The Descent of Man (Darwin)/Index

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Chapter XXI

The Descent of Man
by Charles Darwin

Index

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1841867The Descent of Man — IndexCharles Darwin

INDEX.

A.

Abbot, C., on the battles of seals, 500.
Abductor of the fifth metatarsal, presence of, in man, 42.
Abercrombie, Dr., on disease of the brain affecting speech, 88.
Abipones, marriage customs of the, 598.
Abou-Simbel, caves of, 168.
Abortion, prevalence of the practice of, 46.
Abstraction, power of, in animals, 83.
Acalles, stridulation of, 306.
Acanthodactylus capensis, sexual differences of colour in, 357.
Accentor modularis, 473.
Acclimatisation, difference of, in different races of men, 167.
Achetidæ, stridulation of the, 282, 283, 285; rudimentary stridulating organs in female, 288.
Acilius sulcatus, elytra of the female, 276.
Acomus, development of spurs in the female of, 450.
Acridiidæ stridulation of the, 282, 286; rudimentary stridulating organs in female, 288.
Acromio-basilar muscle, and quadrupedal gait, 42.
Acting, 178.
Actiniœ, bright colours of, 260.
Adams, Mr., migration of birds, 108; intelligence of nut-hatch, 418; on the Bombycilla carolinensis, 461.
Admiral butterfly, 312.
Adoption of the young of other animals by female monkeys, 70.
Advancement in the organic scale, Von Baer's definition of, 164.
Aeby, on the difference between the skulls of man and the quadrumana, 149.
Æsthetic faculty, not highly developed in savages, 93.
Affection, maternal, 70; manifestation of, by animals, 70; parental and filial, partly the result of natural selection, 105; mutual, of birds, 410; shewn by birds in confinement, for certain persons, 411.
Africa, probably the birthplace of man, 155; South, crossed population of, 174; South, retention of colour by the Dutch in, 193; South, proportion of the sexes in the butterflies of, 250; tattooing practised in, 574; Northern, coiffure of natives of, 575.
Agassiz, L., on conscience in dogs, 103; on the coincidence of the races of man with zoological provinces, 169; on the number of species of man, 174; on the courtship of the land-snails, 262; on the brightness of the colours of male fishes during the breeding season, 340; on the frontal protuberance of the males of Geophagus and Cichla, 340, 345; male fishes hatching ova in their mouths, 345; sexual differences in colour of chromids, 345; on the slight sexual differences of the South Americans, 561; on the tattooing of the Amazonian Indians, 576.
Age, in relation to the transmission of characters in birds, 463; variation in accordance with, in birds, 484.
Agelœus phœniceus, 225, 416.
Ageronia feronia, noise produced by, 307.
Agrion, dimorphism in, 290.
Agrion Ramburii, sexes of, 290.
Agrionidæ, difference in the sexes of, 290.
Agrotis exclamationis, 316.
Ague, tertian, dog suffering from, 8.
Aïthurus polytmus, young of, 487.
Ainos, hairiness of the, 560.
Albino birds, 419.
Alca torda, young of, 486.
Alces palmata, 515.
Alder and Hancock, MM., on the nudi-branch mollusca, 264.
Allen, J. A., vigour of birds earliest hatched, 212, 213; effect of difference of temperature, light, &c., on birds, 225; colours of birds, 422; on the relative size of the sexes of Callorhinus ursinus, 515; on the mane of Otaria jubata, 521; on the pairing of seals, 523; on sexual differences in the colour of bats, 534.
—— S., on the habits of Hoplopterus, 366; on the plumes of herons, 391; on the vernal moult of Herodias bubulcus, 393.
Alligator, courtship of the male, 221, 351; roaring of the male, 567.
Amadavat, pugnacity of male, 366.
Amadina Lathami, display of plumage by the male, 402.
—— castanotis, display of plumage by the male, 402.
Amazons, butterflies of the, 250; fishes of the, 343.
America, variation in the skulls of aborigines of, 26; wide range of aborigines of, 169; lice of the natives of, 170; general beardlessness of the natives of, 560.
——, North, butterflies of, 250; Indians of, women a cause of strife among the, 561; Indians of, their notions of female beauty, 577, 580.
——, South, character of the natives of, 168; population of parts of, 173; piles of stones in, 179; extinction of the fossil horse of, 191; desert-birds of, 490; slight sexual difference of the aborigines of, 561; prevalence of infanticide in, 592.
American languages, often highly artificial, 91.
Americans, wide geographical range of, 29; native, variability of, 174; and negroes, difference of, 197; aversion of, to hair on the face, 580.
Ammophila, on the jaws of, 275.
Ammotragus tragelaphus, hairy forelegs of, 531, 533.
Amphibia, affinity of, to the ganoid fishes, 159; vocal organs of the, 566.
Amphibians, 165, 348; breeding whilst immature, 485.
Amphioxus, 159.
Amphipoda, males sexually mature while young, 485.
Amunoph III., negro character of features of, 168.
Anal appendages of insects, 275.
Analogous variation in the plumage of birds, 385.
Anas, 462.
—— acuta, male plumage of, 393.
—— boschas, male plumage of, 393.
—— histrionica, 484.
—— punctata, 374.
Anastomus oscitans, sexes and young of, 486; white nuptial plumage of, 492.
Anatidæ, voices of, 374.
Anax junius, differences in the sexes of, 290.
Andaman islanders, susceptible to change of climate, 188.
Anderson, Dr., on the tail of Macacus brunneus, 59; the Bufo sikimmensis, 349; sounds of Echis carinata, 353.
Andrœna fulva, 292.
Anglo-Saxons, estimation of the beard among the, 581.
Animals, domesticated, more fertile than wild, 45; cruelty of savages to, 118; characters common to man and, 146; domestic, change of breeds of, 596.
Annelida, 264; colours of, 265.
Anobium tessellatum, sounds produced by, 306.
Anolis cristatellus, male, crest of, 354; pugnacity of the male, 354; throatpouch of, 354.
Anser canadensis, 416.
—— cygnoides, 415; knob at the base of the beak of, 426.
—— hyperboreus, whiteness of, 492.
Antelope, prong-horned, horns of, 234.
Antelopes, generally polygamous, 217; horns of, 234, 504; canine teeth of some male, 502; use of horns of 509; dorsal crests in, 530; dewlaps of, 531; winter change of two species of, 543; peculiar markings of, 543.
Antennæ, furnished with cushions in the male of Penthe, 276.
Anthidium manicatum, large male of, 279.
Anthocharis cardamines, 308, 312; sexual difference of colour in, 322.
—— genutia, 312.
—— sara, 312.
Anthophora acervorum, large male of, 279.
—— retusa, difference of the sexes in, 292.
Anthropidæ, 152.
Anthus, moulting of, 392.
Antics of birds, 380.
Antigua, Dr. Nicholson's observations on yellow fever in, 195.
Antilocapra americana, horns of, 234, 504, 507.
Antilope bezoartica, horned females of, 505, 506, 507; sexual difference in the colour of, 535.
—— Dorcas and euchore, 504.
—— euchore, horns of, 509.
—— montana, rudimentary canines in the young male of, 514.
—— niger, sing-sing, caama, and gorgon, sexual differences in the colours of, 536.
—— oreas, horns of, 234.
—— saiga, polygamous habits of, 217.
—— strepsiceros, horns of, 234.
—— subgutturosa, absence of suborbital pits in, 529.
Antipathy, shewn by birds in confinement, to certain persons, 411.
Ants, 147; large size of the cerebral ganglia in, 54; soldier-, large jaws of, 63; playing together, 69; memory in, 74; intcommunication of, by means of the antennæ, 89; habits of, 147; difference of the sexes in, 292; recognition of each other by, after separation, 292.
—— White, habits of, 291.
Anura, 349.
Apatania muliebris, male unknown, 254.
Apathus, difference of the sexes in, 292.
Apatura Iris, 307, 308.
Apes, difference of the young, from the adult, 8; semi-erect attitude of some, 52; mastoid processes of, 53; influences of the jaw-muscles on the physiognomy of, 54; female, destitute of large canines, 63; building platforms, 82; imitative faculties of, 129; anthropomorphous, 153; probable speedy extermination of the, 156; Gratiolet on the evolution of, 177; canine teeth of male, 502; females of some, less hairy beneath than the males, 601.
—— long-armed, their mode of progression, 52.
Aphasia, Dr. Bateman on, 88.
Apis mellifica, large male of, 279.
Apollo, Greek statues of, 581.
Apoplexy in Cebus Azaræ, 7.
Appendages, anal, of insects, 276.
Approbation, influence of the love of, 109, 116, 131.
Aprosmictus scapulatus, 457.
Apus, proportion of sexes, 255.
Aquatic birds, frequency of white plumage in, 495.
Aquila chrysaëtos, 408.
Arab women, elaborate and peculiar coiffure of, 583.
Arabs, fertility of crosses with other races, 171; gashing of cheeks and temples among the, 574.
Arachnida, 272.
Arakhan, artificial widening of the forehead by the natives of, 583.
Arboricola, young of, 468.
Archeopteryx, 158.
Arctiidæ, coloration of the, 314.
Ardea asha, rufescens, and cærulea, change of colour in, 494, 495.
—— cærulea, breeding in immature plumage, 484.
—— gularis, change of plumage in, 495.
—— herodias, love-gestures of the male, 380.
—— ludoviciana, age of mature plumage in, 483; continued growth of crest and plumes in the male of, 485.
—— nycticorax, cries of, 368.
Ardeola, young of, 468.
Ardetta, changes of plumage in, 461.
Argenteuil, 22.
Argus pheasant, 384, 403, 462; display of plumage by the male, 398; ocellated spots of the, 428; gradation of characters in the, 434.
Argyll, Duke of, on the physical weakness of man, 63; the fashioning of implements peculiar to man, 82; on the contest in man between right and wrong, 125; on the primitive civilisation of man, 143; on the plumage of the male Argus pheasant, 398; on Urosticte Benjamini, 442, 443; on the nests of birds, 453.
Argynnis, colouring of the lower surface of, 314.
Aricoris epitus, sexual differences in the wings of, 277.
Aristocracy, increased beauty of the, 586.
Arms, proportions of, in soldiers and sailors, 32; direction of the hair on the, 151.
—— and hands, free use of, indirectly correlated with diminution of canines, 53.
Arrest of development, 35, 36.
Arrow-heads, stone, general resemblance of, 179.
Arrows, use of, 179.
Arteries, variations in the course of the, 26.
Artery, effect of tying, upon the lateral channels, 32.
Arthropoda, 265.
Arts practised by savages, 179.
Ascension, coloured incrustation on the rocks of, 263.
Ascidia, affinity of the lancelet to, 159; tadpole-like larvæ of, 159.
Ascidians, 262; bright colours of some, 260.
Asinus, Asiatic and African species of, 548.
—— tœniopus, 548.
Ass, colour-variations of the, 547.
Ateles, effects of brandy on an, 7; absence of the thumb in, 51.
—— beelzebuth, ears of, 15.
—— marginatus, colour of the ruff of, 537; hair on the head of, 549.
Ateuchus, stridulation of, 306.
Ateuchus, cicatricosus, habits of, 300.
Athalia, proportions of the sexes in, 254.
Atropus pulsatorius, 291.
Attention, manifestations of, in animals, 73.
Audouin, V., on a hymenopterous parasite with a sedentary male, 221.
Audubon, J. J., on the pinioned goose, 105; on the speculum of Mergus cucullatus, 236; on the pugnacity of male birds, 362, 366; on Tetrao cupido, 367; on Ardea nycticorar, 368; on Sturnella ludoviciana, 368; on the vocal organs of Tetrao cupido, 371; on the drumming of the male Tetrao umbellus, 375; on sounds produced by the nightjar, 376; on Ardea herodias and Cathartes jota, 380; on Mimus polyglottus, 393; on display in male birds, 394; on the spring change of colour in some finches, 394; recognition of a dog by a turkey, 412; selection of mate by female birds, 416; on the turkey, 411, 412, 419; on variation in the male scarlet tanager, 424; on the musk-rat, 542; on the habits of Pyranga œstiva, 453; on local differences in the nests of the same species of birds, 456; on the habits of woodpeckers, 458; on Bombycilla carolinensis, 461; on young females of Tyranga œstiva acquiring male characters, 462; on the immature plumage of thrushes, 464; on the immature plumage of birds, 465 et seq.; on birds breeding in immature plumage, 484; on the growth of the crest and plumes in the male Ardea ludoviciana, 485; on the change of colour in some species of Ardea, 494.
Audubon and Bachman, M.M., on squirrels fighting, 500; on the Canadian lynx, 521.
Aughey, Prof., on rattlesnakes, 353.
Austen, N.L., on Anolis cristatellus, 354.
Australia, not the birthplace of man, 155; half-castes killed by the natives of, 170; lice of the natives of, 170; prevalence of female infanticide in, 592.
Australia, South, variation in the skulls of aborigines of, 26.
Australians, colour of newborn children of, 557; relative height of the sexes of, 559; women a cause of war among the, 561.
Axis deer, sexual difference in the colour of the, 537.
Aymaras, measurements of the, 34; no grey hair among the, 559; hairlessness of the face in the, 561; long hair of the, 580.
Azara, on the proportion of men and women among the Guaranys, 244; on Palamedea cornuta, 366; on the beards of the Guaranys, 561; on strife for women among the Guanas, 561; on infanticide, 577, 592; on the eradication of the eyebrows and eyelashes by the Indians of Paraguay, 580; on polyandry among the Guanas, 593; celibacy unknown among the savages of South America, 594; on the freedom of divorce among the Charruas, 598.

