Primary Lessons in Swatow Grammar/Lesson XXV

by William Ashmore

Conjugational Equivalents.

of

Phah, to strike.

Active Voice.

Indicative, Present.
uá	phah
I	strike	or struck.
lṳ́	phah.
You	strike	or struck.
i	phah.
We	strike	or struck
Past.
uá chêng	phah	i.
I have	struck	him.
sĩ-uá	phah	i.
It was I who	struck	him.
	phah	i sĩ-uá.
(The one who)	struck	him—it was myself.
uá m̄-chêng	phah	i.
I have not	struck	him, or, did not strike him.
uá bô	phah	i.
I did not	strike	him.
uá íⁿ-keng	phah	i.
I had	struck	him, or have struck him.
	phah	i sĩ tî-tiâng?
(That)	struck	him—who was it?
i	phah	būe-hiah, uá ji̍p khṳ̀.
Before he had done	beating	him, I went in.
i chiang ki thûi	phah	i.
He took a club and	struck	him.
Future.
uá àiⁿ	phah	i.
I will	strike	him.
uá bô-àiⁿ	phah	i.
I will not	strike	him.
uá chiang àiⁿ	phah	i.
I will	strike	him.
uá pit-pit àiⁿ	phah	i.
I certainly will	strike	him.
mùaⁿ-chá àiⁿ	phah	i.
To-morrow I will	strike	him.
uá àiⁿ	phah	chiũ-phah.
If I want to	strike	then I will strike.
ẽ-hûe uá chiũ	phah	i.
Another time I (will)	strike	him
thāi uá ôiⁿ, uá lâi	phah	i.
When I have leisure I will	strike	him.
Perfect and Pluperfect.
i soiⁿ	phah	uá, jiên-ãu uá phah-i.
He first	struck	me, and then I struck him.
lṳ́ būe-chêng-lâi uá	phah	i liáu.
Before you reached here I had previously	beaten	him.
uá būe-chêng-tàⁿ, i chiũ soiⁿ	phah	uá.
Before I had said anything he had first	beaten	me.
i būe-mn̄g mêng-pe̍h	phah	uá-liáu, chiàⁿ-mn̄g uá.
Before he had inquired clearly he	beat	me, and then asked me.
i m̄-jīn, tán-kàu lãu-tia	phah	cha̍p-ē, i chiàⁿ-jîn.
He would not confess till the mandarin had	struck	him ten blows, —then he confessed.
Future Perfect.
i būe	phah	uá, uá chiũ soiⁿ-phah--i.
Before he	strikes	me, I will have struck him.
ṳ̃ i a-pẽ būe-kàu uá soiⁿ	phah	hó liáu.
I will arrange that before his father gets here I shall first have	beaten	him.
Potential Mood.
uá õi tit	phah	i.
I can	strike	him.
uá	phah	i tit-kùe.
I can	strike	him, i.e. I am able to do it.
uá	phah	i m̄-tie̍h.
In	striking	him I cannot succeed, i.e. cannot get at him.
lũn	phah	õi-phah.
As regards	striking	I can strike.
uá eng-kai	phah	i.
I need to	strike	him.
pit-su-tie̍h	phah	i.
It is necessary to	strike	him.
Subjunctive Mood.
úa a sĩ	phah	i.
I, if I	strike	him, or struck him.
úa nāⁿ-sĩ	phah	i.
If I should	strike	him.
úa jia̍k-sĩ	phah	i.
If I	struck	him.
khó-pí úa	phah	i.
Supposing that I	struck	him, or should strike him.
chò uá	phah	i.
If it were so that I	struck	him, or if it had been I that had struck him.
siet-sái úa	phah	i
Suppose that I	struck	him.
khó-pí chò-úa	phah	i.
Suppose for example that I had	struck	him, or should strike him.
Imperative Mood.
	phah!
	Strike!
tie̍h	phah!
	Strike!	(emphatic).
màiⁿ	phah!
Don’t	strike!
m̄-hó	phah!
Don’t	strike!
lṳ́ méⁿ-méⁿ	phah	i!
	Strike	him quickly!
lṳ́ khṳ̀	phah	i.
You go and	strike	him.
Infinitive Mood.
lṳ́ chò-káⁿ	phah	i.
How dare you to	strike	him.
i chuan-lâi	phah	úa.
He came on purpose to	strike	me.
lṳ́ khá-káⁿ	phah	i a-m̄-káⁿ?
Dare you to	strike	him or not?
i khí lâi	phah	i.
He rose to	strike	him.
ṳ̃-pĩ	phah	i.
He got ready to	strike	him.
Participles.
i	phah	būe-hiah, uá ji̍p--khṳ̀.
Before he had ceased	striking	him I entered.
uá lâi i tõ	phah	i.
When I came he was	striking	him.
uá chhut khṳ̀ nõⁿ-nâng huân iáu tõ-sie	phah.
When I came out the two men were still	fighting.

Passive Voice.

Ind, Pres.
pĩ	phah.
Is	struck.
uá pĩ-i	phah.
I am	struck	by him.
uá pĩ-nâng	phah.
I am	struck	by somebody.
Past, &c.
uá khṳt-i	phah	liáu.
I have been already	struck	by him.
uá khṳt-i	phah	tie̍h.
I have been	struck	by him.
uá khṳt-i	phah	sieⁿ.
I have been	struck	and wounded by him.
uá íⁿ-keng khṳt-i	phah	tie̍h.
I have or had been	struck	by him.
uá soiⁿ khṳt-i	phah	kùe.
I had first been	beaten	by him.
uá khṳt-i	phah	kàu ou-chhe.
I have been	struck	by him until black and blue.
uá khṳt-i	phah	kàu chiang-sí.
I have been	struck	by him until I was about dead.
Future.
uá chiang-lâi pĩ-i	phah.
I will hereafter be	beaten	by him.
kiaⁿ ùi khṳt-i	phah.
Afraid lest I shall be	beaten	by him.
lṳ́ m̄-chai-hûang chiũ khṳt-i	phah.
If you don’t take care you will be	beaten	by him.
i pit-tie̍h khṳt-i	phah.
He certainly will be	beaten	by him.
khióng-phàⁿ pĩ-i	phah.
I fear lest I shall be	beaten	by him.
būe-ũ-nâng chó-chí, uá soiⁿ khṳt-i	phah	liáu.
Before any man stopped him I had already been	beaten	by him (Pluper.)
nâng būe-ũ chó-chí i khióng-phàⁿ khṳt-i	phah	tie̍h.
Before any man can him I am afraid I shall be	beaten.
lṳ́ būe-tàⁿ, lṳ́ chiũ tie̍h soiⁿ pun-i	phah.
Before you can say anything you will first have been	beaten	by him.
Pot’l
lṳ́ õi-pun-i	phah	tie̍h-a-bõi?
Can you be	beaten	by him or not?
bõi pun nâng	phah.
He can’t be	beaten	by people.
eng-kai pun nâng	phah.
It is necessary to be	beaten.
ēng-pun i	phah	chiũ pun-i phah.
If it is needful to be	beaten,	then I will be beaten by him.
Subj.
uá a-sĩ khṳt-i	phah.
If I am	beaten	by him.
uá a-sĩ pun nâng	phah.
If I am	beaten	by people.
Imp.
tie̍h-khṳt-i	phah!
Be	beaten	by him.
i tie̍h khat-khóu nãiⁿ-siũ	phah.
Let him patiently take a	beating.
Inf.
pĩ	phah.
To be	struck.
Part.
chí-kâi sî-hāu i huân-liáu siũ-i	phah.
At this time he was still being	beaten	by him.