I. ALLGEMEINES UND SPRACHE. 4. VEDIC GRAMMAR. e. As first member of a compound dyu- 'heaven' appears as div- before vowels¹ (while yu would in external Sandhi become yu), as div-isti- 'striving for heaven', div-it- 'going to heaven'. 74 2. Compounds in the Samhitas preserve many euphonic archaisms which, while still existing in external Sandhi, disappear from the sentence in later periods of the language though still partially surviving in compounds. a. A final consonant disappears before the same consonant when the latter is the initial of a group: upá(s)-stha- 'lap', ná(k)-kṣatra- ‘star', hr(d)-dyotá- (AV.), an internal disease, hr(d)-dyótana (AV.) 'breaking the heart' 2. b. A final sibilant disappears before a mute followed by a sibilant, as in divá-ksa- 'heavenly' ('ruling over heaven', div-ás, gen.) ³. c. A sibilant as initial of the second member is retained; thus scandra- 'bright' in puru-scandrá- 'much-shining' and many other compounds, but almost invariably candrá- as an independent word 4. d. A finals in the first member or an initial s in the second is cerebralized; e. g. dus-tára- 'invincible', nis-țákvarī- (AV.) ‘running away', duş-şvápnya- 'evil dream'. e. An original n in the second member is cerebralized after a y r ș with the necessary phonetic restrictions (47) a. In derivatives from verbs com- pounded with prepositions containing r, initial, medial, or final of the root is almost invariably cerebralized in the Samhitãs; thus nir-nij- 'bright garment', pari-hṇuta- (AV.) ‘denied' ( √ hnu-), parí-náh-‘enclosure', pary-ā-ṇaddha- (AV.) 'tied up', pra-ni- and pra-neti- ‘leader', prá-ṇīti- ‘guidance', prāṇá- 'breath', práṇana- and prāṇátha- (VS.) 'respiration' (an- breathe'). The cerebralization appears even in suffixes, as pra-yáṇa- ‘advance' 5. p. In other compounds n greatly predominates when the second member is a verbal noun; e. g. grama-ni- 'chief of a village', dur-gáni 'dangers'; nr- pána- 'giving drink to men', pitr-yaṇa- 'trodden by the fathers', pūr-yāṇa- (AV.) 'leading to the fort', rakṣo-háṇ- 'demon-slaying', urtra-hán- 'Vṛtra-slaying'. The cerebralization fluctuates in -yavan: thus prātar-yávaṇ- ‘going out early', vŕşa-pra-yavan- 'going with stallions', but puro-yávan- 'going in front', subhra- yavan- 'going in a radiant chariot'; also in purīșa-váhaṇa- (VS.) and purīșa- váhana- (TS. K.) 'removing rubbish'. Cerebralization never takes place in -ghn-, the weak form of -han- ‘killing'; nor in akṣā-náh- ‘tied to the axle', kravya-váhana-6 conveying corpses', carma-mná- 'tanner', yuşmá-nīta- 'led by you'. 7. The cerebralization takes place somewhat less regularly when the second member is an ordinary (non-verbal) noun; e. g. urū-nasá- 'broad-nosed', tri-navá- (VS.) 'consisting of three times nine parts', tri-naman- (AV.)7 'having three names', dru-ghaná- 'mallet', nr-mánas- 'friendly to men', puru-naman- 'many-named', purvahná- 'forenoon', prá-napat- 'great-grandson'. There is song'. The long vowel in án-āśir-da- 'not as go- 'cow' instead of gav- before vowels, fulfilling expectation', aśīr-dú- and āšīr-daya- e.g. gó-agra- 'headed by cows'; cp. WACKER- 'fulfilment of a benediction' is due to analogy, NAGEL 2¹, p. 129 e. Another kind of inno- as a-sis- is derived from the root sās-. vation in compounds is due to haplology; cp. WACKERNAGEL I, 241 a 8; 21, p. 128 1 dyu- remains before consonants: dyu-kşá-, dyu-gá-t-, dyú-bhakta-. 2 Also in external Sandhi 'tá dyắm (AV. IV. 196) for táď dyắm. 3 Also in external Sandhi ádha kşárantir (VII. 34²), cp. above 78, 2 d. 4 Divergence from external Sandhi is sometimes not archaic but due to innovation; bottom. 5 There are a few exceptions: pari-pána- 'drink', pary-uhyámāna- being led home' (Vvah-), prá-pina- (VS.) 'distended'. 6 Like havya váhana- 'conveying oblations'. 7 The later Samhitas always have n after tri-, while the RV. always has n; as tri- 1