B.

Babbage, C., on the greater proportion of illegitimate female births, 244.
Babirusa, tusks of the, 518.
Baboon, revenge in a, 69; rage excited in, by reading, 71; manifestation of memory by a, 74; employing a mat for shelter against the sun, 82; protected from punishment by its companions, 103.
——, Cape, mane of the male, 521; Hamadryas, mane of the male, 521.
Baboons, effects of intoxicating liquors on, 7; ears of, 15; diversity of the mental faculties in, 27; hands of, 50; habits of, 51; variability of the tail in, 58; manifestation of maternal affection by, 70; using stones and sticks as weapons, 81; co-operation of, 101; silence of, on plundering expeditions, 104; apparent polygamy of, 217; polygamous and social habits of, 590.
Bachman, Dr., on the fertility of mulattoes, 171.
Baer, K. E. von, on embryonic development, 9.
Bagehot, W., on the social virtues among primitive men, 117; slavery formerly beneficial, 117; on the value of obedience, 130; on human progress, 132; on the persistence of savage tribes in classical times, 183.
Bailly, E. M., on the mode of fighting of the Italian buffalo, 508; on the fighting of stags, 510.
Bain, A., on the sense of duty, 98; aid springing from sympathy, 103; on the basis of sympathy, 106; on love of approbation, &c., 109; on the idea of beauty, 584.
Baird, W., on a difference in colour between the males and females of some Entozoa, 260.
Baker, Mr., observation on the proportion of the sexes in pheasant-chicks, 247.
——, Sir S., on the fondness of the Arabs for discordant music, 380; on sexual difference in the colours of an antelope, 536; on the elephant and rhinoceros attacking white or grey horses, 540; on the disfigurements practised by the negroes, 541; on the gashing of the cheeks and temples practised in Arab countries, 574; on the coiffure of the North Africans, 575; on the perforation of the lower lip by the women of Latooka, 575; on the distinctive characters of the coiffure of central African tribes, 576; on the coiffure of Arab women, 584.
"Balz" of the Black-cock, 363, 405.
Bantam, Sebright, 211, 238.
Banteng, horns of, 505; sexual differences in the colours of the, 536.
Banyal, colour of the, 579.
Barbarism, primitive, of civilised nations, 143.
Barbs, filamentous, of the feathers, in certain birds, 385, 430.
Barrago, F., on the Simian resemblances of man, 3.
Barr, Mr., on sexual preference in dogs, 524.
Barrington, Daines, on the language of birds, 86; on the clucking of the hen, 368; on the object of the song of birds, 369; on the singing of female birds, 370; on birds acquiring the songs of other birds, 370; on the muscles of the larynx in song birds, 371; on the want of the power of song by female birds, 450.
Barrow, on the widow-bird, 403.
Bartels, Dr., supernumerary mammæ in men, 37.
Bartlett, A. D., period of hatching of birds' eggs, 165; on the tragopan, 220; on the development of the spurs in Crossoptilon auritum, 236; on the fighting of the males of Plectropterus gambensis, 364; on the knot, 391; on display in male birds, 394; on the display of plumage by. the male Polyplectron, 396; on Crossoptilon auritum and Phasianus Wallichii, 400; on the habits of Lophophorus, 420; on the colour of the mouth in Buceros bicornis, 426; on the incubation of the cassowary, 478; on the Cape Buffalo, 508; on the use of the horns of antelopes, 509; on the fighting of male wart-hogs, 520; on Ammotragus tragelaphus, 531; on the colours of Cercopithecus cephus, 537; on the colours of the faces of monkeys, 550; on the naked surfaces of monkeys, 600.
Bartram, on the courtship of the male alligator, 351.
Basque language, highly artificial, 91.
Bate, C. S., on the superior activity of male; crustacea, 221; on the proportions of the sexes in crabs, 255; on the chelæ of crustacea, 266; on the relative size of the sexes in crustacea, 268; on the colours of crustacea, 270.
Bateman, Dr., tendency to imitation in certain diseased states, 72; on Aphasia, 88.
Bates, H. W., on variation in the form of the head of Amazonian Indians, 28; on the proportion of the sexes among Amazonian butterflies, 250; on sexual differences in the wings of butterflies, 277; on the field-cricket, 283; on Pyrodes pulcherrimus, 294; on the horns of Lamellicorn beetles, 295, 297; on the colours of Epicaliœ&c., 309; on the coloration of tropical butterflies, 311; on the variability of Papilio Sesostris and Childrenœ, 320; on male and female butterflies inhabiting different stations, 321; on mimicry, 323; on the caterpillar of a Sphinx, 325; on the vocal organs of the umbrella-bird, 374; on the toucans, 492; on Brachyurus calvus, 550.
Batokas, knocking out two upper incisors, 575.
Batrachia, 349; eagerness of male, 221.
Bats, scent-glands, 529; sexual differences in the colour of, 534; fur of male frugivorous, 534.
Battle, law of, 144; among beetles, 299; among birds, 360; among mammals, 500 et seq.; in man, 561.
Beak, sexual difference in the forms of the, 359; in the colour of the, 383.
Beaks, of birds, bright colours of, 491.
Beard, development of, in man, 557; analogy of the, in man and the quadrumana, 558; variation of the development of the, in different races of men, 559; estimation of, among bearded nations, 581; probable origin of the, 602.
——, in monkeys, 150; of mammals, 531.
Beautiful, taste for the, in birds, 410; in the quadrumana, 540.
Beauty, sense of, in animals, 92; appreciation of, by birds, 413; influence of, 573, 576; variability of the standard of, 596.
Beavan, Lieut., on the development of the horns in Cervus Eldi, 234.
Beaver, instinct and intelligence of the, 67, 68; voice of the, 527; castoreum of the, 529.
Beavers, battles of male, 500.
Bechstein, on female birds choosing the best singers among the males, 368; on rivalry in song-birds, 369; on the singing of female birds, 370; on birds acquiring the songs of other birds, 370; on pairing the canary and siskin, 415; on a sub-variety of the monk pigeon, 427; on spurred hens, 449.
Beddoe, Dr., on causes of difference in stature, 31.
Bee-eater, 371.
Bees, 99; pollen-baskets and stings of, 63; destruction of drones and queens by, 106; female, secondary sexual characters of, 208; proportion of sexes, 254; difference of the sexes in colour and sexual selection, 292.
Beetle, luminous larva of a, 277.
Beetles, 294; size of the cerebral ganglia in, 54; dilatation of the fore tarsi in male, 275; blind, 294; stridulation of, 301.
Belgium, ancient inhabitants of, 182.
Bell, Sir C., on emotional muscles in man, 3; "snarling muscles," 41; on the hand, 51.
——, T., on the numerical proportion of the sexes in moles, 247; on the newts, 348; on the croaking of the frog, 350; on the difference in the coloration of the sexes in Zootoca vivipara, 357; on moles fighting, 500.
Bell-bird, sexual difference in the colour of the, 389.
Bell-birds, colours of, 492.
Belt, Mr., on the nakedness of tropical mankind, 57; on a spider-monkey and eagle, 102; habits of ants, 147; Lampyridæ distasteful to mammals, 277; mimicry of Leptalides, 325; colours of Nicaraguan frogs, 349; display of humming-birds, 443; on the toucans, 492; protective colouring of skunk, 543.
Benevolence, manifested by birds, 411.
Bennett, A. W., attachment of mated birds, 411; on the habits of Dromœus irroratus, 478.
——, Dr., on birds of paradise, 396.
Berbers, fertility of crosses with other races, 171.
Bernicla antarctica colours of, 492.
Bernicle gander pairing with a Canada goose, 414.
Bert, M., crustaceans distinguish colours, 271.
Bertillon, M., arrested development and polydactylism, 37.
Bettoni, E., on local differences in the nests of Italian birds, 456.
Beyle, M., see Bombet.
Bhoteas, colour of the beard in, 558.
Bhringa, disciform tail-feathers of, 392.
Bianconi, Prof., on structures as explained through mechanical principles, 24.
Bibio, sexual differences in the genus, 280.
Bichat, on beauty, 585.
Bickes, proportion of sexes in man, 243.
Bile, coloured, in many animals, 261.
Bimana, 149.
Birds, imitations of the songs of other birds by, 73; dreaming, 74; killed by telegraph wires, 80; language of, 86; sense of beauty in, 92; pleasure of, in incubation, 105; male, incubation by, 163; and reptiles, alliance of, 165; sexual differences in the beak of some, 208; migratory, arrival of the male before the female, 212; apparent relation between polygamy and marked sexual differences in, 220; monogamous, becoming polygamous under domestication, 220; eagerness of male in pursuit of the female, 221; wild, numerical proportion of the sexes in, 247; secondary sexual characters of, 358; difference of size in the sexes of, 362; fights of male, witnessed by females, 367; display of male, to captivate the females, 367; close attention of, to the songs of others, 368; acquiring the song of their foster-parents, 370; brilliant, rarely good songsters, 371; love-antics and dances of, 380; coloration of, 385 et seq.; moulting of, 390 et seq.; unpaired, 407; male, singing out of season, 409; mutual affection of, 410; in confinement, distinguish persons, 411; hybrid, production of, 414; Albino, 419; European, number of species of, 422; variability of, 422; geographical distribution of colouring, 422; gradation of secondary sexual characters in, 430; obscurely coloured, building concealed nests, 454; young female, acquiring male characters, 462; breeding in immature plumage, 484; moulting of, 484; aquatic, frequency of white plumage in, 493; vocal courtship of, 567; naked skin of the head and neck in, 601.
Birgus latro, habits of, 270.
Birkbeck, Mr., on the finding of new mates by golden eagles, 408.
Birthplace of man, 155.
Births, numerical proportions of the sexes in, in animals and man, 215, 216; male and female, numerical proportion of, in England, 242.
Bischoff, Prof., on the agreement between the brains of man and of the orang, 6; figure of the embryo of the dog, 10; on the convolutions of the brain in the human fœtus, 11; on the difference between the skulls of man and the quadrumana, 149; resemblance between the ape's and man's, 200.
Bishop, J., on the vocal organs of frogs, 350; on the vocal organs of corvine birds, 370; on the trachea of the Merganser, 374.
Bison, American, co-operation of, 101; mane of the male, 521.
Bitterns, dwarf, coloration of the sexes of, 461.
Biziura lobata, musky odour of the male, 359; large size of male, 362.
Blackbird, sexual differences in the, 219; proportion of the sexes in the, 248; acquisition of a song by, 370; colour of the beak in the sexes of the, 383, 491; pairing with a thrush, 414; colours and nidification of the, 455; young of the, 487; sexual difference in coloration of the, 491.
Black-buck, Indian, sexual difference in the colour of the, 535.
Blackcap, arrival of the male, before the female, 212; young of the, 487.
Black-cock, polygamous, 219; proportion of the sexes in the, 248; pugnacity and love-dance of the, 363; call of the, 375; moulting of the, 392; duration of the courtship of the, 405; and pheasant, hybrids of, 414; sexual difference in coloration of the, 491; crimson eye-cere of the, 491.
Blacklock, Dr., on music, 572.
Black-grouse, characters of young, 465, 471.
Blackwall, J., on the speaking of the magpie, 90; on the desertion of their young by swallows, 108; on the superior activity of male spiders, 221; on the proportion of the sexes in spiders, 254; on sexual variation of colour in spiders, 272; on male spiders, 272.
Bladder-nose Seal, hood of the, 528.
Blaine, on the affections of dogs, 523.
Blair, Dr., on the relative liability of Europeans to yellow fever, 194.
Blake, C. C., on the jaw from La Naulette, 40.
Blakiston, Capt., on the American snipe, 377; on the dances of Tetrao phasianellus, 381.
Blasius, Dr., on the species of European birds, 422.
Bledius taurus, hornlike processes of male, 299.
Bleeding, tendency to profuse, 237.
Blenkiron, Mr., on sexual preference in horses, 524.
Blennies, crest developed on the head of male, during the breeding season, 338.
Blethisa multipunctata, stridulation of, 302.
Bloch, on the proportions of the sexes in fishes, 249.
