II. EUPHONIC COMBINATION. VOWELS. 65 Pp. raya utá; bhúmyopári (x. 753) bhúmyāḥ upári, Pp. bhúmya upári. In a few of these the contraction must be removed as contrary to metre; thus usa yati (III. 614), Pp. usaḥ yati, which means 'Dawn goes', should be read as uşá a yati, as the sense requires 'Dawn comes', and the metre requires an additional syllable; abhiștipási (11. 20²), Pp. på asi, should be read as abhistipá (h) asi; vysabhéva (VI. 464), Pp. vysabhá iva ², as vrşabhá h) iva. b. In a very few instances a final m is dropped after u, which then combines with a following vowel. This contraction is actually written in durgáhaitát (1v. 182) for durgáham etát (but Pp. durgáha etál) 3, and sávanedám (TS. 1. 4. 44²) for sávanam idám (Pp. sávanā idám). Occasionally this contraction though not written is required by the metre; thus rāṣṭrám ihá (AV.) must be read rastréhá. 71. Final and before dissimilar vowels.-1. The final vowels ž and before dissimilar initial vowels and before diphthongs are in the Samhitās regularly written as y and vs respectively; e. g. práty ayam (I. 116) práti ayam; á tv éta (1. 5¹) - á tú éta; jánitry ajijanat (x. 134¹) jánitrī ajījanat. The evidence of the metre, however, shows that this y or nearly always has the syllabic value of i or u; e. g. uy úsáḥ (1. 924) must be read as ví usáh: vidáthesv añján (1. 925) as vidáthesu añján. - = a. The final of disyllabic prepositions must, however, frequently be pronounced as a semivowel, especially before augmented forms; e. g. adhyásthāḥ (1. 49²); ánv acāriṣam (1. 23²3); also ánv ihi (x. 536) 7. b. In all the Samhitãs the particle z following a consonant is written as 7 and pronounced as u before a vowel; e. g. ávéd v indra (1. 28¹)8; but the long form of the same particle occasionally remains unchanged in the RV. even after a consonant; úd u ayam (VI. 715); tám u akynvan (x. 8810). c. g. c. In RV. I-IX there are other instances of monosyllabic and disyllabic words at the end of which y and v are pronounced; but the only example of a trisyllabic word in which this occurs is sivyatu in sívyatv ápaḥ (11.324). In RV.x there are a few further examples; e. g. devéşv ádhi (X. 1218)9. d. The semivowel is regular in the compounds rtv-ij-, gávy-uti-10, sv-áhã, and sv-id 11. 2. Unchangeable ī and ū. a. The dual ī and ū never change to y or v; nor is the former ever prosodically shortened, though the latter some- times is; e. g. hárī (-) rtásya; but sādhú (-) asmai (II. 27¹5). The dual 7 may remain even before i; e. g. hárī iva, hárī indra, akşí iva; but the contraction is written in upadhíva, pradhiva, dámpatíva, vispátīva, nypátīva (AV.), ródasīmé (VII. 90³) ródast imé 'these two worlds'. There are also several passages in which the contraction, though not written, must be read ¹2. 12 b. The rare locatives in 7 and ¹3 (from stems in i and ū) are regularly written unchanged in the Samhitā text of the RV., except védy asyám (11.34), = 1 Cp. WACKERNAGEL I, 268 a. iy and uv are sometimes written for i and u; In instances in which contraction with e. g. suv-itá- su-itá 'accessible'; hence iva seems to take place, the existence of a the pronunciation may have been iy, uv; cp. byform va has to be taken into consider- WACKERNAGEL I, 270 c, 271 a. ation; cp. GRASSMANN, Wörterbuch, column 221; WACKERNAGEL I, 268 a, note. 3 Cp. DELBRÜCK, Verbum 67, end. 4 In the RV. is never final, and I doubt whether any example can be quoted from the other Samhitas in which it is followed by an initial vowel. 9 See ARNOLD, Vedic Metre 125. 10 If the analysis of BR., gávi-uti-, is correct; the Pp. divides gó- yüti-. 7 WACKERNAGEL I, 271 b; OLDENBERG 438, note, ZDMG. 44, 326 note; ARNOLD, Vedic Metre 125. Elsewhere also 8 The TS. has uv for v. Indo-arische Philologie. I. 4. 11 See ARNOLD, Vedic Metre 125. 12 Сp. WACKERNAGEL I, 270 b, note. Here we have probably not contracted forms with iva, but the dual 7+va, the byform of iva. 13 The vowels which regularly remain unchanged are called pragyhya, 'separated', by the native phoneticians; see RPr. 1. 16 etc.; VPr. I. 92 etc.; APr. 1. 73 etc. They indicated as such in the Pp. by an appended iti. The particle z is indicated as pragrhya in the Pp. of RV. and AV. by its nasalized form um (nasalization being employed to avoid hiatus: see above 66, 1). 5 The Sandhi which changes a vowel to the semivowel is called kşaipra 'gliding', in the Pratiśākhyas; cp. RPr. II. 8; III. 7; VII. 5. 6 The long vowel being regularly short-are ened; cp. OLDENBERG 465. 5
