St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern Railway Co. v. Beidler

by the Arkansas Supreme Court

Supreme Court of Arkansas

45 Ark. 17

St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern Railway Company  v.  BEIDLER

Appeal from Miller Circuit Court

Headnotes

1. STATUTE OF FRAUDS: Memorandum of sale of land.

A memorandum of a transaction for the sale of land which does not show the terms and conditions of the sale, the Driee to he paid and the time for payment is not sufficient to satisfy the requirements of the Statute of Frauds.

2. SAME: Same. Several writings: Specific performance.

When the mutual relation of several writings appears on their face, and the writings are made in the course of one end the same transaction, they will be read together as one instrnment; and if by the light of each upon the other a court can, without resorting to extrinsic evidence, ascertain and identify the parties to the contract, the subject matter and terms and conditions of the sale, specific performance will be decreed. It matters not what may hnve been the immediate purpose for which some of the writings were prepared. or that one of them may be unsigned. All that the statute requires is written evidence from which the whole contract can be made out.

3. CONVEYANCE: Description of the land.

A contract for the sale of a tract of land "except five acres" at a designated corner of the tract is sufficiently descriptive of the land contracted. The exception means five acres laid off in a square.

4. SPECIFIC PERFORMANCE: Land encumbered with mortgage.

A vendor who has contracted tor the sale of land on which he had executed a previous mortgage can not object to the performance of the contract on account of the encumbrance if the vendee is willing to accept it in that condition.

APPEAL from Miller Circuit Court.

Hon. C. E. MITCHEL, Circuit Judge.

Argument for Appellant

Dodge & Johnson for Appellant.

The blank contract was no contract, and as far as that instrument is concerned is of no avail to take this case out of the Statute of Frauds.

That as to the receipt first above referred to, it can be of no avail here. Although purporting to be for purchase money made upon land, it makes no mention of any land of any kind, or description or location, but contents itself by referring to certain land "as expressed in the contract number 2,444," and when we come to refer to that contract we find it is the blank form above quoted. This receipt, coupled with the alleged contract, can avail nothing, and is clearly within the Statute of Frauds.

We come to the certificate last above quoted, and upon this memorandum in writing, coupled with the other, Beidler relies to take the sale out of the Statute. But the attempt can but prove futile; and for three reasons:

1st. It is not such a memorandum in writing as is contemplated by the Statute of Frauds, in this, that it does not describe the lands with such certainty that they can be identified, giving neither the County nor State, nor metes and bounds.

2d. Because, by the terms of the memorandum, it purports to have sold a certain number of acres out of an 80-acre tract, which shall irclude all of said 80 acres not reserved for a steam pump, and for company purposes. What the reservation was, where located, when, how, and by whom, could only be ascertained by parol evidence; and

3d. Because, take all the written memoranda and receipts relied on, and the plat referred to in a receipt given by J. K. Brantly, (which we contend could in no manner bind this Plaintiff,) it is impossible to ascertain the terms of the sale or the property sold, from any or all of them, without a resort to parol evidence.

That the alleged contract of sale is within the Statute of Frauds, we think there can be no doubt, and unless there is a sufficient memorandum in writing, signed by the Plaintiff, (the Railway Company defendant in the cross-bill,) to meet the requirements of the statute, Beidler is not entitled to a specific performance.

The rule as to the requirement of the memorandum, is, that it must express the whole contract. It need not be all set out in one writing, and may be ascertained by separate writings which refer to each other. It must show the parties to the contract, the subject matter, and the price to be paid; and if a resort to parol evidence is necessary to establish any of these elements, the memorandum will be insufficient.

"Every agreement which is required to be in writing, by the Statute of Frauds, must be certain in itself, or capable of being made so by a reference to something else whereby the terms can be ascertained with reasonable precision, or it can not be carried into effect. The cases to this point are numerous and decisive, as will appear by a short reference to some of them." Abeel v. Radcliffe, 13 John N. Y., 299; Blagden v. Bradbear, 12 Ves., 466; 1 Scho. & Lef., 22; Prec. in Chy., 560; 11 East., 142; 1 Atk., 12; 3 Bro. C. C., 318; Prec. in Chy., 374; Gilb. Eq. Cas., 35; 2 Vern., 415; 1 Ves. Jr., 279; 3 Johns, 399; 1 Peters, 652.

Had this blank form been filled out and signed, there would have been no controversy on this point here, but that it was not, there is no dispute. To say the least of it, there was no certainty in the contract as to the land intended to be bought by Beidler, upon which to found the decree. Chrisman v. Partee, 38 Ark., 44.

