by the grammarians may conveniently be divided into three groups, according to the nature of the criticism directed against them:
I. A word is used by οἱ νεώτεροι, οἱ νῦν, ἡ νέα (sc. Ἀτθίς), ἡ νέα κωμῳδία; or, it is used παρ᾽ ἡμῖν; all in contrast to οἱ ἀρχαῖοι, οἱ παλαιοί.
II. A word is used by Ἀλεξανδρεῖς, Μακεδόνες, Ἕλληνες; or it is Ἀσιατικόν, Ἑλληνικόν, βαρβαρικόν; or it is used Ἑλληνικῶς, κοινῶς; all in contrast to Ἀττικοί, or Ἀττικόν, or Ἀττικῶς. Here are included a few names of objects which are Μακεδονικά, βαρβαρικά, Ἑλληνικά; in one instance (οὐθείς, Eust.) the phrase is ἐσχάτως βαρβαρίζει.
III. A word is:
a. ἀνεκτόν.
b. ὑπόφαυλον.
c. ἰδιωτικόν, ἀδόκιμον. Or we find comments like these, expressing disapproval: μᾶλλον τὸ δεῖνα (some other word is preferable), οὐδεὶς τῶν δοκίμων εἶπεν, οὐ γὰρ χρῶνται οἱ δόκιμοι, πειστέον δὲ τοῖς δοκίμοις τοῖς μηδ᾽ εἰδόσι τοὔνομα, τοῖς ποιηταῖς ἀφείς, Μενάνδρῳ δεδόσθω, παρασεσημασμένον. Sometimes a word which is currently misused, and which we find in Menander in this improper meaning, is simply cited with its proper meaning under the word which is recommended, e. g. [Hdn.] Philet. p. 471 Piers. ἐπιλήσμων· ὁ ἐπιλανθανόμενος· λήθαργος δέ, κύων ὁ κρύφα δάκνων. Here λήθαργος in the meaning ἐπιλανθανόμενος is by implication condemned. In the case of νουνεχόντος, Apollon. Alex. in Bekk. Anecd. 587.15 says δοκεῖ ἀσύστατον εἶναι. In these instances the contrast is with δόκιμον, etc.
d. Expressions of positive disapproval: οὐ χρὴ λέγειν, οὔ φασι δεῖν λέγειν, οὐκ, ἀποτρέπου λέγειν, ἁμαρτάνει λέγων. Also, μετάθες τὸ α εἰς τὸ ε, λέγων πεντέμηνος (Phryn.), and τόλμη καὶ τόλμα, . . . νάρκη δὲ διὰ τοῦ η (Phryn. apud Bekk. Anecd.).
e. Expressions of more positive disapproval: φαυλόν, παμπόνηρον, αἰσχύνει τὴν πάτριον φωνὴν (λέγων) (Phryn.), τοῦτο Μένανδρος τὴν καλλίστην τῶν κωμῳδιῶν τῶν ἑαυτοῦ, τὸν Μισογύνην, κατεκηλίδωσεν εἰπών (Phryn.), . . . καὶ ἄλλα κίβδηλα ἀμαθῆ.
The following is an alphabetical list of all Menander's words which are condemned by the ancient grammarians. After each word stands the name of the grammarian who objects to it, and a designation (e.g. I, IIIb, etc.) of the group and sub-
