THE NORTHMEN AND OTHER INVADERS 231 EXERCISES AND READINGS (Sources on the Disruption of Charlemagne's Empire. 1 Robinson, Readings in European History, vol. 1, pp. 157-68, selections 69, 70, 71. 1. List the time and place of writing of each extract. 2. Which gives the more general view of events? 3. What invaders are mentioned in these selections? 4. What parts of Europe are mentioned as invaded? 5. What events other than invasions are mentioned in no. 70? 6. Compare the conduct of the bishop and the count of Paris with that of the emperor in no. 71. I/iking Civilization and Expansion. ! Gjerset, History of Norwegian People (1915), vol. 1, pp. 69-92, and illus- trations throughout the volume. I Haskins, The Normans in European History (19 15), chap. 11, "The Coming of the Northmen." I Beazley, The Dawn of Modern Geography, vol. 11, chap. 11, " The Norse- men in the History of Exploration." This long chapter is not easy reading consecutively, but contains many interesting details drawn from the sagas in its text and foot- notes. It may be subdivided into the following readings: — Russia, Iceland, Greenland, pp. 17-48. Voyages to Vinland, pp. 48-74. Discussion of the reliability of the sagas concerning Vinland, its location, etc., pp. 74-83. Saint Olaf, pp. 84-101. Career of Harald Hardrada, pp. 103-111. Mauver, The Vikings (1913). A handy treatment of 148 pages, divided in twelve brief chapters on such topics as: — Causes of the Viking Movement. The Viking Movement to the Middle of the Ninth Century. The Vikings in the Frankish Empire. The Vikings in Ireland. The Vikings in Baltic Lands and Russia. Viking Civilization. Older works of similar scope to those of Haskins and Mauver are A. H. Johnson's The Normans in Europe, and Keary's The Vikings in Western Christendom. iarly Russia. 1 Mavor, An Economic History of Russia, vol. 1, pp. 6-21. First period of Russian history, eighth to thirteenth century. Sarly Hungary.
- Louis Leger, A History of Austria-Hungary, chap, v, " Formation of the
Magyar State (892-1038)."
