Primary Lessons in Swatow Grammar/Lesson XXVII

by William Ashmore

Various Passive Forms.

The Passive Voice makes use of the following auxiliaries, singly or in combination,—pĩ; khṳt; khih; pun; kìⁿ; kùe; tiāu; liáu; tit; uân; and siũ. But the construction must be noted, as a change in the position of the noun would convert a passive into an active, and vice versa, thus, ngṳ̂n tit liáu, is passive and means, the money is gotten, but, tit liáu ngṳ̂n, is active and means, he got the money.

ēng-tiāu--liáu,

used up (as a garment).

khit-tiāu--liáu,

rotted away (by age or weather).

chù-tiāu--liáu,

eaten away (by worms).

chù-tiāu--liáu,

washed away.

lì-tiāu--liáu,

torn up (as a piece of cloth or paper).

hám-tiāu--liáu,

thrown away.

ka̍k-tiāu--liáu,

thrown„ away„

tiāu-tiāu--liáu,

tossed away.

khṳt-nâng mue̍h-tiāu--liáu,

been destroyed by somebody.

khṳt sip-khì chhong-tiāu,

be spoiled by dampness.

chhù khí-hó--liáu,

the house is finished.

chúi taⁿ-hó--liáu,

the water is carried.

ēng uân--liáu,

all used up.

sṳ̄ chò-chiâⁿ--liáu,

the business is accomplished.

mue̍h-kiãⁿ piēn-piēn--liáu,

the things are all ready.

tõ sṳ́-kàm ũ chièⁿ-seⁿ kì,

in the records it is thus written.

mue̍h-kiãⁿ bô-ēng khṳ̀--liáu,

the thing is no longer of any use.

màiⁿ-pĩ sĩ-hui-sim só-cheh,

don’t be rebuked by your own conscience.

kièn-siàu,

to be made ashamed.

chiang chí-kâi-nâng chò siáu-lí,

take this man and be ashamed, i.e. be ashamed of this man.

jia̍k ngõ-tie̍h hóuⁿ màiⁿ ũ-só-khî,

if you meet a tiger do not be surprised.

khṳt-nâng lūn--tie̍h tõ kha-ẽ,

be trampled under feet by people.

khṳ̀-thâi i, pĩ i tò-thâi,

he went to kill him and was himself killed.

pĩ Siàⁿ-lêng ín-chhūa,

led by the Holy Spirit.

khṳt-i kuang-phièn,

be deceived by him.

tī-hng khṳt-i chiãm-chiãm âⁿ--khṳ̀,

the country little by little was usurped by him.

chang-ie̍h khṳt-i-buah,

have medicine rubbed on him.

khṳt-i khie̍h tie̍h,

was picked up by him.

pĩ te̍k-jîn chhiè,

to be laughed at by enemies.

siũ-nâng lêng-jo̍k,

to be dishonored by people.

siũ-nâng uáng-khut,

to be oppressed by people.

che̍k-sin khṳt-i phah-kàu àiⁿ-sí,

was by him beaten nearly to death.

lîn-kṳ̃n kâi-siâⁿ khṳt-i húiⁿ-tiāu,

the neighboring cities were by him overthrown.

bõi-khṳt-i iú-ho̍k--khṳ̀,

cannot be tempted by him.

huang chhue kùe, chúi liâng,

wind passing over water, is cold.

õi-tit-tng chí-kâi-sṳ̄,

can bear this responsibility.

kìⁿ-tie̍h-ji̍t chiũ-iêⁿ--khṳ̀,

when exposed to the sun it melts.

chih-tie̍h kuaⁿ-ìn sĩ-tõ sĩ-mih sî-hāu,

when did you receive the official seal?

lṳ́ kâi-sin chn̂g-kâi sĩ-pĩ-sieⁿ,

your whole body is wounded.

lṳ́ m̄-tàⁿ sĩ-khṳt-lṳ́ gōu--khṳ̀,

if you don't speak out it will be mismanaged through you.

chúi pĩ-nâng tò-tiāu liáu,

the water has been poured out by somebody.

chhiêⁿ pĩ-nâng tong-tiāu āu,

after the wall had been battered down by somebody.

lṳ́ màiⁿ-pĩ-nâng só-phièn,

don’t be deceived by any one.

khṳt-chóng-tok jīn-chò-kiáⁿ,

to be recognized by the Viceroy as a son.

só-niáⁿ-siũ--kâi,

that which has been received.

khṳt-un-mu̍t sí-tiāu chōi-chōi,

many were killed off by the pestilence.

khṳt-i lêng-jo̍k bô-ūe hó-ìn-tap.

when he was reviled he had no words wherewith to answer.

khṳt-lṳ́ khǹg-kà kàu-uá pùaⁿ-sim àiⁿ-khṳ̀,

am persuaded by you until I have half a mind to go.

kàu-tî-kò khṳt-i lia̍h--tie̍h,

at what place was he arrested by him?

lṳ́ kok-lãi kâi-siâⁿ-ip pĩ-chí-kâi-húe sie--khṳ̀,

the cities of your kingdom be burned with fire.

pĩ ĩ-pang-nâng só-hùi-huãi,

destroyed by the people of other provinces.

khṳt-kiàm só-sieⁿ,

wounded by the sword.

khṳt-húe nãⁿ--tie̍h,

scorched by the fire.

khióng-ùi kiau-ngãu in-ũi chōi-chōi mi̍t-sī khṳt-uá,

fearing lest I should be proud through the many revelations made to me.