsbergen); about 9 persons live at the Polish research station
Birth rate: NA births/1,000 population (1990)
Death rate: NA deaths/1,000 population (1990)
Net migration rate: NA migrants/1,000 population (1990)
Infant mortality rate: NA deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
Life expectancy at birth: NA years male, NA years female (1990)
Total fertility rate: NA children born/woman (1990)
Ethnic divisions: 64% Russian, 35% Norwegian, 1% other (1981)
Language: Russian, Norwegian
Literacy: NA%
Labor force: NA
Organized labor: none
Government
Long-form name: none
Type: territory of Norway administered by the Ministry of Industry, Oslo, through a governor (sysselmann) residing in Longyearbyen, Spitsbergen; by treaty (9 February 1920) sovereignty was given to Norway
Capital: Longyearbyen
Leaders: Chief of State—King OLAV V (since 21 September 1957); Head of Government Governor Leif ELDRING (since NA)
Flag: the flag of Norway is used
Economy
Overview: Coal mining is the major
economic activity on Svalbard. By treaty (9
February 1920), the nationals of the
treaty powers have equal rights to exploit
mineral deposits, subject to Norwegian
regulation. Although US, UK, Dutch, and
Swedish coal companies have mined in the
past, the only companies still mining are
Norwegian and Soviet. Each company
mines about half a million tons of coal
annually. The settlements on Svalbard are
essentially company towns. The Norwegian
state-owned coal company employs
nearly 60% of the Norwegian population
on the island, runs many of the local
services, and provides most of the local
infrastructure. There is also some trapping of
seal, polar bear, fox, and walrus.
Electricity: 21,000 kW capacity; 45 million kWh produced, 11,420 kWh per capita (1989)
Currency: Norwegian krone (plural—kroner); 1 Norwegian krone (NKr) = 100 øre
Exchange rates: Norwegian kroner (NKr) per US$1—6.5405 (January 1990), 6.9045 (1989), 6.5170 (1988), 6.7375 (1987), 7.3947 (1986), 8.5972 (1985)
Communications
Ports: limited facilities Ny-Alesund,
Advent Bay
Airports: 4 total, 4 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over 2,439 m; 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: 5 meteorological/radio stations; stations—1 AM, 1 (2 relays) FM, 1 TV
Defense Forces
Note: demilitarized by treaty (9 February
1920)
Swaziland
_Swaziland.jpg)
See regional map VII
Geography
Total area: 17,360 km²; land area: 17,200
km²
Comparative area: slightly smaller than New Jersey
Land boundaries: 535 km total; Mozambique 105 km, South Africa 430 km
Coastline: none—landlocked
Maritime claims: none—landlocked
Climate: varies from tropical to near temperate
Terrain: mostly mountains and hills; some moderately sloping plains
Natural resources: asbestos, coal, clay, tin, hydroelelectric power, forests, and small gold and diamond deposits
Land use: 8% arable land; NEGL% permanent crops; 67% meadows and pastures; 6% forest and woodland; 19% other; includes 2% irrigated
Environment: overgrazing; soil degradation; soil erosion
Note: landlocked; almost completely surrounded by South Africa
People
Population: 778,525 (July 1990), growth
rate 3.1% (1990)
Birth rate: 46 births/1,000 population (1990)
Death rate: 15 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
Infant mortality rate: 126 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
Life expectancy at birth: 48 years male, 55 years female (1990)
Total fertility rate: 6.0 children born/woman (1990)
Nationality: noun—Swazi(s); adjective—Swazi
Ethnic divisions: 97% African, 3% European
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