The fourth section of the Statute of Frauds provides, that no action shall be brought upon any of the contracts there enumerated, unless the agreement, promise or contract, upon which such action shall be brought, or some memorandum or note thereof shall be in writing and signed by the party to be charged therewith, or signed by some other person by him thereunto properly authorized. Gantt's Digest, Sec. 2951, part 4.

What then is necessary to constitute this memorandum in writing sufficient to comply with the Statute?

This note or memorandum must, of course, be such as to import, generally, a transaction of the nature which is claimed to be proved by it. Form is immaterial, and several letters or other writings may be taken together to make the memorandum. In all cases the mutual relation of the several writings relied on must appear upon their face, and can not be established by parol evidence.

We cite only a few of the authorities referred to by Mr. Browne in his work on the Statute of Frauds. Sec. 346, Note 5, Morton v. Dean, 13 Met., 388; Mottle v. Buchanan, 11 Gill. & Johns., 314; Freeport v. Bartol, 3 Greenl., 310; Nichols v. Johnson, 10 Conn., 198; Adams v. McMillan, 7 Port. (Ala.), 73; Blair v. Snodgrass, 1 Sneed (Tenn.), 1; Willey v. Roberts, 27 Mo., 388.

And it seems that fastening two or more papers together (when they do not refer to each other) after they have been separately prepared, is not sufficient. Tallman v. Franklin, 3 Duer., 395.

Although one writing refers specifically to another, the terms of the intended contract may still be left in doubt, and the requirements of the Statute be unsatisfied for want of certainty in the writing referred to. 1 Ves. Jr., 326; 11 East., 142; Browne St. Frauds, Secs. 349, 355, 365.

Do the contents of the memorandum contain sufficient as to the subject matter, taking all the writings together, to make it certain, full and complete?

The general rule is that it must contain the essential terms of the contract, expressed with such a degree of certainty that it may be understood without recourse to parol evidence to show the intentions of the parties. 4 Kent's Com., 511; Browne's Statute of Frauds, Sec. 371; 3 Parsons on Contracts, p. 13, et seq. and notes.

In the first place the note or memorandum must import an agreement made. If it show a treaty pending, and not a contract concluded, or, referring to it, annex conditions or otherwise make variations, it has no effect to bind the party from whom it proceeds.

It is also necessary for the written memorandum to contain the names of the contracting parties, and to be signed by the party to be charged.

Again, the memorandum should show the price agreed to be paid for the property sold, where the contract is one of sale. Where a price is stipulated by the parties, it is manifestly an essential part of the agreement; its omission from the memorandum, therefore, is fatal. Browne's Stat. of Frauds, Sec. 376; Preston v. Merceau, 2 W. Black., 1249.

In cases of sales, the credit stipulated is an essential term of the contract, and must appear in the memorandum, and such seems to be the established rule in actions at law.

And the subject matter of the defendant's engagements must of course appear from the memorandum. Land, for instance, which is purported to be bargained for, must be so described that it may be identified. Browne's Statute of Frauds, Sec. 383 and Note 2.

The memorandum must show the consideration upon which the defendant's promise is founded. Wain v. Warlters, 5 East., 21; Sanders v. Wakefield, 4 Barn. and Ald., 595.

As stated by Mr. Browne, Sec. 390, there is a contrariety of opinion in this country upon this doctrine, as expounded in Wain v. Warlters, supra, and as to the rule that the memorandum must show the consideration, it is sustained in New Hampshire, New York, New Jersey, Maryland, South Carolina, Georgia, Indiana, Michigan and Wisconsin, and in others repudiated. In this State there has as yet been no adjudication upon this point. See analogous case in 21 Ark., 533.

Review the evidence in extenso, and contend that Beidler was guilty of deception, misrepresentations, etc., amounting to a fraud on Appellant.

The decree is erroneous, in this:

1st. It requires a specific performance by metes and bounds, and there is nothing in the contract of any metes and bounds, nor any memorandum in writing or otherwise from which the bounds can be discovered. To reach this description Hogane's survey must be taken upon parol evidence, and the proof all shows that, as Hogane testifies, he made the survey after the sale, at Beidler's request.

2d. The description of the pump reservation on the plat, and as described in Hogane's description, is 100 yards south of where it was and is now located. It was located by Hogane and Beidler by guess-work. Plaintiff had nothing to do with this, and, as Hogane, and Dudley, and Essex testify, it was all done by Hogane at Beidler's request, without any authority whatever from Plaintiff, or any of its agents.

