provinces to await vacancies. In certain of the provinces[1] a second method was for the viceroy, governor, or t'ituh to recommend men for promotion from the active lists, practically on the basis of seniority. In these provinces it was understood that for each time men were so promoted the other method should be used before making another promotion. A third method was to grant appointments by way of promotion for worth or merit alone. For the grades below lieutenant colonel the head of the provincial government might make the selection, for the higher ranks the appointment came from Peking on recommendation of these officers. Sometimes in the case of those engaged in warfare, promotion or promise of promotion came as a special reward for bravery in the field.
Military officials were graded exactly as their colleagues on the civil side, but were considered to be somewhat lower, grade for grade, because they represented merely physical prowess instead of learning and culture. The following list gives the name of the official, his grade and the number of men he commanded:
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Grade Title English equivalent[2] Command Number of men
1b T'ituh General or Admiral-in-chief piao 7,500 in theory; actually 5,424 on the average
2 a Tsungping General or admiral of divisions. piao 7,500 in theory; actually 5,424 on the average
2 a b Fuchiang Brigadier general or commodore hsieh uncertain number
3 a Ts'anchiang Colonel or captain ying 525 on the average
3 b Yuchi Lieut. colonel ying
4 a Tussu Major or commander ying
23 These tables and equivalents are from Wade's articles in the Chinese Repository, XX, 366-390. Mayers, Chinese Government, pp. 59-61, gives different equivalents, placing them one step lower in each case below brigadier general.
