Russell v. Sebastian/Opinion of the Court

by Charles Evans Hughes

United States Supreme Court

233 U.S. 195

Russell  v.  Sebastian

 Argued: January 6, 1914. --- Decided: April 6, 1914

This is a writ of error to review a judgment in a habeas corpus proceeding. 163 Cal. 668, 126 Pac. 875.

The plaintiff in error was arrested, on or about February 27, 1912, upon the charge of excavating in a street of Los Angeles in violation of a municipal ordinance. He was acting on behalf of the Economic Gas Company, a corporation supplying inhabitants of the city with gas, and was engaged in preparing to lay its pipes in a street which it had not previously used. The company was proceeding under a claim of right based upon § 19 of article 11 of the state Constitution of 1879, as amended in 1885, which was as follows:

'Sec. 19. In any city where there are no public works owned and controlled by the municipality for supplying the same with water or artificial light, any individual, or any company duly incorporated for such purpose, under and by authority of the laws of this state, shall, under the direction of the superintendent of streets, or other officer in control thereof, and under such general regulations as the municipality may prescribe, for damages and indemnity for damages, have the privilege of using the public streets and thoroughfares thereof, and of laying down pipes and conduits therein, and connections therewith, so far as may be necessary for introducing into and supplying such city and its inhabitants either with gaslight or other illuminating light, or with fresh water for domestic and all other purposes, upon the condition that the municipal government shall have the right to regulate the charges thereof.'

On October 10, 1911, this section of the Constitution was amended by the substitution of the following provision:

'Sec. 19. Any municipal corporation may establish and operate public works for supplying its inhabitants with light, water, power, heat, transportation, telephone service, or other means of communication. Such works may be acquired by original construction or by the purchase of existing works, including their franchises, or both. Persons or corporations may establish and operate works for supplying the inhabitants with such services upon such conditions and under such regulations as the municipality may prescribe under its organic law, on condition that the municipal government shall have the right to regulate the charges thereof. A municipal corporation may furnish such services to inhabitants outside its boundaries, provided, that it shall not furnish any service to the inhabitants of any other municipality owning or operating works supplying the same service to such inhabitants without the consent of such other municipality, expressed by ordinance.'

Thereupon, by ordinance approved October 26, 1911, the city of Los Angeles provided that no one should exercise any franchise or privilege to lay or maintain pipes or conduits in the streets for conveying gas, water, etc., without having obtained a grant from the city in accordance with the city's charter and the procedure prescribed by the ordinance, unless such person (or corporation) might be 'entitled to do so by direct and unlimited authority of the Constitution of the state of California, or of the Constitution or laws of the United States.' Another ordinance, approved February 21, 1912, declared that it should be unlawful to make any excavation in a street for any purpose without written permission from the board of public works, and that before issuing the permit the board should require the applicant to show legal authority to use the streets for the purpose specified.

It was under the last-mentioned ordinance that the charge was laid against the plaintiff in error. A writ of habeas corpus was sued out upon the ground that the municipal legislation, and the constitutional amendment upon which it rested, so far as they interfered with the extension by the company of its lighting system within the city, impaired the obligation of the company's contract with the state in violation of article I, § 10, of the Federal Constitution, and also deprived it of its property without due process of law, and denied to it the equal protection of the laws, contrary to the 14th Amendment. The writ was returnable before the supreme court of the state.

