Territory in Bird Life/Index

by Henry Eliot Howard

INDEX

• Aquired experience, 300
• Adjustments, transitory, of distribution, 276
• Alarm notes, 119
• Arrival, advantages and disadvantages of late, 33-44
• Assemblies in winter, 262, 263
• Assembly grounds, 173
• Attainment of reproduction, 171

• Barrington, K. M., on the sex of migrants, 25
• Battle between two male Cuckoos, 82
• — between two Moor-Hens, 86, 92, 93, 94
• — — Pied Wagtails, 86
• — — Raven and Buzzard, 217
• — — Raven and Peregrine, 216
• law of, 13, 19
• Behaviour routine, 262
• — sexual, 3
• Bickerings, 96
• Birthplace, return to, 43, 50
• Blackbird, 87, 182, 222, 244
• Blackcap, 81, 156, 224, 230
• Black Grouse, 63
• Black-tailed Godwit, 53
• Boundaries, 1, 5
• — conflicts for retention of, 7, 62
• — disputes as to, 1
• Brambling, 124
• Breeding ground, search for
• appropriate, 270, 271
• — range, extension of, 291-92
• — site, acquirement of, 3
• — stations, evolution of, 15-19
• — — repeatedly visited long before nesting-time, 64
• — territory, 2, 3, 7
• — — evolution of, 18
• — — foundation of, 7
• — — innate capacity to return to former, 279-81
• Bridled Guillemot, 64
• Brooding, 180
• — impulse, 191
• Bunting, Girl, 28, 140
• — Corn, 28
• — Reed, 28, 68, 69, 85, 104, 132, 158, 160, 244
• — Yellow, 28, 30, 47, 64, 140, 159, 162, 183, 187, 188, 189,
• 235, 236, 286
• Buzzard, 217

• Capacity, innate, to return to former breeding territory, 279-81
• Carrion Crow, 226
• Chaffinch, 28, 31, 32, 33, 45, 87, 103, 156, 159, 235, 236, 244
• — Donegal, 160

• Change of breeding quarters owing to unsuitableness, 50
• Chiffchaff, 49, 51, 80, 139, 140, 221, 224, 244
• Cirl Bunting, 28, 140
• Clarke, W. Eagle, Studies in Bird Migration, 24
• Cleanliness of nest, 180
• Cliff-breeding species, 63
• Climatic changes, alteration of routine, due to, 284
• — changes, food dependent on, 283
• — conditions, influence of, 20
• Communities, 202
• — birds after breeding-season remain in, 265-67
• Competition, female, for males, 13
• Complexity of strife, 84-85
• Conflicts between males during the mating period, 74, 86
• — between males during the nesting period, 87
• — for areas, 10, 11, 13, 62
• — of Ruff, 54
• — sexual, 10
• Congenital disposition, 135
• Contests between males for possession of females, 80
• Coot, 61
• Corn-Bunting, 28
• Corncrake, 39
• Crow, Carrion, 226, 227
• Crow, Hooded, 202
• Cuckoo, 52, 82, 144, 296
• — restricted breeding area, 52
• Curlew, 119, 138, 140, 250, 262, 263, 265, 273

• Danger warnings, 269
• Darwin, C., Descent of Man, 35
• — on the arrival of males before females, 35
• Defence of territory, 6
• Development, sexual, 6
• Disposition, congenital, 135
• — functioning of, 74
• — inherited, 5
• — to defend the territory, 73-118
• — to mate, 27
• — to remain in a particular place in a particular environment, 6
• — to secure a territory, 6, 20-72
• Distribution, adjustment of, 275
• Dove, Turtle, 126, 232
• Dunlin, 260

• Emotional behaviour, 53, 82, 114
• — manifestation, 90, 263
• — response, 26
• Enemies, 282
• Energy, waste of, 219
• Environment, 6
• — and food, 56
• — changes of, 283
• — external, conditions in, 279, 282
• Equipment, hereditary, 6
• Evolution of breeding stations or territory, 16, 19
• — of the territory, 176
• — of the voice, 163
• Existence, struggle for, 294
• Experience, acquired, 300
• Experiments, removal of nests for, 181, 185, 190, 213, 214
• Exposure, its effect on nestlings 180
• External environment, conditions in, 279, 282

