THE PAPACY AND ITS OPPONENTS 569 .all of the clergy there assembled. He had received a safe- conduct from the Emperor Sigismund, but the council paid no attention to it. Huss and later Jerome of Prague were condemned to be burned at the stake. This action simply caused Huss to be regarded as a holy martyr as well as a national hero in Bohemia, and the whole country was up in arms. Priests were driven from their parishes and mon- asteries were burned. Many of the German colonists in Bohemia, however, re- mained loyal to the council and to Roman Catholicism, and the Bohemians were unable to agree among them- The selves as to their religious beliefs. The more Utrac i uists moderate and conciliatory party, known as the "Calixtins" or "Utraquists," and represented especially by the Bohe- mian nobility, soon adopted a platform of four articles, demanding (1) free preaching of God's word, (2) the com- munion in both kinds for the laity, (3) surrender of worldly power and property by the clergy and a return on their part to the life led by Christ and the apostles, (4) punishment by the magistrates of all deadly sins and public disorders, even if committed by the clergy. The stress laid upon allowing the laity the wine as well as the holy wafer in the Lord's Supper shows that the Utraquists were far from regarding the communion with Wyclif as a purely spiritual affair. Their name comes from the Latin word, utraque, referring to the communion "in both kinds," while Calixtins is de- rived from the calix, or cup containing the wine. Earlier than this there had been an agitation in Bohemia for a more frequent or even daily partaking of the sacrament by the laity. Thus two different currents combined to form the Huss- ite movement. The demand by the laymen for a fuller participation in the Eucharist, overemphasized The the value of the rite upon which the medieval Tabc)nte ? Church already laid the most stress. The other more pro- gressive movement, following along the trail which Wyclif had blazed, attacked the clergy and departed more or less from the customs and doctrines of the medieval Church,