Blood, arterial, red colour of, 261.
—— pheasant, number of spurs in, 364.
Bluebreast, red-throated, sexual differences of the, 472.
Blumenbach, on Man, 28; on the large size of the nasal cavities in American aborigines, 34; on the position of man, 149; on the number of species of man, 174.
Blyth, E., on the structure of the hand in the species of Hylobates, 51; observations on Indian crows, 102; on the development of the horns in the Koodoo and Eland antelopes, 234; on the pugnacity of the males of Gallinula cristata, 360; on the presence of spurs in the female Euplocamus erythrophthalmus, 364; on the pugnacity of the amadavat, 366; on the spoonbill, 374; on the moulting of Anthus, 392; on the moulting of bustards, plovers, and Gallus bankiva, 392; on the Indian honey-buzzard, 424; on sexual differences in the colour of the eyes of hornbills, 425; on Oriolus melanocephalus, 460; on Palœornis javanicus, 461; on the genus Ardetta, 461; on the peregrine falcon, 461; on young female birds acquiring male characters, 461; on the immature plumage of birds, 465; on representative species of birds, 468; on the young of Turnix, 476; on anomalous young of Lanius rufus and Colymbus glacialis, 482; on the sexes and young of the sparrows, 483; on dimorphism in some herons, 484; on the ascertainment of the sex of nestling bullfinches by pulling out breast-feathers, 484; on orioles breeding in immature plumage, 484; on the sexes and young of Buphus and Anastomus, 486; on the young of the blackcap and blackbird, 487; on the young of the stonechat, 487; on the white plumage ofAnastomus, 493; on the horns of Bovine animals, 505; on the horns of Antilope bezoartica, 507; on the mode of fighting of Ovis cycloceros, 508; on the voice of the Gibbons, 527; on the crest of the male wild goat, 531; on the colours of Portax picta, 535; on the colours of Antilope bezoartica, 536; on the colour of the Axis deer, 536; on sexual difference of colour in Hylobates hoolock, 537; on the hog-deer, 546; on the beard and whiskers in a monkey becoming white with age, 559.
Boar, wild, polygamous in India, 217; use of the tusks by the, 513; fighting of, 518.
Boardman, Mr., Albino birds in U. S., 419.
Boitard and Corbié, MM., on the transmission of sexual peculiarities in pigeons, 230; on the antipathy shewn by some female pigeons to certain males, 418.
Bold, Mr., on the singing of a sterile hybrid canary, 369.
Bombet, on the variability of the standard of beauty in Europe, 596.
Bombus, difference of the sexes in, 292.
Bombycidæ, coloration of, 313; pairing of the, 318; colours of, 318.
Bombycilla carolinensis, red appendages of, 461.
Bombyx cynthia, 278; proportion of the sexes in, 250, 253; pairing of, 318.
—— mori, difference of size of the male and female cocoons of, 278; pairing of, 318.
—— Pernyi, proportion of sexes of, 253.
—— Yamamai, 278; M. Personnat on, 251; proportion of sexes of, 253.
Bonaparte, C. L., on the call-notes of the wild turkey, 375.
Bond, F., on the finding of new mates by crows, 408.
Bone, implements of, skill displayed in making, 49.
Boner, C., on the transfer of male characters to an old female chamois, 504; on the habits of stags, 515; on the pairing of red deer, 522.
Bones, increase of, in length and thickness, when carrying a greater weight, 32.
Bonizzi, P., difference of colour in sexes of pigeons, 230.
Bonnet monkey, 151.
Bonwick, J., extinction of Tasmanians, 183, 184.
Boomerang, 145.
Boreus hyemalis, scarcity of the male, 254.
Bory St. Vincent, on the number of species of man, 174; on the colours of Labrus pavo, 342.
Bos etruscus, 505.
—— gaurus, horns of, 505.
—— moschatus, 529.
—— primigenius, 501.
—— sondaicus, horns of, 505; colours of, 536.
Botocudos, 144; mode of life of, 197; disfigurement of the ears and lower lip of the, 575.
Boucher de Perthes, J. C. de, on the antiquity of man, 2.
Bourbon, proportion of the sexes in a species of Papilio from, 250.
Bourien, on the marriage-customs of the savages of the Malay Archipelago, 598.
Bovidæ, dewlaps of, 531.
Bower-birds, 406; habits of the, 381; ornamented playing-places of, 92, 413.
Bows, use of, 179.
Brachycephalic structure, possible explanation of, 56.
Brachyura, 268.
Brachyurus calvus, scarlet face of, 550.
Bradley, Mr., abductor ossis metatarsi quinti in man, 42.
Brain, of man, agreement of the, with that of lower animals, 6; convolutions of, in the human fœtus, 11; influence of development of mental faculties upon the size of the, 54; influence of the development of, on the spinal column and skull, 55; larger in some existing mammals than in their tertiary prototypes, 81; relation of the development of the, to the progress of language, 87; disease of the, affecting speech, 88; difference in the convolutions of, in different races of men, 167; supplement on, by Prof. Huxley, 199; development of the gyri and sulci, 204.
Brakenridge, Dr., on the influence of climate, 32.
Brandt, A., on hairy men, 19.
Braubach, Prof., on the quasi-religious feeling of a dog towards his master, 96; on the self-restraint of dogs, 103.
Brauer, F., on dimorphism in Neurothemis, 291.
Brazil, skulls found in caves of, 168; population of, 173; compression of the nose by the natives of, 583.
Break between man and the apes, 156.
Bream, proportion of the sexes in the, 249.
Breeding, age of, in birds, 484.
—— season, sexual characters making their appearance in the, in birds, 390.
Brehm, on the effects of intoxicating liquors on monkeys, 7; on the recognition of women by male Cynocephali, 8; on the diversity of the mental faculties of monkeys, 27; on the habits of baboons, 51; on revenge taken by monkeys, 69; on manifestations of maternal affection by monkeys and baboons, 70; on the instinctive dread of monkeys for serpents, 71; on the use of stones as missiles by baboons, 81; on a baboon using a mat for shelter from the sun, 82; on the signal-cries of monkeys, 87; on sentinels posted by monkeys, 101; on co-operation of animals, 101; on an eagle attacking a young Cercopithecus, 101; on baboons in confinement protecting one of their number from punishment, 103; on the habits of baboons when plundering, 104; on polygamy in Cynocephalus and Cebus, 217; on the numerical proportion of the sexes in birds, 247; on the love-dance of the black-cock, 363; on Palamedea cornuta, 366; on the habits of the Black-grouse, 366; on sounds produced by birds of paradise, 376; on assemblages of grouse, 405; on the finding of new mates by birds, 409; on the fighting of wild boars, 518; on the habits of Cynocephalus hamadryas, 590.
Brent, Mr., on the courtship of fowls, 417.
Breslau, numerical proportion of male and female births in, 243.
Bridgman, Laura, 88.
Brimstone butterfly, 312; sexual difference of colour in the, 322.
British, ancient, tattooing practised by, 574,
Broca, Prof., on the occurrence of the supra-condyloid foramen in the human humerus, 22; anthropomorphous apes more bipedal than quadrupedal, 53; on the capacity of Parisian skulls at different periods, 55; comparison of modern and mediæval skulls, 55; on tails of quadrupeds, 58; on the influence of natural selection, 61; on hybridity in man, 170; on human remains from Les Eyzies, 181; on the cause of the difference between Europeans and Hindoos, 192.
Brodie, Sir B., on the origin of the moral sense in man, 98.
Bronn, H. G., on the copulation of insects of distinct species, 275.
Bronze period, men of, in Europe, 128.
Brown, R., sentinels of seals generally females, 100; on the battles of seals, 500; on the narwhal, 502; on the occasional absence of the tusks in the female walrus, 502; on the bladder-nose seal, 528; on the colours of the sexes in Phoca Grœnlandica, 535; on the appreciation of music by seals, 569; on plants used as love-philters, by North American women, 577.
Brown, Dr. Crichton, injury to infants during parturition, 244.
Brown-Séquard, Dr., on the inheritance of the effects of operations by guinea-pigs, 60, 603.
Bruce, on the use of the elephant's tusks, 507.
Brulerie, P. de la, on the habits of Ateuchus cicatricosus, 300; on the stridulation of Ateuchus, 306.
Brünnich, on the pied ravens of the Feroe islands, 424.
Bryant, Dr., preference of tame pigeon for wild mate, 418.
——, Capt, on the courtship of Callorhinus ursinus, 522,
Bubas bison, thoracic projection of, 298.
Bucephalus capensis, difference of the sexes of, in colour, 351.
Buceros, nidification and incubation of, 454.
—— bicornis, sexual differences in the colouring of the casque, beak, and mouth in, 425,
—— corrugatus, sexual differences in the beak of, 383.
Büchner, L., on the origin of man, 3; on the use of the human foot as a prehensile organ, 52; on the mode of progression of the apes, 52; on want of self-consciousness, &c., in savages, 83.
Bucholz, Dr., quarrels of chamæleons, 357.
Buckland, F., on the numerical proportion of the sexes in rats, 247; on the proportion of the sexes in the trout, 249; on Chimœra monstrosa, 338.
Buckland, W., on the complexity of crinoids, 91.
Buckler, W., proportion of sexes of Lepidoptera reared by, 253.
Buckinghamshire, numerical proportion of male and female births in, 242.
Bucorax abyssinicus, inflation of the neck-wattle of the male during courtship, 383.
Budytes Raü, 212.
Buffalo, Cape, 508.
——, Indian, horns of the, 505.
——, Italian, mode of fighting of the, 508.
Buffon, on the number of species of man, 174.
Bufo sikimmensis, 349.
Bugs, 281.
Buist, R., on the proportion of the sexes in salmon, 249; on the pugnacity of the male salmon, 332.
Bulbul, pugnacity of the male, 360; display of under tail-coverts by the male, 402.
Bull, mode of fighting of the, 508; curled frontal hair of the, 531.
Buller, Dr., on the Huia, 208; the attachment of birds, 410.
Bullfinch, sexual differences in the, 219; piping, 369; female, singing of the, 370; courtship of the, 401; widowed, finding a new mate, 408; attacking a reed-bunting, 412; nestling, sex ascertained by pulling out breast-feathers, 484,
Bullfinches distinguishing persons, 412; rivalry of female, 420.
Bulls, two young, attacking an old one, 101; wild, battles of, 501.
Bull-trout, male, colouring of, during the breeding season, 340.
Bunting, reed, head feathers of the male, 402; attacked by a bullfinch, 412.
Buntings, characters of young, 464.
Buphus coromandus, sexes and young of, 486; change of colour in, 494, 495.
Burchell, Dr., on the zebra, 545; on the extravagance of a bushwoman in adorning herself, 577; celibacy unknown among the savages of South Africa, 594; on the marriage-customs of the Bushwomen, 598.
Burke, on the number of species of man, 174.
Burmese, colour of the beard in, 558.
Burton, Capt., on negro ideas of female beauty, 579; on a universal ideal of beauty, 582.
Bushmen, 64.
Bushwoman, extravagant ornamentation of a, 577.
Bushwomen, hair of, 167; marriage-customs of, 598.
Bustard, throat-pouch of the male, 373; humming noise produced by a male, 377; Indian, ear-tufts of, 384.
Bustards, occurrence of sexual differences and of polygamy among the, 219; love-gestures of the male, 380; double moult in, 390, 392.
Butler, A. G., on sexual differences in the wings of Aricoris epitus, 277; courtship of butterflies, 307; on the colouring of the sexes in species of Thecla, 310; on the resemblance of Iphias glaucippe to a leaf, 313; on the rejection of certain moths and caterpillars by lizards and frogs, 326.
Butterfly, noise produced by a, 307; Emperor, 307, 308; meadow brown, instability of the ocellated spots of, 428.
Butterflies, proportion of the sexes in, 250; forelegs atrophied in some male, 277; sexual difference in the neuration of the wings of, 277; pugnacity of male, 307; protective resemblances of the lower surface of, 311; display of the wings by, 314; white, alighting upon bits of paper, 317; attracted by a dead specimen of the same species, 317; courtship of, 317; male and female, inhabiting different stations, 321.
Buxton, C., observations on macaws, 102; on an instance of benevolence in a parrot, 411.
Buzzard, Indian honey-, variation in the crest of, 424.

