EXPANSION OF CHRISTENDOM 323 tirely drop the idea of a crusade. They continued to think and talk about crusades for the next two centuries; many popes had such a movement at heart, and princes some- ! times planned a crusade. But no great expedition directed I toward the recovery of Jerusalem actually took place. Meanwhile the name and idea of a crusade had been ex- • tended to other expeditions than those to the Mohamme- dan East, as indeed the crusades against Con- other types I stantinople and Tunis have already shown. of crusades 1 When St. Bernard preached the Second Crusade, he at the
- same time permitted the Saxons to engage in a crusade
against the Baltic Slavs. Several bands of crusaders to the I East had halted in Portugal and aided its monarchs against I the Moslems in the Spanish peninsula ; and military religious orders were founded in Spain as well as in the East. The Teutonic Knights, founded at Acre by Germans in 1190, forty years later transferred their activities to the shores of the Baltic and engaged in the conquest of the heathen Prus- sians. In 1208 a crusade was preached against the heretics J in southern France. Finally, Pope Innocent IV went to the i length of offering the privileges of crusaders to those who would join in his war against an orthodox Christian prince ! and former crusader, Frederick II. To those joining his j crusade against Frederick's successor, Conrad IV, he
- "granted a larger remission of sins than for the voyage to
! the Holy Land, and included the father and mother of the I crusaders as beneficiaries." This leads us back to the theme of the privileges granted i to crusaders. Urban II at Clermont had simply decreed that "if anyone, through devotion alone and not privileges of for the sake of honor or gain, goes to Jerusalem crusaders to free the church of God, the journey itself shall take the place of all penance." In subsequent crusades an increasing number of material privileges had been offered to induce men to take the cross, such as a respite from debts and law suits, permission to mortgage their lands without the con- sent of their lords, and the protection of the Church for their families and property during their absence.