It appeared that the Economic Gaslight Company was organized in 1909 and thereupon undertook to manufacture and distribute gas within the city for lighting purposes. As there were no gas works owned and controlled by the city, the constitutional provision (as it stood before the amendment of 1911) applied. Having acquired an existing plant, which had been established under the authority of that provision, the company had extended its system so that, prior to October 10, 1911, it had many miles of mains and was serving upwards of 3,500 customers. Its plant had been established with a view to an increased demand for its service. Its situation, as disclosed by the petition, which was not traversed, was thus described by the state court: The petitioner 'shows that the works of said company were established and operated with the intent to supply gas in every section of the city, and to lay pipes in every street, if necessary for that purpose; that to this end it constructed works of a size sufficient to supply gas to a much larger territory than it was supplying prior to October 10, 1911, and had expended in so doing $100,000 more than would have been required for works to supply only the territory reached by its pipes at that date, that it had laid and maintained its pipes in many streets of the city, and had supplied gas thereby to, the inhabitants in such streets for more than two years before said date; that prior to said date, said company had made contracts with many of the inhabitants of the city to supply gas to them, that said contracts were still in force, and that, in order to perform them, it must extend its mains into streets not before used by it. All its works before that date were constructed in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution existing prior to said amendment, and in compliance with existing regulations and directions of the city authorities.' The petition also sets forth that by reason of the increased expense of construction of its plant, as above stated, it could not supply at a profit the territory contiguous to the streets actually used by it at the date of the amendment, and that to confine its service to that territory would entail upon the company a constant loss of more than $2,000 a month.

It was further averred that on February 23, 1912, the company had applied to the board of public works for permission to excavate in the designated street, not theretofore occupied by it, for the purpose of extending its distributing system in accordance with the former provision of the Constitution, offering to comply with the general regulations of the city with respect to damages and indemnity for damages. The board informed the company that there were no general regulations on the subject with which it had complied, but that the company would not be permitted to open the street, or to lay its pipes therein, unless it first sought and obtained a franchise by purchase in accordance with the ordinance of October 26, 1911. Thereupon, the company notified the board that it would extend its mains at the time and place stated, and requested the board to direct and superintend the work. It was proceeding accordingly to open a trench for its mains when it was stopped by the arrest of the plaintiff in error.

The supreme court of the state held that the constitutional amendment authorized the city to enact the ordinances in question and thus to prescribe the terms and conditions upon which franchises of the character described might thereafter be obtained and exercised. It was further decided that the grant under the former constitutional provision took effect only upon acceptance; that the only means whereby an effectual manifestation of acceptance could be made was the act of taking possession and occupying the street for the purpose allowed; and hence, that the vested right of the Economic Gas Company, at the time the Constitution was changed, went only so far as its actual occupancy and use of the streets then extended. Concluding, upon this ground, that the company had no authority to lay pipes in the new street in order to extend its service into new territory within the city, the petitioner was remanded to custody. 163 Cal. 677, 678, 681, 126 Pac. 875.

It is at once apparent that the question thus raised does not concern the power of the city to supervise the execution of the work. That, as well as the authority to regulate rates, was expressly secured by the constitutional provision upon which the claim is founded. Nor does that provision permit the assertion of an exclusive franchise. The city may not only authorize others to compete, but it may compete itself. Madera Waterworks v. Madera, 228 U.S. 454, 57 L. ed. 915, 33 Sup. Ct. Rep. 571.

Within these recognized limits, the question remains as to the nature and extent of the right acquired by the company prior to the constitutional amendment,-a question which, in view of the appeal to the clause of the Federal Constitution prohibiting state legislation impairing the obligation of contracts, it is the duty of this court to determine for itself. Douglas v. Kentucky, 168 U.S. 488, 502, 42 L. ed. 553, 557, 18 Sup. Ct. Rep. 199; Northern P. R. Co. v. Minnesota, 208 U.S. 583, 590, 52 L. ed. 630, 633, 28 Sup. Ct. Rep. 341; Grand Trunk Western R. Co. v. South Bend, 227 U.S. 544, 551, 57 L. ed. 633, 638, 44 L.R.A.(N.S.) 405, 33 Sup. Ct. Rep. 303; Atlantic Coast Line R. Co. v. Goldsboro, 232 U.S. 548, 556, 58 L. ed. --, 34, Sup. Ct. Rep. 364.

