474
GOVERNMENT, FINANCES, AND MILITARY.
second, beginning April 1st, being preferable, devoted to financial questions. A deputation of 15 deputies and 14 senators sits during the recess.[1]
The executive power is vested in the president, elected by popular indirect vote, and holding office from December 1st for four years.[2] His substitute in case of temporary or final vacancy is the president of the supreme court, provisionally, until elections can be held.[3] The president can appoint civil and military officers of a certain grade, and remove diplomatic agents and financial chiefs, but those of a superior rank can be submitted only in nomination to the senate.[4] Juarez set an example of extreme unobtrusiveness in connection with public proceedings, acting even
- ↑ At the close of the first session, which lasts from Sept. 16th till Dec. 15th, must be presented the budget for consideration of the committee during recess. The second session ends May 31st. Each session may be prorogued for 30 and 15 days, respectively, which must be dedicated to the object which caused the prorogation. Bills, if rejected by one or both houses, cannot be presented again during the same session. A simple majority in congress suffices to pass them over a presidential veto. Deputies must be 25 years of age, senators 30. They cannot belong to the ecclesiastic profession, and must not accept federal office with pay. Of the former, any number over one half the total constitutes a quorum; of the latter, two thirds. Suplentes or substitutes are elected for cases of absence or vacancy. The federal district received two senators. The profusion of titles of former days has been set aside. They have shifted from the national palace to different sites, the lower house occupying lately the old Iturbide theatre, and the senate a modest hall elsewhere. The representation has varied for deputies, as we have seen. Under the central constitution of 1836, it fell to one for 150,000 inhabitants, while the senate consisted of only 24 members. There used to be a property qualification, which in 1824 amounted to $8,000, or an income of $1,000. The term has ranged between 2 and 4 years for deputies, and 2 to 6 years for senators. For rules during the middle period, see Arrillaga, Recop., 1828-50; Mex., Legis., 1852 et seq.; Dublan and Lozano, Ley. Mex., ii-xi., passim; Mex., Col. Ley., 1853 et seq. In 1877 a bill was presented for abolishing the senate, in conformity with the revolutionary plan of 1876, Diar. Debates, Cong. 8, i. 470-1, 488, but it failed to pass. It was created only in 1874 under the new constitution. It is not the first time that its abolition has been urged and moreover effected.
- ↑ Some favor a longer period, to permit the carrying out of reform plans, and to avoid the disorder of too close election agitation. Biog., MS., 430-1. He must be not less than 35 years of age, and cannot leave the capital without permit from the congress.
- ↑ The vice-presidency was not admitted into the present constitution, and has been abolished on former occasions, as needless and as the cause for intrigue and differences.
- ↑ As shown in a previous note. He of course chooses his own ministers. The appointment of inferior officials is determined by law. The pardon of persons convicted by federal courts lies with him. See previous statement about senators concerning treaties and army movements.
