rifles, pistols, and daggers; their firearms were not precisely of the latest invention, for they had for the most part only flint-locks; but some of them had Minié rifles, which they boasted of having used in the Crimean war. These shortcomings, however, were made up by the courage of the men, and I trusted them entirely, for I was sure they would have defended us bravely even if our camp had been attacked by a whole band of brigands. They were headed by a corporal (called shaush in Turkish), who superintended the other ten gendarmes and regulated the night and day watches. Three of these gendarmes always accompanied me every morning before sunrise to my sea-bath in the Hellespont, at Karanlik, a distance of four miles; as I always rode at a trot, they had to run as fast as they could to keep up with me. These daily runs being, therefore, very fatiguing to the men, I paid them 7d. every morning as extra wages. I further used the gendarmes to keep close watch on my workmen in the trenches, and never allowed excavations to be made at any point without at least one gendarme being on the look-out. In this way I forced my workmen to be honest, for they knew that if they were taken in the act of stealing they would be thrown into prison. I housed my eleven gendarmes in a large wooden barrack covered with waterproof felt, which I had built for them close to the stone house containing the kitchen and the chamber of my purser, for in this way they were about in the centre of my camp; but as there were constant disputes among them, some of them preferred to sleep in the open air even in the coldest weather, rather than endure the company of their comrades.
As majordomo and purser I had again Nicolaos Zaphyros Giannakes, from the village of Ren Kioi, who had served me in the same capacity in all my archæological campaigns in the Troad since March, 1870. Seeing that he was indispensable to me, he refused to serve me now for less than 15 monthly and his food; but I gladly granted him