1. Before the Constitution of 1879, the right to lay pipes in streets rested in grant from the legislature. It could delegate to the municipality, or itself exercise, the power. Experience had produced the conviction that this authority was abused; that favoritism had fostered monopolies and restrained the competition that was then thought to be desirable. In order to terminate these evils, the unique plan was decided upon of making street franchises, for the purpose of supplying water and artificial light, the subject of direct grant by the Constitution itself without requiring any action on the part of the legislature to give it force. That this was the purpose and effect of § 19 of article 11 of the Constitution of 1879 was decided by the supreme court of California in People v. Stephens, 62 Cal. 209, shortly after that Constitution was adopted. See also Pereria v. Wallace, 129 Cal. 397, 62 Pac. 61; Re Johnston, 137 Cal. 115, 69 Pac. 973; Denninger v. Recorder's Ct. 145 Cal. 629, 79 Pac. 360; Stockton Gas & Electric Co. v. San Joaquin County, 148 Cal. 313, 5 L.R.A.(N.S.) 174, 83 Pac. 54, 7 Ann. Cas. 511; South Pasadena v. Pasadena Land & Water Co. 152 Cal. 579, 93 Pac. 490.

It is pointed out that the language of the provision was general both with respect to persons and to places; that it embraced all the cities in the state; and that it did not provide for any formal or written acceptance of the offer. But the lack of a requirement of an acceptance of a formal character did not preclude acceptance in fact. Nor did the generality of the provision with respect to all persons and cities make it impossible for particular persons to acquire rights thereunder in particular cities. It is clear that the offer was to be taken distributively with respect to municipalities. It referred to 'any city where there are no public works owned and controlled by the municipality for supplying the same with water or artificial light;' and when as to such a city the offer was accepted, the grant became as effective as if it had been made specially to the accepting individual or corporation. See Stanislaus County v. San Joaquin & K. River Canal & Irrig. Co. 192 U.S. 201, 206, 48 L. ed. 406, 410, 24 Sup. Ct. Rep. 241.

In the case of Re Johnston, 137 Cal. 115, 69 Pac. 973, the court said: 'In People v. Stephens, supra, the above section' (referring to § 19 of article 11 'was construed by this court to be a direct grant from the people to the persons therein designated of the right to lay pipes in the streets of a city for the purposes specified, without waiting for legislative authority or being subject to any restrictions from that branch of the government. . . . The only limitations upon this privilege are those contained in the language in which it is granted,-viz., that the work shall be done 'under the direction of the superintendent of streets, or other officer in control thereof,' and 'under such general regulations as the municipality may prescribe for damages and indemnity for damages." As it was succinctly stated in Clark v. Los Angeles, 160 Cal. 30, 39, 116 Pac. 722: 'The express grant made by § 19 is of the privilege, franchise, or easement to place in the public streets of a city the conduits necessary or convenient for the business of supplying light or power to the city and its inhabitants. It may be accepted by any person, or by any company duly incorporated to engage in that business.'

When the voice of the state declares that it is bound if its offer is accepted, and the question simply is with respect to the scope of the obligation, we should be slow to conclude that only a revocable license was intended. Moreover, the provision plainly contemplated the establishment of a plant devoted to the described public service and an assumption of the duty to perform that service. That the grant, resulting from an acceptance of the state's offer, constituted a contract, and vested in the accepting individual or corporation a property right, protected by the Federal Constitution, is not open to dispute in view of the repeated decisions of this court. New Orleans Gaslight Co. v. Louisiana Light & H. P. & Mfg. Co. 115 U.S. 650, 660, 29 L. ed. 516, 520, 6 Sup. Ct. Rep. 252; New Orleans Waterworks Co. v. Rivers, 115 U.S. 674, 680, 681, 29 L. ed. 525, 527, 528, 6 Sup. Ct. Rep. 273; Walla Walla v. Walla Walla Water Co. 172 U.S. 1, 9, 43 L. ed. 341, 345, 19 Sup. Ct. Rep. 77; Louisville v. Cumberland Teleph. & Teleg. Co. 224 U.S. 649, 663, 664, 56 L. ed. 934, 940, 941, 32 Sup. Ct. Rep. 572; Grand Trunk Western R. Co. v. South Bend, 227 U.S. 544, 552, 57 L. ed. 633, 639, 44 L.R.A.(N.S.) 405, 33 Sup. Ct. Rep. 303; Owensboro v. Cumberland Teleph. & Teleg. Co. 230 U.S. 58, 65, 57 L. ed. 1389, 1393, 33 Sup. Ct. Rep. 988; Bois e Artesian Hot & Cold Water Co. v. Bois e City, 230 U.S. 84, 90, 91, 57 L. ed. 1400, 1406, 1407, 33 Sup. Ct. Rep. 997; Dill. Mun. Corp. 5th ed. § 1242.

