A HISTORY OF NORFOLK Remains of the ordinary Pleistocene mammals are met with in some of the gravels and glacial deposits of Norfolk, but since they are inferior in interest to the preglacial animals found in the county, a de- tailed notice may be dispensed with. It may, however, be mentioned that an imperfect molar of the mammoth {Elephas primigenius) was dis- covered many years ago in chalk debris at Horstead, and is noticed in Woodward's Geology of Norfolk. Teeth and tusks of the same animal are also not unfrequently dredged up from the Knole Sand off the coast at Happisburgh, as well as at other localities in the county ; and, indeed, are likewise hauled up in the nets of fishermen trawling on the Dogger Bank. Molars of the woolly rhinoceros {Rhinoceros antiquitatis) are like- wise dredged on the Dogger Bank, and it would seem probable that some of the rhinoceros remains obtained from time to time off Happis- burgh are referable to the same species, although at least several of those in the British Museum from that place belong to R. etruscus of the Forest Bed. Teeth and bones of the hippopotamus also occur among the specimens dredged off Happisburgh. Passing to the preglacial Forest Bed, we have first of all a species of sabre-toothed tiger {Macharodus) represented by a lower jaw from Kessingland, and likewise by an imperfect specimen of one of the huge upper tusks from which this extinct genus was named. The large Pleistocene variety of the African spotted hyaena {Hycena crocuta spelad) was at this time an inhabitant of Norfolk, its remains having been dis- covered at Corton, Kessingland, and Cromer. Teeth and bones of the wolf {Cams lupus) have likewise been found at Kessingland, Overstrand, and Runton. Probably the fox {C. vulpes) was likewise a member of the Forest Bed fauna, although this is not absolutely certain. Other Forest Bed Carnivora are the marten {Mustela martes), of which remains occur at West Runton ; the Arctic glutton, or wolverine {Gulo luscus), as represented by a lower jaw from Mundesley ; and the otter {Lutra vulgaris), of which a jaw has been obtained at East Runton. The list of named species of Forest Bed land Carnivora closes with the great extinct cave bear {Ursus spelaus) and the brown bear {U. arctus) ; the remains of the latter species being possibly referable to one of the American races, such as U. arctus horribilis, although considerations of geographical distribution are somewhat against such a reference. The marine Carnivora are represented in these deposits by a tooth and one of the bones (radius) of the fore-arm of an undetermined species of seal from West Runton, as well as by the bone of the upper arm (humerus) of the bearded seal {Phoca barbata) from Overstrand. There is also an extinct walrus {Odobanus huxleyi). It was at one time considered probable that the aurochs lived in Britain at the time of the deposition of the Forest Bed, but all the specifically determinable remains of oxen from that formation are now definitely known to belong to the Pleistocene representative of the bison {Bos priscus). An imperfect skull of the musk ox {Ovibos moschatus) obtained at Trimingham, and formerly in the collection of the late 32