C.

Cabbage butterflies, 312.
Cachalot, large head of the male, 502.
Cadences, musical, perception of, by animals, 569.
Cæcum, 20; large, in the early progenitors of man, 160.
Cairina moschata, pugnacity of the male, 362.
Californian Indians, decrease of, 258.
Callianassa, chelæ of, figured, 267.
Callidryas, colours of sexes, 318.
Callionymus lyra, characters of the male, 335.
Callorhinus ursinus, relative size of the sexes of, 515; courtship of, 522.
Calotes maria, 358.
—— nigrilabris, sexual difference in the colour of, 357.
Cambridge, O. Pickard, on the sexes of spiders, 255; on the size of male Nephila, 273.
Camel, canine teeth of male, 502, 514.
Campbell, J., on the Indian elephant, 218; on the proportion of male and female births in the harems of Siam, 245.
Campylopterus hemileucurus, 248.
Canaries distinguishing persons, 412.
Canary, polygamy of the, 220; change of plumage in, after moulting, 238; female, selecting the best singing male, 268; sterile hybrid, singing of a, 369; female, singing of the, 370; selecting a greenfinch, 415; and siskin, pairing of, 415.
Canestrini, G., on rudimentary characters and the origin of man, 3; on rudimentary characters, 11; on the movement of the ear in man, 14; on the variability of the vermiform appendage in man, 21; on the abnormal division of the malar bone in man, 39; on abnormal conditions of the human uterus, 39; on the persistence of the frontal suture in man, 39; on the proportion of the sexes in silk-moths, 250, 251; secondary sexual characters of spiders, 272.
Cancer pagurus, 266.
Canfield, Dr., on the horns of the Antilocapra 234.
Canine teeth in man, 46; diminution of, in man, 53; diminution of, in horses, 53; disappearance of, in male ruminants, 53; large, in the early progenitors of man, 160.
Canines, and horns, inverse development of, 514.
Canoes, use of, 48, 180.
Cantharis, difference of colour in the sexes of a species of, 294.
Cantharus lineatus, 341.
Capercailzie, polygamous, 219; proportion of the sexes in the, 248; pugnacity of the male, 363; pairing of the, 367; autumn meetings of the, 370; call of the, 375; duration of the courtship of, 405; behaviour of the female, 419; inconvenience of black colour to the female, 444; sexual difference in the coloration of the, 491; crimson eye-cere of the male, 491.
Capitonidæ, colours and nidification of the, 455.
Capra œgagrus, 508; crest of the male, 531; sexual difference in the colour of, 536.
Capreolus Sibiricus subecaudatus, 542.
Caprice, common to man and animals, 93.
Caprimulgus, noise made by the males of some species of, with their wings, 376.
—— virginianus, pairing of, 366.
Carabidæ, 302.
Carbonnier, on the natural history of the pike, 249; on the relative size of the sexes in fishes, 335; courtship of Chinese Macropus, 341.
Carcineutes, sexual difference of colour in, 457.
Carcinus mœnas, 268, 269.
Cardinalis virginianus, 225.
Carduelis elegans, sexual differences of the beak in, 360.
Carnivora, marine, polygamous habits of, 218; sexual differences in the colours of, 534.
Carp, numerical proportion of the sexes in the, 249.
Carr, R., on the peewit, 366.
Carrier pigeon, late development of the wattle in the, 238.
Carrion beetles, stridulation of, 302.
Carus, Prof. V., on the development of the horns in merino sheep, 235.
Cassowary, sexes and incubation of the, 478.
Castina, mode of holding wings, 315.
Castoreum, 529.
Casuarius galeatus, 478.
Cat, convoluted body in the extremity of the tail of a, 23; sick, sympathy of a dog with a, 103.
Cataract in Cebus Azarœ, 7.
Catarrh, liability of Cebus Azarœ to, 7.
Catarrhine monkeys, 153.
Caterpillars, bright colours of, 325.
Cathartes aura, 416.
—— jota, love-gestures of the male, 380.
Catlin, G., correlation of colour and texture of hair in the Mandans, 197; on the development of the beard among North American Indians, 560; on the great length of the hair in some North American tribes, 580.
Caton, J. D., on the development of the horns in Cervus virginianus and strongyloceros, 234; on the presence of traces of horns in the female wapiti, 504; on the fighting of deer, 510; on the crest of the male wapiti, 531; on the colours of the Virginian deer, 535; on sexual differences of colour in the wapiti, 536; on the spots of the Virginian deer, 546.
Cats, dreaming, 74; tortoise-shell, 230, 232, 237; enticed by valerian, 530; colours of, 543,
Cattle, rapid increase of, in South America, 47; domestic, lighter in winter in Siberia, 229; horns of, 234, 505; domestic, sexual differences of, late developed, 238; numerical proportion of the sexes in, 246.
Caudal vertebræ, number of, in macaques and baboons, 58; basal, of monkeys, imbedded in the body, 59.
Cavolini, observations on Serranus, 162.
Cebus, maternal affection in a, 70; gradation of species of, 175.
—— Apella, 205.
—— Azarœ, liability of, to the same diseases as man, 7; distinct sounds produced by, 84; early maturity of the female, 558.
—— capucinus, polygamous, 217; sexual differences of colour in, 537; hair on the head of, 549.
Cebus vellerosus, hair on the head of, 549.
Cecidomyidæ, proportions of the sexes in, 354.
Celibacy, unknown among the savages of South Africa and South America, 594.
Centipedes, 274.
Cephalopoda, absence of secondary sexual characters in, 263.
Cephalopterus ornatus, 373.
—— penduliger, 374.
Cerambyx heros, stridulant organ of, 303.
Ceratodus, paddle of, 37.
Ceratophora aspera, nasal appendages of, 355.
—— Stoddartii, nasal horn of, 355.
Cerceris, habits of, 291.
Cercocebus œthiops, whiskers, &c., of, 550.
Cercopithecus, young, seized by an eagle and rescued by the troop, 101; definition of species of, 175.
—— cephus, sexual difference of colour in, 537, 552.
—— cynosurus and griseoviridis, colour of the scrotum in, 537.
—— Diana, sexual differences of colour in, 537, 552, 553.
—— griseo-viridis, 101.
—— petaurista, whiskers, &c., of, 550.
Ceres, of birds, bright colours of, 491.
Ceriornis Temminckii, swelling of the wattles of the male during courtship, 383.
Cervulus, weapons of, 514.
—— moschatus, rudimentary horns of the female, 504.
Cervus alces, 234.
—— campestris, odour of, 529.
—— canadensis, traces of horns in the female, 504; attacking a man, 511; sexual difference in the colour of, 536.
—— elaphus, battles of male, 501; horns of, with numerous points, 510.
—— Eldi, 234.
—— mantchuricus, 546.
—— paludosus, colours of, 536.
—— strongyloceros, 234.
—— virginianus, 234; horns of, in course of modification, 511.
Ceryle, male black-belted in some species of, 457.
Cetacea, nakedness of, 56.
Ceylon, frequent absence of beard in the natives of, 560.
Chaffinch, proportion of the sexes in the, 248; courtship of the, 401.
Chaffinches, 369; new mates found by, 408.
Chalcophaps indicus, characters of young, 465.
Chalcosoma atlas, sexual differences of, 295.
Chamœleo, sexual differences in the genus, 356.
—— bifurcus, 356, 357.
—— Owenii, 357.
—— Pumilus, 357.
Chamœpetes unicolor, modified wing-feather in the male, 377.
Chameleons, 354.
Chamois, danger-signals of, 100; transfer of male characters to an old female, 504.
Champneys, Mr., acromio-basilar muscle and quadrupedal gait, 42.
Chapuis, Dr., on the transmission of sexual peculiarities in pigeons, 230; on streaked Belgian pigeons, 238, 446.
Char, male, colouring of, during the breeding season, 340.
Characters, male, developed in females, 227; secondary sexual, transmitted through both sexes, 227; natural, artificial, exaggeration of, by man, 582.
Charadrius hiaticula and pluvialis, sexes and young of, 485.
Chardin on the Persians, 586.
Charms, worn by women, 577.
Charruas, freedom of divorce among the, 598.
Chasmorhynchus, difference of colour in the sexes of, 389; colours of, 492.
—— niveus, 389.
—— tricarunculatus, 389.
Chastity, early estimation of, 119.
Chatterers, sexual differences in, 219.
Cheever, Rev. H. T., census of the Sandwich Islands, 257.
Cheiroptera, absence of secondary sexual characters in, 218.
Chelæ of crustacea, 266, 271.
Chelonia, sexual differences in, 350.
Chenalopex ægyptiacus, wing-knobs of, 364.
Chera progne, 392, 419.
Chest, proportions of, in soldiers and sailors, 32; large, of the Quechua and Aymara Indians, 34-.
Chevrotains, canine teeth of, 514.
Chiasognathus, stridulation of, 306.
—— Grantii, mandibles of, 300.
Children, legitimate and illegitimate, proportion of the sexes in, 243.
Chiloe lice of the natives of, 170; population of, 173.
Chimæra monstrosa, bony process on the head of the male, 338.
Chimæroid ﬁshes, prehensile organs of male, 331.
Chimpanzee, 561; ears of the, 14; representatives of the eyebrows in the, 19; hands of the, 50; absence of mastoid processes in the, 53; platforms built by the, 66; cracking nuts with a stone, 81; direction of the hair on the arms of the, 151; supposed evolution of the, 177; polygamous and social habits of the, 590.
China, North, idea of female beauty in, 578.
——, Southern. inhabitants of, 197
Chinese, use of flint tools by the, 145; difficulty of distinguishing the races of the, 167; colour of the beard in, 558; general beardlessness of the, 560; opinions of the, on the appearance of Europeans and Cingalese, 578; compression of the feet of, 583.
Chinsurdi, his opinion of beards, 576, 581.
Chalumydera maculata, 382.
Chloëon, pedunculated eyes of the male of, 274.
Chloephagya, coloration of the sexes in, 460.
Chlorocœlus Tanana (figured), 285.
Chorda Dorsalis, 161.
Chough, rod beak of the, 491.
Chromidæ, frontal protuberance in male, 340; sexual differences in colour of, 345.
Chrysemys picta, long claws of the male, 350.
Chrysococcyx, characters of young of, 465.
Chrysonzelidæ, stridulation of, 302.
Cicada pruinosa, 282.
—— septendecim, 282.
Cicadæ, songs of the, 281; rudimentary sound-organs in females of, 288.
Cicatrix of a burn, causing modification of the facial bones, 55.
Cichla, frontal protuberance of male 340.
Cimetière du Sud, Paris, 22.
Cincloramplius cruralis, large size of male, 362.
Cinclus aquaticus, 455.
Cingalese, Chinese opinion of the appearance of the, 578.
Cirripedes, complemental males of, 208.
Civilisation, effects of, upon natural selection, 133; inﬂuence of, in the competition of nations, 183.
Clanging of geese, &c., 368.
Claparède, E., on natural selection applied to man, 49.
Clarke, on the marriage-customs of the Kalmucks, 598.
Classification, 1-18.
Claus, C., on the sexes of Saphirina, 271.
Cleft-palate, inherited, 35.
Climatcius erythrops, sexes of, 479.
Climate, 31; cool, favourable to human progress, 133; power of supporting extremes of, by man, 182; want of connexion of, with colour, 192.
Cloaca, existence of a, in the early progenitors of man, 161.
Cloacal passage existing in the human embryo, 9.
Clubs, used as weapons before dispersion of mankind, 180.
Clucking of fowls, 368.
Clythra 4-punctata, stridulation of, 302.
Coan, Mr., Sandwich-islanders, 187.
Cobbe, Miss, on morality in hypothetical bee-community, 99.
Cobra, ingenuity of a, 352.
Coccus, 147.
Coccyx, 22, 23; in the human embryo, 9; convoluted body at the extremity of the, 23; imbedded in the body, 59.
Cochin-China, notions of beauty of the inhabitants of, 578, 580.
Cock, blind, fed by its companions, 103; game, killing a kite, 363; comb and Wattles of the, 403; preference shewn by the, for young hens, 420; game, transparent zone in the hackles of a, 430
Cock of the rock, 405.
Cockatoos, 491, 492, 493; nestling, 411; black, immature plumage of, 467.
Cœlenterata, absence of secondary sexual characters in, 260.
Coffee, fondness of monkeys for, 7.
Cold, supposed effects of, 32; power of supporting, by man, 182.
Coleoptera, 294; stridulation of, 284; stridulant organs of, discussed, 303.
Colias edusa and hyale, 319.
Collingwood, C., on the pugnacity of the butterﬂies of Borneo, 307; on butterflies being attracted by a dead specimen of the same species, 317.
Colobus, absence of the thumb, 51.
Colombia, flattened heads of savages of, 575.
Colonists, success of the English as, 142.
Coloration, protective, in birds, 489.
Colour, supposed to be dependent on light and heat, 32; correlation of, with immunity from certain poisons and parasites, 193; purpose of, in lepidoptera, 316; relation of, to sexual functions, in fishes, 343; difference of, in the sexes of snakes, 351; sexual differences of, in lizards, 357; inﬂuence of, in the pairing of birds of different species, 415; relation of, to nidification, 453, 456; sexual differences of, in mammals, 533, 540; recognition of, by quadrupeds, 540; of children in different races of man, 537; of the skin in man, 604.
Colours, admired alike by man and animals, 93; bright, due to sexual selection, 261; bright, among the lower animals, 261, 262; bright, protective to butterflies and moths, 313; bright, in male fishes, 335, 340; transmission of, in birds, 448.
Colquhoun, example of reasoning in a retriever, 78.
Columba passerina, young of, 467.
Colymbus glacialis, anomalous young of, 482.
Comb, development of, in fowls, 239.
Combs and wattles in male birds, 403.
Community, preservation of variations useful to the, by natural selection, 62.
Compositæ, gradation of species among the, 175.
Comte, C., on the expression of the ideal of beauty by sculpture, 581.
Conditions of life, action of changed, upon man, 30; inﬂuence of, on plumage of birds, 472.
Condor, eyes and comb of the, 472.
Conjugations, origin of 91.
Conscience, 114, 126; absence of, in some criminals, 116.
Constitution, difference of, in different races of men, 168.
Consumption, liability of Cebus Azaræ to, 7; connexion between complexion and, 194.
Convergence of characters, 177.
Cooing of pigeons and doves, 374.
Cook, Capt., on the nobles of the Sandwich Islands, 586.
Cope, E. D., on the Dinosauria, 158.
Cophotis celyanica, sexual differences of, 354, 357.
Cupris, 295.
—— Isidis, sexual differences of, 296
—— lunaris, stridulation of, 303.
Corals, bright colours of, 260.
Coral-snakes, 353.
Cordylus, sexual difference of colour in a species of. 357.
Corfu, habits of the Chaffinch in, 248.
Cornelius, on the proportions of the sexes in Lucanus Cervus, 253.
Corpora Wolffiana, 161; agreement of, with the kidneys of fishes, 11.
Correlated variation, 43.
Correlation, inﬂuence of, in the production of races, 197.
Corse, on the mode of ﬁghting of the elephant, 514.
Corvus corone, 408.
—— graculus, red beak of, 491.
—— pica, nuptial assembly of, 406.
Corydalis cornutus, large jaws of the male, 275.
Cosmetornis, 462.
Cosmetornis vexillarius, elongation of wing-feathers in, 384, 403.
Cotingidæ, sexual differences in, 219; coloration of the sexes of, 460; resemblance of the females of distinct species of, 470.
Cottus scorpius, sexual differences in, 337.
Coulter, Dr., on the Californian Indians, 258.
Counting, origin of, 114; limited power of, in primeval man, 180.
Courage, variability of, in the same species, 69; universal high appreciation of, 118; importance of, 130; characteristic of men, 564.
Courtship, greater eagerness of males in, 221; of fishes, 331, 341; of birds, 367, 405.
Cow, winter change of colour, 542.
Crab, devil, 269.
——, shore, habits of, 268.
Crabro cribrarius, dilated tibiæ of the male, 276.
Crabs, proportions of the sexes in, 255.
Cranz, on the inheritance of dexterity in seal catching, 33.
Crawfurd, on the number of species of man, 174.
Crenilabrus massa and C. melops, nests built by, 345.
Crest, origin of, in Polish fowls, 231.
Crests, of birds, difference of, in the sexes, 467; dorsal hairy, of mammals, 530.
Cricket, field-, stridulation of the, 283; pugnacity of male, 289.
——, house-, stridulation of the 283, 234.
Crickets, sexual differences in, 289.
Crioceridæ, stridulation of the, 302.
Crinoids, complexity of, 91.
Croaking of frogs, 350.
Crocodiles, musky odour of, during the breeding season, 351.
Crocodilia, 351.
Crossbills, characters of young, 464
Crosses in man, 173.
Crossing of races, effects of the, 192.
Crossoaptilon auritum, 400, 452, 472 adornment of both sexes of, 235; sexes alike in, 460.
Crotch. G. R., on the stridulation of beetles, 302, 304; on the stridulation of Heliopathes, 305; on the stridulation of Acalles, 306; habit of female deer at breeding time, 503.
Crow Indians, long hair of the, 580.
——, young of the, 481.
Crows, 491 ; vocal organs of the, 370; living in triplets, 409.
——, carrion, new mates found by, 407.
——, Indian, feeding their blind companions, 103.
Cruelty of savages to animals, 118.
Crustacea, parasitic, loss of limbs by female, 208; prehensile feet and antennae of, 209; male, more active than female, 221; parthenogenesis in, 255; secondary sexual characters of, 265; amphipod, males sexually mature while young, 485; auditory hairs of, 568.
Crystal worn in the lower lip by some Central African women, 575.
Cuckoo fowls, 238.
Culicidæ, 208, 280; attracted by each other’s humming, 280.
Cullen, Dr., on the throat-pouch of the male bustard, 373.
Cultivation of plants, probable origin of, 133.
Cupples, Mr., on the numerical proportion of the sexes in dogs, sheep, and cattle, 246; on the Scotch deerhound, 516; on sexual preference in dogs, 524.
Curculionidæ, sexual difference in length of snout in some, 208; hornlike processes in male, 299; musical, 301, 302.
Curiosity, manifestations of, by animals, 71.
Curlews, double moult in, 390.
Cursores, comparative absence of sexual differences among the, 219.
Curtis, J., on the proportion of the sexes in Athalia, 254.
Curier, F., on the recognition of women by male quadrumana, 8.
——, G., on the number of canudal vertebræ in the mandrill, 58; on instinct and intelligence, 67; views of, as to the position of man, 149; on the position of the seals, 150; on Hectocotyle, 263.
Cyanecula suecica, sexual differences of, 472.
Cyaxalcyon, sexual difference in colours of, 457; immature plumage of, 467.
Cychurs, sounds produced by, 304.
Cycnia mendica, sexual difference of, in colour, 316.
Cygnus ferus, trachea of, 374.
—— olor, white young of, 482.
Cyllo Lela, instability of the ocellatcd spots of, 428.
Cynanthus, variation in the genus, 423.
Cyinipidæ, proportions of the sexes in, 254.
Cynocephalus, difference of the young from the adult, 8; male, recognition of women by, 8; polygamons habits of species of, 217.
—— chacma. 70.
—— gelada, 81.
—— hamadryas, 81, 590; sexual difference of colour in, 537.
—— leucophus, colours of the sexes of, 533.
—— mormon, colours of the male, 538, 540, 5.30.
—— porcarius, mane of the male, 521.
Cypridina, proportions of the sexes in, 255.
Cyprinidæ, proportion of the sexes in the, 249.
——, Indian, 343.
Cyprinodontidæ, sexual differences in the, 335, 337.
Cyprinus auratus, 342.
Cypris, relations of the sexes in, ‘255.
Cyrtodactylus rubidus, 354.
Cystophara cristata, hood of, 528.

