THE INEQUALITY OF HUMAN RACES
we recognize, not without a certain philosophic shudder, that the
words of the prophets on the instability of mortal things apply
with the same rigour to civilizations as to peoples, to peoples as
to States, to States as to individuals ; and we are forced to affirm
that every assemblage of men, however ingenious the network
of social relations that protects it, acquires on the very day of
its birth, hidden among the elements of its life, the seed of an inevitable death.
But what is this seed, this principle of death ? Is it uniform, as its results are, and do all civilizations perish from the same cause ?
At first sight we are tempted to answer in the negative ; for we have seen the fall of many empires, Assyria, Egypt, Greece, Rome, amid the clash of events that had no likeness one to the other. Yet, if we pierce below the surface, we soon find that this very necessity of coming to an end, that weighs imperiously on all societies without exception, presupposes such a general cause, which, though hidden, cannot be explained away. When we start from this fixed principle of natural death — a principle unaffected by all the cases of violent death, — we see that all civilizations, after they have lasted some time, betray to the observer some little symptoms of uneasiness, which are difficult to define, but not less difficult to deny ; these are of a like nature in all times and all places. We may admit one obvious point of difference between the fall of States and that of civilizations, when we see the same kind of culture sometimes persisting in a country under foreign rule and weathering every storm of calamity, at other times being destroyed or changed by the slightest breath of a contrary wind ; but we are, in the end, more and more driven to the idea that the principle of death which can be seen at the base of all societies is not only inherent in their life, but also uniform and the same for all.
To the elucidation of this great fact I have devoted the studies of which I here give the results.
We moderns are the first to have recognized that every assem-
