240 ESSAYS AND LETTERS
French, or Anglo-Saxon, provoking the corresponding maintenance and defence not only of Hungarian, Polish, and Irish nationalities, but also of Basque, Provencal, Mordva,* Tchouvash, and many other nationalities — serves not to harmonize and unite men, but to estrange and divide them more and more from one another.
So that not the imaginary but the real patriotism, vrhich we all know, by which most people to-day are swayed and from which humanity suffers so severely, is not the wish for spiritual benefits for one's own people (it is impossible to desire spiritual benefits for one^s own people only), but is a very definite feeling of preference for one's own people or State above all other peoples and States, and a consequent wish to get for that people or State the greatest advantages and power that can be got — things which are obtainable only at the expense of the advantages and power of other peoples or States.
It would, therefore, seem obvious that patriotism as a feeling is bad and harmful, and as a doctrine is stupid. For it is clear that if each people and each State con- siders itself the best of peoples and States, they all live in a gross and harmful delusion.
II.
One would expect the harmfulness and irrationality of patriotism to be evident to everybody. But the surprising fact is that cultured and learned men not only do not themselves notice the harm and stupidity of patriotism, but they resist every exposure of it with the greatest obstinacy and ardour (though without any rational grounds), and continue to belaud it as beneficent and elevating.
What does this mean ?
- The Mordva (or Mordvinian) and Tchouvish tribes are
■of Finnish origin, and inhabit chiefly the governments of the Middle Volga.