• Falcon, 48, 71
• Feeding grounds, neutral, 125
• in communities, 70

• Females, fighting amongst, 109-118
• — sexual impulse of, 13
• Fieldfare, 124
• Fighting instinct, 79, 82
• Flight, emotional behaviour of Godwit during, 53
• Flocks, in winter, birds collect together in, 262
• Flycatcher, 244
• Food, procuring of, 5
• — abundance, or scarcity of, its relation to prosperity of young, 15, 16
• — its bearing, on the movement of flocks, 262
• — rearing of young dependent on rapid and regular, 179, 195
• — supply, proximity to, necessary for rearing young, 179, 195
• Fortuitous mating, 174
• Fowler, Ward, on the value of communities, Books, 202
• Fulmar, 121, 247
• Functional activity, 259
• — instinct of Reeve, 173
• Functioning of the disposition, 275
• — of the primary dispositions, 100

• Garden Warbler, 223, 225, 230
• Gätke, H., Birds of Heligoland, 24
• — on the absence of song in birds on Heligoland, 124
• — on the early arrival of Guillemots on Heligoland, 64
• Godwit, emotional behaviour of, during flight, 53
• — Black-tailed, 53
• Grasshopper Warbler, 39, 131, 139, 153, 155, 187, 244
• Greenfinch, 28, 33, 140, 235,236
• Gregarious instinct, 20, 61, 141, 265-66, 269, 276, 289,
• 290, 291, 296, 300
• Grouse, Black, 63
• Guillemot, Bridled, 64
• — Common, 63, 64, 121, 192, 195, 206, 211, 247
• — Ringed, 64
• Gull, Common, 119
• — Herring, 210, 278

• Habit formation, law of, 8, 62, 65, 66, 67, 205
• Hawfinch, 28
• Headquarters, 176, 206, 207, 274
• — restricted, 8, 9,-30, 50, 58, 64, 127
• Hedge-Sparrow, 213, 221, 244
• Hereditary equipment, 6
• Herring-Gull, 210, 278
• Hooded-Crow, 202
• Hostility and territory, relationship between, 242
• House-Sparrow, 218

• Imitation, vocal, powers of, 156, 157, 161
• Impulse, internal, 279
• — to brood, 191
• Inherited disposition, 5
• Instinct, fighting, 79-82
• — gregarious, 20, 61, 141, 265, 266,1269, 276, 289, 290, 291, 296, 300
• — migratory, 37
• — of song related to establishment of territory, 125
• — sexual, reawakening of, 4, 18
• Instinctive response, 180
• Instincts susceptible to stimulation, 259
• Internal impulse, 279

• Internal stimulation, 62, 123
• Interpretation of battles, 75
• Intolerance of other birds, 218, 219
• Intrusion resented, 274
• Isolation, impulse to seek, 288
• — of male, 12, 62, 65, 73, 81
• — of male during breeding season, 267, 272, 273, 275, 281

• Jay, 87, 156, 283

• Kestrel, 228
• Kittiwake, 116, 200, 247

• Lapwing, 58, 59, 61, 62, 64, 84, 103, 104, 126, 189, 190, 220, 251, 284
• Lapwing, life-history of, 58-61
• Late arrival, advantages and disadvantages of, 33-44
• Law of battle, 74, 75, 86
• Lesser Whitethroat, 230, 244
• Linnet, 156

• M^cDougall, Dr, Social Psychology, 77
• Magpie, 219, 283
• Males arrive before advent of females, 24
• Marsh-Warbler, 39, 40, 52, 81, 132, 140, 153, 155, 156, 165, 225
• Martin, 201, 218
• Mating, difficulties of, 172
• — fortuitous, 174
• Maximum number supportable in a given locality, 49
• Meadow-Pipit, 188
• Meeting places for antics, 54, 63
• Mental Image, 77
• Merlin, 227
• Migration, 3-4
• — distance no criterion, 279
• — its relation to territory, 259
• Migration, origin of, 260, 277
• — phenomenon of, 277
• Migratory instinct, 37
• — species more highly specialised than resident species, 56
• Missel-Thrush, 21
• Mobility of the land and stability of the water, 260
• Moor-hen, 61, 85, 103, 218, 250, 251
• Morgan, Professor Lloyd, on instinctive behaviour, 74
• — on emotional behaviour, 114