D.

Dacelo, sexual difference of colour in, 457.
—— Guudichaudi, young male of, 457.
Dal-ripa, a kind of ptarmigan, 248.
Damalis albifrons, peculiar markings of, 544.
—— pygarga, peculiar markings of, 543.
Dampness of climate, supposed influence of, on the colour of the skin, 32, 193.
Danaidæ, 308.
Dances of birds, 380.
Dancing, universality of, 178.
Daniell, Dr., his experience of residence in West Africa, 195.
Darfur, protuberances artificially produced by natives of, 574.
Darwin, F., on the stridulation of Dermestes murinus, 302.
Dasychira pulibunda, sexual difference of colour in, 316.
Davis, A. H., on the pugnacity of the male stag-beetle, 300.
——, J. B., on the capacity of the skull in various races of men, 54; on the beards of the Polynesians, 560.
Death-rate higher in towns than in rural districts, 139.
Death-tick, 306.
De Candolle, Alph., on a case of inherited power of moving the scalp, 13.
Declensions, origin of, 91.
Decoration in birds, 381.
Decticus, 285.
Deer, 233; development of the horns in, 233; spots of young, 464, 546; horns of, 503, 506; use of horns of, 510, 518; horns of a, in course of modification, 511; size of the horns of, 515; female, pairing with one male, whilst others are fighting for her, 522; male, attracted by the voice of the female, 537; male, odour emitted by, 529.
——, Axis, sexual difference in the colour of the, 537.
——, fallow, different coloured herds of, 540.
——, Mantchurian, 546.
——, Virginian, 546; Colour of the, not affected by castration, 535; colours of, 536.
Deerhound, Scotch, greater size of the male, 237, 516.
Defensive organs of mammals, 518.
De Geer, C., on a female spider destroying a male, 273.
Dekay, Dr., on the bladder-nose seal, 528.
Delorcnzi, G., division of malar bone, 39.
Demerara, yellow fever in, 194.
Dendrocygna, 465.
Dendropila frontalis, young of, 487.
Denison, Sir W., manner of ridding themselves of vermin among the Australians, 57; extinction of Tasmanians, 184.
Denny, H., on the lice of domestic animals, 169.
Dermestes murinus, stridulation of, 302.
Descent traced through the mother alone, 588.
Deserts, protective colouring of animals inhabiting, 489.
Desmarest, on the absence of suborbital pits in Antilope subgutturosa, 529; on the whiskers of Macacus, 531; on the colour of the opossum, 534; on the colours of the sexes of Mus minutus, 534; on the colouring of the ocelot, 534; on the colours of seals, 535; on Antilope caama, 536; on the colours of goats, 536; on sexual difference of colour in Ateles marginatus, 537; on the mandrill, 539; on Macacus cynomolgus, 558.
Desmoulins, on the number of species of man, 174; on the musk-deer, 530.
Desor, on the imitation of man by monkeys, 72.
Despine, P., on criminals destitute of conscience, 116.
Development, embryonic, of man, 9, 11; correlated, 426.
Devil, not believed in by the Fuegians, 95.
Devil-crab, 269.
Devonian, fossil insect from the, 289.
Dewlaps, of cattle and antelopes, 531.
Diadema, sexual differences of colouring in the species of, 309.
Diamond-beetles, bright colours of, 294.
Diastema, occurrence of, in man, 35.
Diastylidæ, proportion of the sexes in, 255.
Dicrurus, racket-shaped feathers in, 384; nidification of, 453.
—— macrocercus, change of plumage in, 461.
Didelphis opossum, sexual difference in the colour of, 533.
Differences, comparative, between different species of birds of the same sex, 470.
Digits, supernumerary, more frequent in men than in women, 223; supernumerary, inheritance of, 232; supernumerary, early development of, 237.
Dimorphism in females of waterbeetles, 276; in Neurothemis and Agrion, 291.
Diodorus, on the absence of beard in the natives of Ceylon, 560.
Dipelicus Cantori, sexual differences of, 296.
Diplopoda, prehensile limbs of the male, 274.
Dipsas cynodon, sexual difference in the colour of, 351.
Diptera, 280.
Disease, generated by the contact of distinct peoples, 183.
Diseases common to man and the lower animals, 7; difference of liability to, in different races of men, 167; new, effects of, upon savages, 182; sexually limited, 237.
Display, coloration of Lepidoptera for, 314; of plumage by male birds, 394, 402.
Distribution, wide, of man, 48; geographical, as evidence of specific distinctness in man, 169.
Disuse, effects of, in producing rudimentary organs, 12; and use of parts, effects of, 32; of parts, influence of, on the races of men, 197.
Divorce, freedom of, among the Charruas, 598.
Dixon, E. S., on the pairing of different species of geese, 415; on the courtship of peafowl, 419.
Dobrizhoffer, on the marriage-customs of the Abipones, 599.
Dobson, Dr., on the Cheiroptera, 218; scent-glands of bats, 529; frugivorous bats, 534.
Dogs, suffering from Tertian ague, 8; memory of, 74; dreaming, 74; diverging when drawing sledges over thin ice, 75; exercise of reasoning faculties by, 78; domestic, progress of, in moral qualities, 80; distinct tones uttered by, 84; parallelism between his affection for his master and religious feeling, 96; sociability of the, 100; sympathy of, with a sick cat, 103; sympathy of, with his master, 103; their possession of conscience, 103; possible use of the hair on the fore-legs of the, 151; races of the, 176; numerical proportion of male and female births in, 246; sexual affection between individuals of, 524; howling at certain notes, 569; rolling in carrion, 530.
Dolichocephalic structure, possible cause of, 56.
Dolphins, nakedness of, 56.
Domestic animals, races of, 176; change of breeds of, 596.
Domestication, influence of, in removing the sterility of hybrids, 172
D'Orbigny, A., on the influence of dampness and dryness on the colour of the skin, 193; on the Yuracaras, 582.
Dotterel, 477.
Doubleday, E., on sexual differences in the wings of butterflies, 277.
——, H. on the proportion of the sexes in the smaller moths, 251; males of Lasiocampa quercus and on the attraction of the Saturnia carpini by the female 252; on the proportion of the sexes in the Lepidoptera, 252; on the ticking of Anobium tesselatum, 306; on the structure of Ageronia feronia, 307; on white butterflies alighting upon paper, 317.
Douglas, J. W., on the sexual differences of the Hemiptera, 281; on the colours of British Homoptera, 282.
Down, of birds, 390.
Draco, gular appendages of, 355.
Dragonet, Gemmeons, 336.
Dragon-flies, caudal appendages of male, 276; relative size of the sexes of, 279; difference in the sexes of, 290; want of pugnacity by the male, 291.
Drake, breeding plumage of the, 393.
Dreams, 74; a possible source of the belief in spiritual agencies, 94.
Drill, sexual difference of colour in the, 538.
Dromœus, irroratus, 478.
Dromolœa, Saharan species of, 456.
Drongo shrike, 461.
Drongos, racket-shaped feathers in the tails of, 384, 392.
Dryness, of climate, supposed influence of, on the colour of the skin, 193.
Dryopithecus, 155.
Duck, harlequin, age of mature plumage in the, 483; breeding in immature plumage 484.
——, long-tailed, preference of male, for certain females, 420.
——, pintail, pairing with a wigeon, 414.
——, voice of the, 374; pairing with a shield-drake, 414; immature plumage of the, 466.
——, wild, sexual differences in the 219; speculum and male characters of, 236; pairing with a pintail drake, 415.
Ducks, wild, becoming polygamous under partial domestication, 219; dogs and cats recognised by, 412.
Dufossé, Dr., sounds produced by fish, 347.
Dugong, nakedness of, 56; tusks of, 502.
Dujardin, on the relative size of the cerebral ganglia in insects, 54.
Duncan, Dr., on the fertility of early marriages, 138; comparative health of married and single, 140.
Dupont, M., on the occurrence of the supra-condyloid foramen in the humerus of man, 22.
Durand, J. P., on causes of variation, 30.
Dureau de la Malle, on the songs of birds, 86; on the acquisition of an air by blackbirds, 370.
Dutch, retention of their colour by the, in South Africa, 193.
Duty, sense of, 97.
Duvaucel, female Hylobates washing her young, 70.
Dyaks, pride of, in mere homicide, 117.
Dynastes, large size of males of, 279.
Dynastini, stridulation of, 303.
Dytiscus, dimorphism of females of, 276; grooved elytra of the female, 276.

E.