2. The controversy in the present case relates to the extent to which the grant had become effective through acceptance. It is not contended that the change in the Constitution could disturb the company's rights in the streets used previous to the amendment; but it is insisted that such actual user measured the range of the acceptance of the grant, and hence defined the limits of its operation.

In support of this view, the established and salutary rule is invoked that public grants are to be construed strictly in favor of the public; that ambiguities are to be resolved against the grantee. Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge, 11 Pet. 420, 546, 549, 9 L. ed. 773, 823, 824; Slidell v. Grandjean, 111 U.S. 412, 437, 28 L. ed. 321, 329, 4 Sup. Ct. Rep. 475; Detroit Citizens' Street R. Co. v. Detroit R. Co. 171 U.S. 48, 54, 43 L. ed. 67, 71, 18 Sup. Ct. Rep. 732; Knoxville Water Co. v. Knoxville, 200 U.S. 34, 50 L. ed. 359, 26 Sup. Ct. Rep. 224; Blair v. Chicago, 201 U.S. 400, 471, 50 L. ed. 801, 830, 26 Sup. Ct. Rep. 427. It has often been stated, as one of the reasons for the rule, that statutes and ordinances embodying such grants are usually drawn by interested parties, and that it serves to frustrate efforts through the skilful use of words to accomplish purposes which are not apparent upon the face of the enactment. Dubuque & P. R. Co. v. Litchfield, 23 How. 66, 88, 16 L. ed. 500, 509; Slidell v. Grandjean, 111 U.S. 412, 437, 28 L. ed. 321, 329, 4 Sup. Ct. Rep. 475; Blair v. Chicago, 201 U.S. 400, 471, 50 L. ed. 801, 830, 26 Sup. Ct. Rep. 427. But it must also be recognized that this principle of construction does not deny to public offers a fair and reasonable interpretation, or justify the withholding of that which it satisfactorily appears the grant was intended to convey. Winona & St. P. R. Co. v. Barney, 113 U.S. 618, 625, 28 L. ed. 1109, 1111, 5 Sup. Ct. Rep. 606; United States v. Denver & R. G. R. Co. 150 U.S. 1, 14, 37 L. ed. 975, 979, 14 Sup. Ct. Rep. 11; Minneapolis v. Minneapolis Street R. Co. 215 U.S. 417, 427, 54 L. ed. 259, 267, 30 Sup. Ct. Rep. 118. Here, the provision was presented by a constitutional convention for adoption by the people as the deliberate expression of the policy of the state in order to secure the benefits of competition in public service, and it will not be questioned that it must receive, as the state court said in People v. Stephens, 62 Cal. p. 233, 'a practical, common-sense construction.' There is no ambiguity as to the scope of the offer. It was not simply of a privilege to maintain pipes actually laid, but to lay pipes so far as they might be required in order to effect an adequate distribution. The privilege was defined as that 'of using the streets and thoroughfares thereof, and of laying down pipes and conduits therein, and connections therewith, so far as may be necessary for introducing into and supplying such city and its inhabitants either with gaslight, or other illuminating light, or with fresh water for domestic and all other purposes upon the condition that the municipal government shall have the right to regulate the charges thereof.'

