Sutton v. New Jersey/Opinion of the Court

by Louis Brandeis

United States Supreme Court

244 U.S. 258

Sutton  v.  New Jersey

 Argued: and submitted April 20, 1917. --- Decided: May 21, 1917

These cases were argued together. In each the New Jersey statute (Pamph. Laws 1912, p. 235 ^[1]) requiring street railway companies to grant free transportation to police officers while engaged in the performance of their public duties is assailed as invalid under the 14th Amendment. In each a prosecution for assault and battery was brought against an inspector employed by the Public Service Railway Company of Jersey City, for ejecting a city detective who refused to pay his fare. Both detectives were in plain clothes, but showed their badges and claimed the right to ride free of charge. Both detectives were on duty at the time,-one was on his way to report at headquarters; the other to interview the victim of a robbery. The defense in each case was the unconstitutionality of the statute and that the detective, having wrongfully refused to pay his fare, was ejected with no more than necessary force. The police justice, before whom the prosecutions were instituted, found the defendants guilty and fined them. These judgments were affirmed in successive appeals to the supreme court and to the court of errors and appeals of New Jersey. 83 N. J. L. 46, 84 Atl. 1057; 87 N. J. L. 192, L.R.A. --, -, 94 Atl. 788. The case comes here on writ of error.

The supreme court of New Jersey said: 'Policemen are frequently required to be on street cars in the execution of their duties to preserve the peace, to enforce ordinances, and to prevent or detect crime. It would be difficult to say that the mere presence of a police officer might not be of value for securing these objects . . . at any rate, the legislature might reasonably think so, and legalize his presence on the car without payment of fare.'

Freedom to come and go upon the street cars without the obstacle or discouragement incident to payment of fares may well have been deemed by the legislature essential to efficient and pervasive performance of the police duty. Increased protection may thereby enure to both the company and the general public without imposing upon the former an appreciable burden. If any evidence of the reasonableness of the provision were needed, it could be found in the fact that such officers had been voluntarily carried free by the company and its predecessors for at least eighteen years prior to July 4, 1910, when the practice was prohibited by the Public Utilities Act (Pamph. Laws 1910, p. 58). In the following year such free transportation was expressly permitted (Pamph. Laws 1911, p. 29), and it was made mandatory by the act here in question. We cannot say that the requirement that city detectives not in uniform be carried free on street cars when in the discharge of their duties is an arbitrary or unreasonable exercise of the police power.

Furthermore, the charter of the Railway Company was subject to alteration in the discretion of the legislature (N. J. Const. art. 4, § 7, ¶11; Pamph. Laws 1846, p. 17). The obligation to carry free city detectives engaged in the discharge of their duties is a burden far lighter than others imposed upon street-using corporations which have been sustained by this court as a valid exercise of the reserved power. ^[2]

The statute is broad in scope, extending also to all 'uniformed public officers;' but the court below expressly confined its decision to the case presented, sustaining the law 'in so far as it applies to police officers;' and our decision is likewise so limited.

The judgments are affirmed.

Mr. Justice McKenna and Mr. Justice Pitney dissent.

Notes

1. '1. On and after the passage of this act each street railway company or corporation referred to in the act to which this act is a supplement shall grant free transportation of uniformed public officers while engaged in the performance of their public duties, or police officers of whatever grade or rank acting as detectives, county detectives, or detectives attached to or connected with the office of the prosecutor of the pleas in any county in this state while engaged in the performance of their public duties, whose duties require police duty to be performed without uniform.'
2. Stanislaus County v. San Joaquin & K. River Canal & Irrig. Co. 192 U.S. 201, 48 L. ed. 406, 24 Sup. Ct. Rep. 241; San Antonio Traction Co. v. Altgelt, 200 U.S. 304, 50 L. ed. 491, 26 Sup. Ct. Rep. 261; Fair Haven & W. R. Co. v. New Haven, 203 U.S. 379, 51 L. ed. 237, 27 Sup. Ct. Rep. 74.