Eagle, young Cercopithecus rescued from, by the troop, 101.
——, white-headed, breeding in immature plumage, 484.
Eagles, golden, new mates found by, 408.
Ear, motion of the, 13; external shell of the, useless in man, 14; rudimentary point of the, in man, 15.
Ears, more variable in men than women, 224; piercing and ornamentation of the, 575.
Earwigs, parental feeling in, 106.
Echidna, 156.
Echini, bright colours of some, 260.
Echinodermata, absence of secondary sexual characters in, 260.
Echis carinata, 353.
Ecker, figure of the human embryo, 10; on the development of the gyri and sulci of the brain, 204; on the sexual differences in the pelvis in man, 557; on the presence of a sagittal crest in Australians, 558.
Edentata, former wide range of, in America, 169; absence of secondary sexual characters in, 218.
Edolius, racket-shaped feathers in, 384.
Edwards. Mr., on the proportion of the sexes in North American species of Papilio, 250.
Eels, hermaphroditism of, 162.
Egerton, Sir P., on the use of the antlers of deer, 510; on the pairing of red deer, 522; on the bellowing of stags, 526.
Eggs, hatched by male fishes, 345.
Egret, Indian, sexes and young of, 486.
Egrets, breeding plumage of, 391; white, 492.
Ehrenberg, on the mane of the male Hamadryas baboon, 521.
Ekström, M., on Harelda glacialis, 420.
Elachista rufocinerea, habits of male, 252.
Eland, development of the horns of the, 234.
Elands, sexual differences of colour in 535
Elaphomyia, sexual differences in, 280.
Elaphrus uliginosus, stridulation of, 302.
Elaps, 353.
Elateridæ, proportions of the sexes in, 253.
Elaters, luminous, 278.
Elephant, 156; rate of increase of the, 47; nakedness of the, 57; Indian, forbearance to his keeper, 104; polygamous habits of the, 218; pugnacity of the male, 501; tusks of, 502, 503, 507, 515; Indian, mode of fighting of the, 513; male, odour emitted by the, 529; attacking white or grey horses, 540.
Elevation of abode, modifying influence of, 35.
Elimination of inferior individuals, 137.
Elk, 507; winter change of the, 542.
——, Irish, horns of the, 515.
Ellice Islands, beards of the natives, 560, 581.
Elliot, R., on the numerical proportion of the sexes in young rats, 247; on the proportion of the sexes in sheep, 246.
——, D. G., on Pelecanus erythrorhynchus, 390.
——, Sir W., on the polygamous habits of the Indian wild boar, 218.
Ellis, on the prevalence of infanticide in Polynesia, 592.
Elphinstone, Mr., on local differences of stature among the Hindoos, 31; on the difficulty of distinguishing the native races of India, 167.
Elytra, of the females of Dytiscus, Acilius, Hydroporus, 276.
Emberiza, characters of young, 464.
—— miliaria, 464.
—— schœniclus, 412; head-feathers of the male, 402.
Embryo of man, 9, 10; of the dog, 10.
Embryos of mammals, resemblance of the, 25.
Emigration, 137.
Emotions experienced by the lower animals in common with man, 69; manifested by animals, 71.
Emperor moth, 315.
Emulation of singing-birds, 369.
Emu, sexes and incubation of, 478.
Endurance, estimation of, 118.
Energy, a characteristic of men, 565.
England, numerical proportion of male and female births in, 242.
Engleheart, Mr., on the finding of new mates by starlings, 408.
English, success of, as colonists, 142.
Engravers, short-sighted, 33.
Entomostraca, 268.
Entozoa, difference of colour between the males and females of some, 260.
Envy, persistence of, 112.
Eocene period, possible divergence of man during the, 156.
Eolidæ, colours of, produced by the biliary glands, 261.
Epeira nigra, small size of the male of, 273
Ephemeræ, 274.
Ephemeridæ, 290.
Ephippiger vitium, stridulating organs of, 284, 288.
Epicalia, sexual differences of colouring in the species of, 309.
Equus hemionus, winter change of, 542.
Erateina, coloration of, 315.
Ercolani, Prof., hermaphroditism in eels, 162.
Erect attitude of man, 51, 52.
Eristalis, courting of, 280.
Eschricht, on the development of hair in man, 18; on a lanuginous moustache in a female fœtus, 19; on the want of definition between the scalp and the forehead in some children, 151; on the arrangement of the hair in the human fœtus, 152; on the hairiness of the face in the human fœtus of both sexes, 602, 603.
Esmeralda, difference of colour in the sexes of, 294.
Esox lucius, 249.
—— reticulatus, 340.
Esquimaux, 64, 133; their belief in the inheritance of dexterity in seal-catching, 33; mode of life of, 197.
Estrelda amandava, pugnacity of the male, 366.
Eubagis, sexual differences of colouring in the species of, 309.
Euchirus longimanus, sound produced by, 304.
Eudromias morinellus, 477.
Eulampis jugularis, colours of the female, 454.
Euler, on the rate of increase in the United States, 44.
Eumomota superciliaris, racket-shaped feathers in the tail of, 384.
Eupetomena macroura, colours of the female, 453.
Euphema splendida, 457.
Euplocamus erythrophthalmus, possession of spurs by the female, 364.
Europe, ancient inhabitants of, 181.
Europeans, difference of, from Hindoos, 192; hairiness of, probably due to reversion, 601.
Eurostopodus, sexes of, 479.
Eurygnathus, different proportions of the head in the sexes of, 276.
Eustephanus, sexual differences of species of, 359; young of, 487.
Exaggeration of natural characters by man, 582.
Exogamy, 588, 591.
Expression, resemblances in, between man and the apes, 150.
Extinction of races, causes of, 181.
Eye, destruction of the, 32; change of position in, 55; obliquity of, regarded as a beauty by the Chinese and Japanese, 578.
Eyebrows, elevation of, 13; development of long hairs in, 19; in monkeys, 151; eradicated in parts of South America and Africa, 575; eradication of, by the Indians of Paraguay, 580.
Eyelashes, eradication of, by the Indians of Paraguay, 580.
Eyelids, coloured black, in part of Africa, 574.
Eyes, pillared, of the male of Chloëon, 274; difference in the colour of, in the sexes of birds, 425.
Eyton, T. C., observations on the development of the horns in the fallow-deer, 234.
Eyzies, Les, human remains from, 181.

F.

Fabre, M., on the habits of Cerceris, 291.
Facial bones, causes of modification of the, 55.
Faculties, diversity of, in the same race of men, 26; inheritance of, 27; diversity of, in animals of the same species, 28; mental, variation of, in the same species, 66; of birds, 410.
Fakirs, Indian, tortures undergone by, 118.
Falco leucocephalus, 484.
—— peregrinus, 408, 461.
—— tinnunculus, 408.
Falcon, peregrine, new mate found by, 408.
Falconer, H., on the mode of fighting of the Indian elephant, 513; on canines in a female deer, 514; on Hyomoschus aquaticus, 547.
Falkland Islands, horses of, 181.
Fallow-deer, different coloured herds of, 540.
Famines, frequency of, among savages, 46.
Farr, Dr., on the structure of the uterus, 38; on the effects of profligacy, 137; on the influence of marriage on mortality, 139, 140.
Farrar, F. W., on the origin of language, 87; on the crossing or blending of languages, 91; on the absence of the idea of God in certain races of men, 93; on early marriages of the poor, 138; on the middle ages, 141.
Fashions, long prevalence of, among savages, 576, 584.
Faye, Prof., on the numerical proportion of male and female births in Norway and Russia, 243; on the greater mortality of male children at and before birth, 243.
Feathers, modified, producing sounds, 377 et seq., 450; elongated, in male birds, 383, 403; racket-shaped, 384; barbless and with filamentous barbs in certain birds, 385; shedding of margins of, 393.
Feeding, high, probable influence of, in the pairing of birds of different species, 415.
Feet, thickening of the skin on the soles of the, 33; modification of, in man, 52.
Felis canadensis, throat-ruff of, 521.
—— pardalis and F. mitis, sexual differences in the colouring of, 534.
Female, behaviour of the, during courtship, 222.
—— birds, differences of, 470.
Females, presence of rudimentary male organs in, 162; preference of, for certain males, 214; pursuit of, by males, 221; occurrence of secondary sexual characters in, 225; development of male characters by, 227.
Females and males, comparative numbers of, 213, 215; comparative mortality of, while young, 216.
Femur and tibia, proportions of, in the Aymara Indians, 34.
Fenton, Mr., decrease of Maories, 184; infanticide amongst the Maories, 256.
Ferguson, Mr., on the courtship of fowls, 417.
Fertility lessened under changed conditions, 188.
Fertilisation, phenomena of, in plants, 222; in the lower animals, 222.
Fevers, immunity of Negroes and Mulattoes from, 193.
Fiber zibethicus, protective colouring of it, 542.
Fick, H., effect of conscription for military service, 134.
Fidelity of savages to one another, 118; importance of, 124.
Field-slaves, difference of, from house-slaves, 196.
Fijians, burying their old and sick parents alive, 102; estimation of the beard among the, 581; admiration of, for a broad occiput, 583.
Fiji Archipelago, population of the, 173.
—— Islands, beards of the natives, 560, 581; marriage-customs of the, 598.
Filial affection, partly the result of natural selection, 105.
Filum terminale, 23.
Finch, racket-shaped feathers in the tail of a, 384.
Finches, spring change of colour in, 393; British, females of the, 460.
Fingers, partially coherent, in species of Hylobates, 51.
Finlayson, on the Cochin Chinese, 578.
Fire, use of, 49, 145, 180.
Fischer, on the pugnacity of the male of Lethrus cephalotes, 300.
Fish, eagerness of male, 221; proportion of the sexes in, 249; sounds produced by, 347.
Fishes, kidneys of, represented by Corpora Wolffiana in the human embryo, 11; male, hatching ova in their mouths, 163; receptacles for ova possessed by, 208; relative size of the sexes in, 335; freshwater, of the tropics, 343; protective resemblances in, 344; change of colour in, 344; nest-building, 345; spawning of, 345; sounds produced by, 347, 566; continued growth of, 485.
Flamingo, age of mature plumage, 483.
Flexor pollicis longus, similar variation of, in man, 42.
Flint tools, 145.
Flints, difficulty of chipping into form, 49.
Floresuga mellivora, 443.
Florida, Quiscalus major in, 248.
Flounder, coloration of the, 344.
Flower, W. H., on the abductor of the fifth metatarsal in apes, 42; on the position of the Seals, 150; on the Pithecia monachus, 201; on the throat-pouch of the male bustard, 373.
Fly-catchers, colours and nidification of, 455.
Fœtus, human, woolly covering of the, 19; arrangement of the hair on, 152.
Food, influence of, upon stature, 31.
Foot, prehensile power of the, retained in some savages, 52; prehensile, in the early progenitors of man, 160.
Foramen, supra-condyloid, exceptional occurrence of in the humerus of man, 21, 43; in the early progenitors of man, 160.
Forbes, D., on the Aymara Indians, 34; on local variation of colour in the Quichuas, 196; on the hair-lessness of the Aymaras and Quichuas, 561; on the long hair of the Aymaras and Quichuas, 559, 580.
Forel, F., on white young swans, 282.
Formica rufa, size of the cerebral ganglia in, 54.
Fossils, absence of, connecting man with the apes, 156.
Fowl, occurrence of spurs in the female, 227; game, early pugnacity of, 239; Polish, early development of cranial peculiarities of, 239; variations in plumage of, 385; examples of correlated development in the, 426; domestic, breeds and subbreeds of, 460.
Fowls, spangled Hamburgh, 229, 238; inheritance of changes of plumage by, 229; sexual peculiarities in, transmitted only to the same sex, 230; loss of secondary sexual characters by male, 231; Polish, origin of the crest in, 231; period of inheritance of characters by, 238; cuckoo-, 238; development of the comb in, 239; numerical proportion of the sexes in, 247; courtship of, 417; mongrel, between a black Spanish cock and different hens, 427; pencilled Hamburgh, difference of the sexes in, 447; Spanish, sexual differences of the comb in, 447; spurred, in both sexes, 449.
Fox, W. D., on some half-tamed wild ducks becoming polygamous, and on polygamy in the guinea-fowl and canary-bird, 220; on the proportion of the sexes in cattle, 247; on the pugnacity of the peacock, 364; on a nuptial assembly of magpies, 406; on the finding of new mates by crows, 407; on partridges living in triplets, 409; on the pairing of a goose with a Chinese gander, 415.
Foxes, wariness of young, in hunting districts, 80; black, 540.
Fraser, C., on the different colours of the sexes in a species of Squilla, 271.
——, G., colours of Thecla, 312.
Frere, Hookham, quoting Theognis on selection in mankind, 29.
Fringilla cannabina, 394.
—— ciris, age of mature plumage in, 483.
—— cyanea, age of mature plumage in, 483.
—— leucophrys, young of, 486.
—— spinus, 415.
—— tristis, change of colour in, in spring, 393; young of, 485.
Fringillidæ, rssemblance of the females of distinct species of, 470.
Frogs, 349; male, temporary receptacles for ova possessed by, 208; ready to breed before the females, 212; fighting of, 349; vocal organs of, 350.
Frontal bone, persistence of the suture in, 39.
Fruits, poisonous, avoided by animals, 66.
Fuegians, 133, 143; difference of stature among the, 31; power of sight in the, 33; skill of, in stone-throwing, 49; resistance of the, to their severe climate, 63, 182; mental capacity of the, 65; quasi-religious sentiments of the, 95; resemblance of, in mental characters, to Europeans, 178; mode of life of the, 197; aversion of, to hair on the face, 580; said to admire European women, 582.
Fulgoridæ, songs of the, 281.
Fur, whiteness of, in arctic animals, in winter, 229.
Fur-bearing animals, acquired sagacity of, 80.

G.