• Nest, cleaning of, 180
• — construction of, 3
• Nests, removal of, for experiments, 181, 185, 190, 213, 214
• Neutral feeding grounds, 62, 125
• — ground, 98
• Newton, E., on the arrival at breeding stations of males before female, 24, 35
• Nightingale, 39, 156
• Notes of alarm, 119
• — of anger, 119
• — of recognition, 139
• — of warning, 119, 139, 141, 145, 151, 153

• Offspring, rearing of, 3, 4
• Organic change, sexual, 92, 123
• — changes, 65
• — condition of Reeve, 173
• Owl, Wood, 156

• Paired for life, 55-56
• Parental instinctive response, failure of, 185
• Partridge, 87, 218
• Persecution, Carrion Crow and Magpie, 226

• Persecution, Carrion Crow and Book, 227
• —House Sparrow and Martin, 218
• —Lapwing and Snipe, 220
• —Raven and Buzzard, 217
• ——and Peregrine, 216
• —Starling and Woodpecker, 218, 237
• Persistency to remain in territory, 68
• Pied-Wagtail, 86, 155
• Pigeon, Wood, 219
• Pipit, Meadow, 188
• —Tree, 51, 188, 189, 222, 244, 278
• Polyandrous females, 144
• Predatory species, 268
• Promiscuous pairing of Ruffs, 172
• Proximity to food-supply necessary for rearing young, 179, 195
• Psychology, Manual of, 1
• Puffin, 63, 116, 200
• Pugnacious instinct, 87-109
• Pugnacity, 11, 62
• —of females to obtain mates, 109-118
• —of males, prior to mating-season, 77-81
• —of Moor-Hen, 218

• Racial preparation, 41, 43, 46, 67, 206, 206, 266
• Bail, Water, 218
• Raven, 48, 202, 216
• Razor-bill, 63, 64, 200, 247
• Readjustment of territory, 146
• Rearing of offspring, 3, 4
• Red-backed Shrike, 39, 50, 51, 156
• Redbreast, 47
• Redshank, 139
• Redwing, 124
• Redstart, 230, 244
• Reed-Bunting, 28, 68, 69, 85, 104, 132, 156, 158, 160, 244, 246, 273
• Reed-Warbler, 49, 51, 68, 81, 132, 140, 152, 153, 211, 225
• Reeve, 171
• Relation of song to the territory, 119-68
• —of territory to migration, 259
• —of territory to the system of reproduction, 169-214
• Relationship to a territory, 169
• Reproduction, 14, 15
• —and territory, 169-214
• —attainment of, 2, 6, 37
• —goal of, 6
• Ringed Guillemot, 64
• Robbery of territory, 104-107
• Rock-formation, suitability, for Guillemots nesting on, 196
• Rook, 202, 227
• Routine behaviour, 262
• Ruff, 54, 63, 172
• —meeting places for conflicts, 54
• Ruffs, promiscuous pairing of, 172

• Savi's Warbler, 139
• Sedge-Warbler, 25, 44, 152, 226, 244
• Selous, E., on the life-history of Ruffs and Reeves, 172
• —on meeting places for conflicts and antics, 64
• —on the meeting places of Black Grouse, 63
• Service, Robert, on flocks of unmated Sedge-Warblers, 44, 45
• Sexual behaviour, 3
• —conflicts, 10
• —development, 6
• —function, discharge of, 2, 3, 26
• —impulse of females, 13