The breadth of the offer was commensurate with the requirements of the undertaking which was invited. The service to which the provision referred was a community service. It was the supply of a municipality-which had no municipal works-with water or light. This would involve, in the case of waterworks, the securing of sources of supply, the provision of conduits for conveying the water to the municipality, and the permanent investment in the construction of reservoirs with suitable storage capacity; and, in the case of gasworks, the establishment of a manufacturing plant on a scale large enough to meet the demands that could reasonably be anticipated. But waterworks and gasworks constructed to furnish a municipality with water or light would, of course, be useless without distributing systems; and the right of laying in the streets the mains needed to carry the water or gas to the inhabitants of the community was absolutely essential to the undertaking as a practical enterprise. This, the constitutional provision recognized. It was clearly designed to stop favoritism in granting such rights, not to withhold them. It is not to be supposed that it was expected that waterworks and gasworks of the character required to supply cities would be erected without grants of franchises to use the streets for laying the necessary distributing pipes. Bois e Artesian Hot & Cold Water Co. v. Bois e City, 230 U.S. 84, 91, 57 L. ed. 1400, 1406, 33 Sup. Ct. Rep. 997. The scheme of the constitutional provision was not to make it impossible to secure such grants, or to restrict the street rights to be acquired, but, as already stated, to end the existing abuses by making these grants directly through the Constitution itself, instead of permitting them to be made by the legislature, or by municipalities acting under legislative authority. People v. Stephens, supra.

In deciding upon the policy of making these direct grants it was for the state to determine their terms and their scope; it could have imposed whatever conditions it saw fit to impose. But it did not attempt to confine the privilege to particular streets or areas, or to make the laying of the necessary pipes conditional upon the renewal of the offer street by street, or foot by foot, as the pipes were put in the ground. The people of the state decided that local superintendence of the execution of the work, regulations and indemnity with respect to damages, and the continuing authority of the municipality to regulate rates, would be adequate protection. It was upon this basis that the state offered the privilege of laying pipes in the streets so far as might 'be necessary for introducing into and supplying such city and its inhabitants' either with water or light, as the case might be. The individual or corporation undertaking to supply the city with water or light was put in the same position as though such individual or corporation had received a special grant of the described street rights in the city which was to be served. Such a grant would not be one of several distinct and separate franchises. When accepted and acted upon it would become binding not foot by foot, as pipes were laid, but as an entirety, in accordance with its purpose and express language. Grand Trunk Western R. Co. v. South Bend, 227 U.S. 544, 555, 556, 57 L. ed. 633, 640, 641, 44 L.R.A.(N.S.) 405, 33 Sup. Ct. Rep. 303.

It is urged that, in the absence of any provision for formal or written acceptance, the only way the offer could be accepted was by use of the streets, and that for this reason the rights of the company could not extend beyond the length of its pipes in place. But this is to say that the offer as made could not be accepted at all; that the right to lay pipes could not in any event be acquired. It is to assume, despite the explicit statement of the constitutional provision, that the investment in extensive plants-in the construction of reservoirs, and in the building of manufacturing works-was invited without any assurance that the laying of the distributing system could be completed, or that it could even be extended far enough to afford any chance of profit. It would be to deny the right offered, although essential to the efficacy of the enterprise, and in its place to give a restricted and inadequate right, which was unexpressed.