Gallicrex, sexual difference in the colour of the irides in, 425.
—— cristatus, pugnacity of male, 360; red caruncle occurring in the male during the breeding-season, 389.
Gallinaceæ, frequency of polygamous habits and of sexual differences in the, 219; love-gestures of, 380; decomposed feathers in, 385; stripes of young, 464; comparative sexual differences between the species of, 470, 471; plumage of, 472.
Gallinaceous birds, weapons of the male, 362; racket-shaped feathers on the heads of, 384.
Gallinula chloropus, pugnacity of the male, 360.
—— cristata, pugnacity of the male, 360.
Galloperdix, spurs of, 364; development of spurs in the female, 450.
Gallophasis, young of, 468.
Gallus bankiva, 447; neck-hackles of, 392.
—— Stanleyi, pugnacity of the male, 363.
Galls, 60.
Galton, Mr., on hereditary genius, 28; gregariousness and independence in animals, 104; on the struggle between the social and personal impulses, 125; on the effects of natural selection on civilised nations, 133; on the sterility of sole daughters, 135; on the degree of fertility of people of genius, 136; on the early marriages of the poor, 138; on the ancient Greeks, 140; on the Middle Ages, 141; on the progress of the United States, 142; on South African notions of beauty, 579.
Gammarus, use of the chelæ of, 268.
—— marinus, 270.
Gannets, white only when mature, 492.
Ganoid fishes, 159, 165.
Gaour, horns of the, 505.
Gap between man and the apes, 156.
Gaper, sexes and young of, 486.
Gardner, on an example of rationality in a Gelasimus, 270.
Garrulus glandarius, 407.
Gärtner, on sterility of hybrid plants, 172.
Gasteropoda, 272; pulmoniferous, courtship of, 262.
Gasterosteus, 220; nidification of, 345.
—— leiurus, 331, 340, 345.
—— trachurus, 332.
Gastrophora, wings of, brightly coloured beneath, 315.
Gauchos, want of humanity among the, 123.
Gaudry, M., on a fossil monkey, 154.
Gavia, seasonal change of plumage in, 493.
Geese, clanging noise made by, 368 pairing of different species of, 415; Canada, selection of mates by, 416.
Gegenbaur, C., on the number of digits in the Ichthyopterygia, 37; on the hermaphroditism of the remote progenitors of the vertebrata, 161; two types of nipple in mammals, 162.
Gelasimus, proportions of the sexes in a species of, 254; use of the enlarged chelæ of the male, 268; pugnacity of males of, 269; rational actions of a, 270; difference of colour in the sexes of a species of, 271.
Gemmules, dormant in one sex, 231.
Genius, 28; hereditary, 564.
——, fertility of men and women of, 136.
Geoffroy-Saint-Hilaire, Isid., on the recognition of women by male quadrumana, 8; on monstrosities, 30; coincidences of arrested development with polydactylism, 37; on animal-like anomalies in the human structure, 40; on the correlation of monstrosities, 44; on the distribution of hair in man and monkeys, 57; on the caudal vertebræ of monkeys, 58; on correlated variability, 60; on the classification of man, 147; on the long hair on the heads of species of Semnopithecus, 151; on the hair in monkeys, 152; on the development of horns in female deer, 504; and F. Cuvier, on the mandrill, 539; on Hylobates, 558, 559.
Geographical distribution, as evidence of specific distinctions in man, 169.
Geometræ, brightly coloured beneath, 315.
Geophagus, frontal protuberance of male, 340, 345; eggs hatched by the male, in the mouth or branchial cavity, 345.
Georgia, change of colour in Germans settled in, 196.
Geotrupes, stridulation of, 303, 304.
Gerbe, M., on the nest-building of Crenilabrus massa and C. melops, 345.
Gerland, Dr., on the prevalence of infanticide, 117, 577, 592; on the extinction of races, 182.
Gervais, P., on the hairiness of the gorilla, 57; on the mandrill, 538.
Gesture-language, 178.
Ghost-moth, sexual difference of colour in the, 316.
Gibbs, Sir D., on differences of the voice in different races of men, 566.
Gibbon, Hoolock, nose of, 150.
Gibbons, voice of, 527.
Gill, Dr., male seals larger than females, 219; sexual differences in seals, 515.
Giraffe, its mode of using the horns, 508; mute, except in the rutting season, 526.
Girard, M., disputes descent of vertibrates from Ascidians, 160; colour of sponges and Ascidians, 261; musky odour of Sphinx, 308.
Giraud-Teulon, on the cause of short sight, 34.
Glanders, communicable to man from the lower animals, 7.
Glands, odoriferous, in mammals, 529, 530.
Glareola, double moult in, 390.
Glomeris limbata, difference of colour in the sexes of, 274.
Glow-worm, female, apterous, 208; luminosity of the, 277.
Gnats, dances of, 280; auditory powers of, 569.
Gnu, sexual differences in the colour of the, 536.
Goat, male, wild, falling on his horns, 508; male, odour emitted by, 529; male, wild, crest of the, 531; Berbura, mane, dewlap, &c., of the male, 532; Kemas, sexual difference in the colour of the, 536.
Goats, sexual differences in the horns of, 230; horns of, 235, 505; mode of fighting of, 508; domestic, sexual differences of, late developed, 237; beards of, 531.
Goatsucker, Virginian, pairing of the, 366.
Gobies, nidification of 345.
God, want of the idea of, in some races of men, 93.
Godron, M., on variability, 29; on difference of stature, 31; on the want of connexion between climate and the colour of the skin, 192; on the odour of the skin, 198; on the colour of infants, 558.
Goldfinch, 371, 394; proportion of the sexes in the, 248; sexual differences of the beak in the, 359; courtship of the, 401.
——, North American, young of, 485 Gold-fish, 342.
Gomphus, proportions of the sexes in, 254; difference in the sexes of, 290.
Gonepteryx Rhamni, 312; sexual difference of colour in, 322.
Goodsir, Prof., on the affinity of the lancelet to the ascidians, 159.
Goosander, young of, 467.
Goose, Antarctic, colours of the, 492.
——, Canada, pairing with a Bernicle gander, 414.
——, Chinese, knob on the beak of the, 426.
——, Egyptian, 364.
——, Sebastopol, plumage of, 385.
——, Snow-, whiteness of the, 492.
——, Spur-winged, 364.
Gorilla, 561; semi-erect attitude of the, 52; mastoid processes of the, 53; direction of the hair on the arms of the, 151; manner of sitting, 151; supposed to be a kind of mandrill, 177; polygamy of the 217, 590, 591; voice of the, 527; cranium of, 558; fighting of male, 562.
Gosse, P. H., on the pugnacity of the male Humming-bird, 360.
——, M., on the inheritance of artificial modifications of the skull, 603.
Gould, B. A., on variation in the length of the legs in man, 26; measurements of American soldiers, 30, 32; on the proportions of the body and capacity of the lungs in different races of men, 167; on the the inferior vitality of mulattoes, 171.
——, J., on migration of swifts, 108; on the arrival of male snipes before the females, 212; on the numerical proportion of the sexes in birds, 247; on Neomorpha Grypus, 359; on the species of Eustephanus, 359; on the Australian musk-duck, 359; on the relative size of the sexes in Briziura lobata and Cincloramphus cruralis, 362; on Lobivanellus lobatus, 366; on the habits of Menura Alberti, 371; on the rarity of song in brilliant birds, 371; on Selasphorus platycercus, 378; on the Bower-birds, 381, 406; on the ornamental plumage of the Humming-birds, 387; on the moulting of the ptarmigan, 392; on the display of plumage by the male Humming-birds, 394; on the shyness of adorned male birds, 403; on the decoration of the bowers of Bower-birds, 413; on the decoration of their nests by Humming-birds, 413; on variation in the genus Cynanthus, 423; on the colour of the thighs in a male parakeet, 424; on Urosticte Benjamini, 442, 443; on the nidification of the Orioles, 454; on obscurely-coloured birds building concealed nests, 454; on trogons and kingfishers, 456; on Australian parrots, 458; on Australian pigeons, 458; on the moulting of the ptarmigan, 462; on the immature plumage of birds, 466 et seq.; on the Australian species of Turnix, 473; on the young of Aïthurus polytmus, 487; on the colours of the bills of toucans, 491; on the relative size of the sexes in the marsupials of Australia, 515; on the colours of the Marsupials, 533.
Goureaux, on the stridulation of Mutilla europœa, 293.
Gout, sexually transmitted, 237.
Graba, on the Pied Ravens of the Feroe Islands, 424; variety of the Guillemot, 424.
Gradation of secondary sexual characters in birds, 430.
Grallatores, absence of secondary sexual characters in, 219; double moult in some, 390.
Grallina, nidification of, 454.
Grasshoppers, stridulation of the, 286.
Gratiolet, Prof., on the anthropomorphous apes, 154; on the evolution of the anthropomorphous apes, 177; on the difference in the development of the brains of apes and of man, 203.
Gray, Asa, on the gradation of species among the Compositæ, 175.
——, J. E., on the caudal vertebræ of monkeys, 58; on the presence of rudiments of horns in the female of Cerculus moschatus, 504; on the horns of goats and sheep, 505; on the beard of the ibex, 531; on the Berbura goat, 533; on sexual differences in the coloration of Rodents, 534; ornaments of male sloth, 534; on the colours of the Elands, 535; on the Sing-sing antelope, 536; on the colours of goats, 536; on the hog-deer, 546.
"Greatest happiness principle," 120, 121.
Greeks, ancient, 140.
Green, A. H., on beavers fighting, 500; on the voice of the beaver, 527.
Greenfinch, selected by a female canary, 415.
Greg, W. R., on the effects of natural selection on civilised nations, 133; on the early marriages of the poor, 138; on the Ancient Greeks, 141.
Grenadiers, Prussian, 29.
Grey, Sir G., on female infanticide in Australia, 592.
Greyhounds, numerical proportion of the sexes in, 215, 216; numerical proportion of male and female births in, 246, 258.
Grouse, red, monogamous, 219; pugnacity of young male, 366; producing a sound by scraping their wings upon the ground, 374; duration of courtship of, 405; colours and nidification of, 455.
Gruber, Dr., on the occurrence of the supra-condyloid foramen in the humerus of man, 21; on division of malar bone, 39; stridulation of locust, 284.
Grus americanus, age of mature plumage in, 483; breeding in immature plumage, 484.
—— virgo, trachea of, 374.
Gryllus campestris, 284; pugnacity of male, 289.
—— domesticus, 284.
Grypus, sexual differences in the beak in, 359.
Guanacoes, battles of, 500; canine teeth of, 514.
Guanas, strife for women among the, 562; polyandry among the, 593.
Guanche skeletons, occurrence of the supra-condyloid foramen in the humerus of, 22.
Guaranys, proportion of men and women among, 244; colour of newborn children of the, 557; beards of the, 561.
Guenée, A., on the sexes of Hyperythra, 251
Guilding, L., on the stridulation of the Locustidæ, 283.
Guillemot, variety of the, 424.
Guinea, sheep of, with males only horned, 234.
Guinea-fowl, monogamous, 219; occasional polygamy of the, 220; markings of the, 429.
Guinea-pigs, inheritance of the effects of operations by, 603.
Gulls, seasonal change of plumage in, 492; white, 492.
Günther, Dr., on paddle of Ceratodus, 37; on hermaphroditism in Serranus, 162; on male fishes hatching ova in their mouths, 163, 345; on mistaking infertile female fishes for males, 249; on the prehensile organs of male Plagiostomous fishes, 331; spines and brushes on fishes, 331; on the pugnacity of the male salmon and trout, 332; on the relative size of the sexes in fishes, 335; on sexual differences in fishes, 336 et seq.; on the genus Callionymus, 337; on a protective resemblance in a pipe-fish, 344; on the genus Solenostoma, 346; on the coloration of frogs and toads, 349; combats of Testudo elegans, 351; on the sexual differences in the Ophidia, 351; on differences of the sexes of lizards, 354 et seq.
Gynanisa Isis, ocellated spots of, 428.
Gypsies, uniformity of, in various parts of the world, 193.

H.