• Sexual instinct in the migratory male, 26
• —of Reeve, 173
• ——reawakening of, 4, 18
• —life of birds, 1
• —maturity, males arrive at, before females, 36
• —organic change, 92, 123
• —selection, 166
• Shag, 121
• Shrike, Red-backed, 39, 50, 51, 156
• Skylark, 188, 236, 244
• Snipe, 153, 156, 219, 220
• Sociability when not paired, 125, 126
• Song, as an aid in searching for a mate, 12
• —its influence on mating, 167
• —origin of, 138
• —relation to reproduction, 123
• —relation to territory, 119-168
• —volume of, influenced by age, seasonal sexual development, or isolation, 166
• Song-Thrush, 222, 244
• Sparrow, House, 218
• Sparrow-Hawk, 269
• Spring, at approach of, birds loose their shyness, 138
• Stability of the water and mobility of the land, 260
• Starling, 217, 218, 237, 251
• Stimulation, internal, 62, 123
• question of, 284
• Stonechat, 87 187, 188, 189, 222, 233, 234
• Stout, Dr, Manual of Psychology, 1, 77
• Struggle for existence, 294
• Susceptibility to position, 96
• Swallow, 21, 156, 278

• Territory, 1, 5
• —adjustment of, 10
• Territory and reproduction, 169-214
• —breeding, 2, 3, 7
• —dates of acquisition of, 33
• —defence of, 6
• —desertion of, after rearing young, 276
• —disposition to defend, 73-118
• —disposition to secure, 6, 20-72
• —establishment of, 74, 285
• —evolution of, 176
• —failure to secure, 286
• —fights for, 10, 11, 13, 62
• —ownership of, 189
• —possession of, a stimulus to song, 136
• —its relation to migration, 259
• —its relation to reproduction, 169-214
• —readjustment of, 147
• —restriction of, advantageous for mating, 172
• —restricted, 8, 9, 30, 50, 58, 64
• —separate for male and female Cuckoo, 144
• —song, its relation to the, 119-68
• —temporary desertion of, 28, 35, 58, 59
• —and hostility, relationship between, 242
• Thrush, Song, 222, 244
• Tit, Blue, 221, 226
• —Great, 221
• —Long-tailed, 226
• Tradition, 300
• Tree-Pipit, 51, 188, 189, 222, 232, 244, 278
• Turtle-Dove, 126, 232

• Union of sexes, 12
• Ussher, H. B., on the hostility between Choughs and Hooded Crows and Choughs and Ravens, 227

• Vocal Imitation, 156, 157, 161
• Voice calls of Curlew, 263

• Wagtail, Pied, 86, 155
• —Yellow, 278
• Wanderings from land, Guillemots, 193
• Warbler, Garden, 223, 225, 230
• —Grasshopper, 39, 131, 139, 155, 187, 244
• —Marsh, 39, 40, 52, 81, 132, 140, 155, 156, 225
• —Reed, 49, 51, 68, 81, 132, 140, 152, 153, 211, 225
• —Savi's, 139
• —Sedge, 25, 44, 152, 226, 244
• —Willow, 25, 47, 50, 51, 80, 91, 140, 187, 211, 232, 244, 273
• —Wood, 50, 51, 132, 221
• Warfare between different species and its relation to the territory, 215-58
• Warning notes, 119
• —of danger, 269
• Water Rail, 218
• Wheatear, 35, 51
• Whimbrel, 140
• Whinchat, 39, 50, 51, 81, 222, 232, 233, 234, 244
• Whitethroat, 25, 50, 68, 69, 124, 140, 182, 187, 189, 190, 213, 230, 244
• —Lesser, 230, 244
• Wild Duck, 250
• Will, the, to fight, 102
• Willow-Warbler, 25, 47, 50, 51, 80. 91, 140, 187, 211, 332, 244, 273
• Winter assemblies, 262-63
• Witherby, H. F., in British Birds, on the return to former breeding-ground, 281
• Wood-Owl, 156
• Wood-Pigeon, 219
• Wood-Warbler, 50, 51, 132, 221
• Woodpecker, Lesser Spotted, 237
• —Great Spotted, 237, 238
• —Green, 20, 71, 156, 208, 218, 237
• Wren, 244

• Yellow Bunting, 28, 30, 47, 64, 140, 159, 162, 183, 187, 188, 189, 235, 236, 286
• Young die in nest from exposure, 184, 185