In view of the nature of the undertaking in contemplation, and of the terms of the offer, we find no ground for the conclusion that each act of laying pipe was to constitute an acceptance pro tanto. We think that the offer was intended to be accepted in its entirety as made, and that acceptance lay in conduct committing the person accepting to the described service. The offer was made to the individual or corporation undertaking to serve the municipality, and when that service was entered upon and the individual or corporation had changed its position beyond recall, we cannot doubt that the offer was accepted. City R. Co. v. Citizens' Street R. Co. 166 U.S. 557, 568, 41 L. ed. 1114, 1118, 17 Sup. Ct. Rep. 653; Grand Trunk Western R. Co. v. South Bend, supra. In this view, the grant embraced the right to lay the extensions that were needed in furnishing the supply within the city.

This construction of the constitutional provision is the only one that is compatible with the existence of the duty which it was intended, as it seems to us, that the recipient of the state's grant should assume. The service, as has been said, was a community service. Incident to the undertaking in response to the state's offer was the obligation to provide facilities that were reasonably adequate. Lumbard v. Stearns, 4 Cush. 60; Cumberland Teleph. & Teleg. Co. v. Kelly, 87 C. C. A. 268, 160 Fed. 316, 324, 15 Ann. Cas. 1210; Atlantic Coast Line R. Co. v. North Carolina Corp. Commission, 206 U.S. 1, 27, 51 L. ed. 933, 945, 27 Sup. Ct. Rep. 585, 11 Ann. Cas. 398; People ex rel. Woodhaven Gaslight Co. v. Deehan, 153 N. Y. 528, 533, 47 N. E. 787; Morawetz, Priv. Corp. § 1129. It would not be said that either a water company or a gas company, establishing its service under the constitutional grant, could stop its mains at its pleasure and withhold its supply by refusing to extend its distributing conduits so as to meet the reasonable requirements of the community. But this duty and the right to serve, embracing the right under the granted privilege to install the means of service, were correlative.

In People ex rel. Woodhaven Gaslight Co. v. Deehan, 153 N. Y. 528, 533, 47 N. E. 787 (approved in Illinois C. R. Co. v. Chicago, 176 U.S. 646, 666, 44 L. ed. 622, 629, 20 Sup. Ct. Rep. 509), a grant of authority to lay conduits for conveying gas through the streets of a town, so as to render service to the people of the town, was held to extend as a property right not only to the streets then existing, but to those subsequently opened. The court said: 'It is well known that business enterprises such as the relator is engaged in are based upon calculations of future growth and expansion. A franchise for supplying gas not only confers a privilege, but imposes an obligation upon the corporation to serve the public in a reasonable way. The relator is bound to supply gas to the people of the town upon certain conditions and under certain circumstances, and it would be most unjust to give such a construction to the consent as to disable it from performing its obligations. It cannot reasonably be contended that the relator is obliged to apply for a new grant whenever a new street is opened or an old one extended, as would be the case if the consent applied only to the situation existing when made. When the right to use the streets has been once granted in general terms to a corporation engaged in supplying gas for public and private use, such grant necessarily contemplates that new streets are to be opened and old ones extended from time to time, and so the privilege may be exercised in the new streets as well as in the old.'

As to the question of fact, the present case presents no controversy. It was averred, and not denied, that the works of the gas company were established and operated with the intent to furnish gas throughout the city, wherever needed, and that this enterprise had been diligently prosecuted; that a large investment had been made in a plant which was adequate to supply a much greater territory than that reached by the distributing mains when the amendment of 1911 was adopted; that the expense of this installation made it impossible to supply at a profit the limited territory contiguous to the streets then actually occupied by the company; and that if it were confined in its service to that territory it would sustain a constant loss. The company, by its investment, had irrevocably committed itself to the undertaking, and its acceptance of the offer of the right to lay its pipes, so far as necessary to serve the municipality, was complete.

We conclude that the constitutional amendment of 1911, and the municipal ordinances adopted in pursuance thereof, were ineffectual to impair this right, and that the company was entitled to extend its mains for the purpose of distributing its supply to the inhabitants of the city, subject to the conditions set forth in the constitutional provision as it stood before the amendment.

The judgment is reversed, and the cause is remanded for further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.

It is so ordered.

Notes