space—any mass escaping during, or immediately after, the impact would be exposed to a much higher attraction on escaping than on the return, because, on leaving them, the three bodies would be exercizing attraction upon the body; but, on the return journey, there would be only one body. Thus its aphelion may not be near so distant as that of a body that had only the central mass acting on it in its outward journey; but this will not necessarily affect the eccentricity, but may do so in certain cases.
Art. XIV.—The Origin of the Solar System.
By Professor A. W. Bickerton.
[Read before the Philosophical Institute of Canterbury 5th August, 1880.]
The order displayed in the structure of the Solar System strongly suggests the idea that it must have originated in some single event. Laplace has calculated that the probability of such a system having originated in a common cause, is not less than four millions to one. It is evident, therefore, that its origin is a legitimate subject for scientific speculation, and in order to account for the peculiarities of the motions of the planets and satellites, Laplace himself suggested the now well known hypothesis of the release of nebular rings and their subsequent coalescence. This theory has found many supporters, but when it is examined in the light of the doctrine of the conservation of energy and the dynamical theory of gases, so many difficulties present themselves as to throw great doubt upon it, in fact, as Denison says, it has been so little accepted by English mathematicians that it has scarcely been discussed, and Faye has recently given his opinion that it must be given up. A modification of the theory is offered in Newcombe's "Astronomy,"—it is that the release of rings commenced on the inside.
I hope to examine a number of the difficulties of these theories in a future paper. Proctor has discussed the probability of the system having been formed by the coalescence of an immense number of meteorites, and to this hypothesis there appear to be fewer objections than to the other two. In fact it is highly probable that such an action has aided materially in giving symmetry to the system. But as the sole agent in the formation of the solar system these suggestions have two great objections:—the extreme slowness of the sun's present rotation; and the irregularities in the system, such as the eccentricity of the orbits, the inclinations of the axes and orbital planes, and retrograde motions. It cannot therefore be considered that a satisfactory solution of the problem has been given, and it is probable from its extreme