3d. Beidler admits in his evidence, that a perpetual right of way, to and from the pump reservation, was to be reserved to Plaintiff, and yet the decree refuses to recognize this fact, and refuses to decree Plaintiff that right.

4th. The amount decreed as due from Beidler to Plaintiff is erroneous by over $100.

5th. The decree compels Plaintiff to make a good and sufficient warranty deed to Beidler, when the evidence discloses the fact that there is a deed of trust upon the property, duly rendered, which Beidler knew and was told was one of the reasons that were preventing, and did prevent, a closing of the sale, until the trustees would sign the contract, and for which the contract was to be sent to New York.

6th. Because the findings of facts are not only not sustained by the evidence, but are directly in the face of the evidence, and if upheld will perpetrate a fraud upon the Appellant's rights.

Argument for Appellee

W. F. Henderson and John B. Jones, for Appellee.

These writings constitute one transaction, and must be read and construed together. Instruments executed in the course of the same transaction, are, in the eyes of the law, one, and may be read and construed as such, without regard to form. Vol. 2, Smith Leading Cases, 7 American Ed., p. 259. Parol evidence is admissible to show that different instruments were executed in the course of the same transaction. Same, 256. It is no doubt true that the interpretation of deeds and contracts, formally prepared and purporting to be a full and final expression of the meaning of the parties, must be drawn from the four corners of the instrument. But the case is obviously different where writings are, on their face, fragmentary or imperfect, and appear to be the memoranda or recitals of parts of a contract or transaction, rather than a full and authentic record of the whole. Whenever, therefore, the agreement lies scattered in a variety of documents, they should all be consulted, and each read with the aid of the light afforded by the others, and with the aid of such extrinsic evidence as may be requisite to ascertain and identify their subject matter. Same, 259. See, also, Haney v. Caldwell, 35 Ark., 156. To answer the requirements of the Statute of Frauds, no form of language is necessary; anything from which the intention may be gathered; any kind of writings, from a solemn deed down to mere hasty notes or memoranda, in books, papers or letters, will suffice. McConnell v. Brillhart, 17 Ill., 360; see, also, Browne on Statute of Frauds, Sec. 351. The writings need not be executed for the express purpose of binding the parties. Browne, Sec. 154. If the consideration has been paid it need not be mentioned. Browne on Statute of Frauds, Sec. 379; see, also, 80 N. Y., 479; Browne St. Frauds, Sec. 350.

In Atwater v. Schenck, 9 Wis., 165, the land was described as S. W. 1-4 Sec. 3, T. 10 N., R. 14 E.; neither county nor state is mentioned. Of this the court say: "Courts will take judicial notice of the government surveys and legal subdivisions of lands, and as the parties to the contract all reside in this state, will presume that the land referred to is situated in this state, at least, until something to the contrary appears." But, moreover, the plaintiff offered to identify the land by a witness. This was competent evidence, and should have been received. 28 Ark., 147.

Five acres in S. W. corner is five acres in a square, 66 Ill., 519. There were no misrepresentations or deception practiced. Even if Beidler had made false representations, the Railway Company is not in position to raise that question.

There was no fiduciary relation existing between the Company and Beidler; they were dealing at "arms length." Beidler certainly had not so much knowledge of the reservations and need for reservations as Essex had; at least, the law will presume that Essex knew the circumstances, just as the law presumes every man knows the condition of his own property, and knows his own business. It was Essex's business to know about the reservations. If he did not know, he could have learned much easier than Beidler could. A party whose duty it is to know the truth concerning facts fraudulently represented, cannot complain if he acted upon the false representations. He was not deceived, or, at least, would not have been, had he done that which the law required him to do—that is, made due inquiry on the subject. Bigelow on Fraud, 336. Where the means of information are at hand, and equally open to both parties, and no concealment made or attempted, the language of the cases is: That misrepresentation furnished no ground for a court of equity to refuse to enforce the contract of the parties. Slaughter's administrator v. Gerson, 13 Wal. 385.

This rule applies to verbal contracts. If a contract is reduced to writing, the only evidence of the understanding and consent of parties to the terms expressed, is the written contract itself. The object of the Statute of Frauds was to prevent such proof by parol. To allow the party to prove by parol that he did not consent to the terms of a written contract signed by him, would defeat the very object of the statute.

[Opinion of the court by Justice WILLIAM W. SMITH.]