Habits, bad, facilitated by familiarity, 123; variability of the force of, 125.
Häckel, E., on the origin of man, 3; on rudimentary characters, 11; on death caused by inflammation of the vermiform appendage, 21; on the canine teeth in man, 40; on the steps by which man became a biped, 52; on man as a member of the Catarrhine group, 155; on the position of the Lemuridæ, 157; on the genealogy of the Mammalia, 158; on the lancelet, 159; on the transparency of pelagic animals, 261; on the musical powers of women, 573.
Hagen, H., and Walsh, B. D., on American Neuroptera, 254.
Hair, development of, in man, 18; character of, supposed to be determined by light and heat, 32; distribution of, in man, 57, 600; possibly removed for ornamental purposes, 58; arrangement and direction of, 151; of the early progenitors of man, 160; different texture of, in distinct races, 167; and skin, correlation of colour of, 197; development of, in mammals, 530; management of, among different peoples, 575; great length of, in some North American tribes, 580; elongation of the, on the human head, 603.
Hairiness, difference of, in the sexes in man, 559; variation of, in races of men, 559.
Hairs and excretory pores, numerical relation of, in sheep, 198.
Hairy family, Siamese, 601.
Halbertsma, Prof., hermaphroditism in Serranus, 162.
Hamadryas baboon, turning over stones, 101; mane of the male, 521.
Hamilton, C., on the cruelty of the Kaffirs to animals, 118; on the engrossment of the women by the Kaffir chiefs, 595.
Hammering, difficulty of, 49.
Hancock, A., on the colours of the nudibranch Mollusca, 261, 264.
Hands, larger at birth, in the children of labourers, 33; structure of, in the quadrumana, 50; and arms, freedom of, indirectly correlated with diminution of canines, 53.
Handwriting, inherited, 88.
Handyside, Dr., supernumerary mammæin men, 37.
Harcourt, E. Vernon, on Fringilla cannabina 394.
Harelda glacialis, 420.
Hare, protective colouring of the, 542.
Hares, battles of male, 500.
Harlan, Dr., on the difference between field- and house-slaves, 196.
Harris, J. M., on the relation of complexion to climate, 195.
——, T. W., on the Katy-did locust, 283; on the stridulation of the grasshoppers, 286; on Œcanthus nivalis, 289; on the colouring of Lepidoptera, 314; on the colouring of Saturnia Io, 316.
Harting, spur of the Ornithorhynchus, 502.
Hartman, Dr., on the singing of Cicada septendecim, 282.
Hatred, persistence of, 112.
Haughton, S., on a variation of the flexor pollicis longus in man, 42.
Hawks, feeding orphan nestling, 409.
Hayes, Dr., on the diverging of sledge dogs on thin ice, 75.
Haymond, R., on the drumming of the male Tetrao umbellus, 375; on the drumming of birds, 376.
Head, altered position of, to suit the erect attitude of man, 55; hairiness of, in man, 57; processes of, in male beetles, 295; artificial alterations of the form of the, 583.
Hearne, on strife for women among the North American Indians, 361; on the North American Indians' notion of female beauty, 578; repeated elopements of a North American woman, 597.
Heart, in the human embryo, 9.
Heat, supposed effects of, 32.
Hectocotyle, 263.
Hedge-warbler, 473; young of the, 481.
Heel, small projection of, in the Aymara Indians, 35.
Hegt, M., on the development of the spurs in peacocks, 236.
Heliconidæ, 308; mimicry of, by other butterflies, 323.
Heliopathes, stridulation peculiar to the male, 305.
Heliothrix auriculata, young of, 467, 468.
Helix pomatia, example of individual attachment in, 263.
Hellins, J., proportions of sexes of Lepidoptera reared by, 253.
Helmholtz, on pleasure derived from harmonies, 92; on the vibration of the auditory hairs of crustacea, 568; the physiology of harmony, 659.
Hemiptera, 281.
Hemitragus, beardless in both sexes, 531.
Hemsbach, M. von, on medial mamma in man, 37.
Hepburn, Mr., on the autumn song of the water-ouzel, 370.
Hepialus humuli, sexual difference of colour in the, 316.
Herbs, poisonous, avoided by animals, 66.
Hermaphroditism of embryos, 161.
Herodias bubulcus, vernal moult of, 393.
Heron, Sir R., on the habits of peafowl, 418, 419, 443.
—— love-gestures of a, 380
Herons, decomposed feathers in, 385; breeding plumage of, 391, 392; young of the, 481; sometimes dimorphic, 484; continued growth of crest and plumes in the males of some, 485; change of colour in some, 494.
Hesperomys cognatus, 568.
Hetœrina, proportion of the sexes in, 254; difference in the sexes of, 290.
Heterocerus, stridulation of, 302.
Hewitt, Mr., on a game-cock killing a kite, 363; on the recognition of dogs and cats by ducks, 412; on the pairing of a wild duck with a pintail drake, 415; on the courtship of fowls, 417; on the coupling of pheasants with common hens, 420.
Hilgendorf, sounds produced by crustaceans, 274.
Hindoo, his horror of breaking his caste, 122, 124.
Hindoos, local difference of stature among, 31; difference of, from Europeans, 192; colour of the beard in, 558.
Hipparchia Janira, 319; instability of the ocellated spots of, 428.
Hippocampus, development of, 163; marsupial receptacles of the male, 346.
—— minor, 202.
Hippopotamus, nakedness of, 56.
Hips, proportions of, in soldiers and sailors, 32.
Hodgson, S., on the sense of duty, 97.
Hoffberg, on the horns of the reindeer, 503; on sexual preferences shown by reindeer, 525.
Hoffman, Prof., protective colours, 281; fighting of frogs, 350.
Hog-deer, 546
Hog, wart-, 519; river-, 520.
Holland, Sir H., on the effects of new diseases, 182.
Homologous structures, correlated variation of, 43.
Homoptera, 281; stridulation of the, and Orthoptera, discussed, 288.
Honduras, Quiscalus major in, 248.
Honey-buzzard of India, variation in the crest of, 424.
Honey-suckers, moulting of the, 392; Australian, nidification of, 454.
Honour, law of, 121.
Hooker, Dr., forbearance of elephant to his keeper, 104; on the colour of the beard in man, 558.
Hookham, Mr., on mental concepts in animals, 83.
Hoolock Gibbon, nose of, 150.
Hoopoe, 371; sounds produced by the male, 376.
Hoplopterus armatus, wing-spurs of, 366.
Hornbill, African, inflation of the neck-wattle of the male during courtship, 383.
Hornbills, sexual difference in the colour of the eyes in, 425; nidification and incubation of, 454.
Horne, C., on the rejection of a brightly-coloured locust by lizards and birds, 289.
Horns, sexual differences of, in sheep and goats, 230; loss of, in female merino sheep, 231; development of, in deer, 233; development of, in antelopes, 234; from the head and thorax, in male beetles, 297; of deer, 503, 506, 515; and canine teeth, inverse development of, 514.
Horse, fossil, extinction of the, in South America, 191; polygamous, 217; canine teeth of male, 502; winter change of colour, 542.
Horses, rapid increase of, in South America, 47; diminution of canine teeth in, 53; dreaming, 74; of the Falkland Islands and Pampas, 181; numerical proportion of the sexes in, 215, 216; lighter in winter in Siberia, 229; sexual preferences in, 524; pairing preferently with those of the same colour, 540; numerical proportion of male and female births in, 245; formerly striped, 547.
Hottentot women, peculiarities of, 174.
Hottentots, lice of, 170; readily become musicians, 570; notions of female beauty of the, 578; compression of nose by, 583.
Hough, Dr. S., men's temperature more variable than women's, 224; proportion of sexes in man, 243.
House-slaves, difference of, from field-slaves, 196.
Houzeau, on the baying of the dog, 75; on reason in dogs, 76; birds killed by telegraph wires, 80; on the cries of domestic fowls and parrots, 85, 87; animals feel no pity, 102; suicide in the Aleutian islands, 117.
Howorth, H. H., extinction of savages, 183.
Huber, P., on ants playing together, 69; on memory in ants, 74; on the intercommunication of ants, 89; on the recognition of each other by ants after separation, 292.
Huc, on Chinese opinions of the appearance of Europeans, 578.
Huia, the, of New Zealand, 208.
Human, man classed alone in a, kingdom, 147.
—— sacrifices, 96.
Humanity, unknown among some savages, 118; deficiency of, among savages, 123.
Humboldt, A. von, on the rationality of mules, 78; on a parrot preserving the language of a lost tribe, 181; on the cosmetic arts of savages, 574; on the exaggeration of natural characters by man, 582; on the red painting of American Indians, 583.
Hume, D., on sympathetic feelings, 109.
Humming-bird, racket-shaped feathers in the tail of a, 384; display of plumage by the male, 394.
Humming-birds, ornament their nests, 92, 413; polygamous, 219; proportion of the sexes in, 248, 488; sexual differences in, 359, 442; pugnacity of male, 360; modified primaries of male, 378; coloration of the sexes of, 387; display by, 443; nidification of the, 453; colours of female, 453; young of, 487.
Humphreys, H. N., on the habits of the stickle-back, 220, 332.
Hunger, instinct of, 112.
Huns, ancient, flattening of the nose by the, 583.
Hunter, J., on the number of species of man, 174; on secondary sexual characters, 207; on the general behaviour of female animals during courtship, 222; on the muscles of the larynx in song-birds, 371; on the curled frontal hair of the bull, 531; on the rejection of an ass by a female zebra, 540.
Hunter, W. W., on the recent rapid increase of the Santali, 45; on the Santali, 192.
Huss, Dr. Max, on mammary glands, 162.
Hussey, Mr., on a partridge distinguishing persons, 412.
Hutchinson, Col., example of reasoning in a retriever, 78.
Hutton, Capt., on the male wild goat falling on his horns, 507.
Huxley, T. H., on the structural agreement of man with the apes, 2; on the agreement of the brain in man with that of lower animals, 6; on the adult age of the orang, 8; on the embryonic development of man, 9; on the origin of man, 3, 11; on variation in the skulls of the natives of Australia, 26; on the abductor of the fifth metatarsal in apes, 42; on the nature of the reasoning power, 77; on the position of man, 150; on the sub-orders of primates, 152; on the Lemuridæ, 157; on the Dinosauria, 158; on the amphibian affinities of the Iohthyosaurians, 159; on variability of the skull in certain races of man, 174; on the races of man, 176; supplement on the brain, 199.
Hybrid birds, production of, 414.
Hydrophobia communicable between man and the lower animals, 7.
Hydroporus, dimorphism of females of, 276.
Hyelaphus porcinus, 546.
Hygrogonus, 345.
Hyla, singing species of, 350.
Hylobates, absence of the thumb in, 51; upright progression of some species of, 52; maternal affection in a, 70; direction of the hair on the arms of species of, 151; females of, less hairy below than males, 558.
—— agilis, 51; hair on the arms of, 151; musical voice of the, 527; superciliary ridge of, 558; voice of, 567.
—— hoolock, sexual difference of colour in, 537.
—— lar, 51; hair on the arms of, 151.
—— leuciscus, 51; song of, 568.
—— syndactylus, 51; laryngeal sac of, 527.
Hylophila prasinana, 308.
Hymenoptera, 291; large size of the cerebral ganglia in, 54; classification of, 148; sexual differences in the wings of, 277; aculeate, relative size of the sexes of, 279.
Hymenopteron, parasitic, with a sedentary male, 221.
Hyomoschus aquaticus, 547.
Hyperythra, proportion of the sexes in, 251.
Hypogymna dispar, sexual difference of colour in, 316.
Hypopyra, coloration of, 315.

I.

Ibex, male, falling on his horns, 508; beard of the, 531.
Ibis, white, change of colour of naked skin in, during the breeding season, 389; scarlet, young of the, 481.
—— tantalus, age of mature plumage in, 483; breeding in immature plumage, 484.
Ibises, decomposed feathers in, 385; white, 492; and black, 493.
Ichneumonidæ, difference of the sexes in, 292.
Ichthyopterygia, 37.
Ichthyosaurians, 159.
Idiots,. microcephalous, their characters and habits, 35; hairiness and animal nature of their actions, 36; microcephalous, imitative faculties of, 87.
Iguana tuberculata, 354.
Iguanas, 354.
Illegitimate and legitimate children, proportion of the sexes in, 244.
Imagination, existence of, in animals, 74.
Imitation, 68; of man by monkeys, 72; tendency to, in monkeys, microcephalous idiots and savages, 87; influence of, 129.
Immature plumage of birds, 463, 466.
Implacentata, 157.
Implements, employed by monkeys, 81; fashioning of, peculiar to man, 82.
Impregnation, period of, influence of, upon sex, 245.
Improvement, progressive, man alone supposed to be capable of, 79.
Incisor teeth, knocked out or filed by some savages, 575.
Increase, rate of, 44; necessity of checks in, 47.
Indecency, hatred of, a modern virtue, 119.
India, difficulty of distinguishing the native races of, 167; Cyprinidæ of, 343; colour of the beard in races of men of, 558.
Indian, North American, honoured for scalping a man of another tribe, 117.
Individuality, in animals, 83.
Indopicus carlotta, colours of the sexes of, 458.
Infanticide, prevalence of, 46, 117, 256; supposed cause of, 577; prevalence and causes of, 591 et seq.
Inferiority, supposed physical, of man, 64.
Inflammation of the bowels, occurrence of, in Cebus Azaræ, 7.
Inheritance, 27; of long and short sight, 33; of effects of use of vocal and mental organs, 88; of moral tendencies, 123, 126; laws of, 227; sexual, 232; sexually limited, 444.
Inquisition, influence of the, 141.
Insanity, hereditary, 28.
Insect, fossil, from the Devonian, 289.
Insectivora, 534; absence of secondary sexual characters in, 218.
Insects, relative size of the cerebral gauglia in, 54; male, appearance of, before the females, 212; pursuit of female, by the males, 221; period of development of sexual characters in, 236; secondary sexual characters of, 274; stridulation, 566.
Insessores, vocal organs of, 370.
Instep, depth of, in soldiers and sailors, 32.
Instinct and intelligence, 67.
——, migratory, vanquishing the maternal, 107, 113.
Instinctive actions, the result of inheritance, 105.
—— impulses, difference of the force of, 110, 111; and moral impulses, alliance of, 110.
Instincts, 66; complex origin of, through natural selection, 67; possible origin of some, 67; acquired, of domestic animals, 104; variability of the force of, 107; difference of force between the social and other, 111, 126; utilised for new purposes, 571.
Instrumental music of birds, 375, 378.
Intellect, influence of, in natural selection in civilised society, 136.
Intellectual faculties, their influence on natural selection in man, 127; probably perfected through natural selection, 128.
Intelligence, Mr. H. Spencer on the dawn of, 67.
Intemperance, no reproach among savages, 119; its destructiveness, 137.
Intoxication in monkeys, 7.
Iphias glaucippe, 313.
Iris, sexual difference in the colour of the, in birds, 383, 425.
Ischio-public muscle, 41.
Ithajinis cruentus, number of spurs in, 364.
Iulus, tarsal suckers of the males of, 274.

J.

Jackals learning from dogs to bark, 73.
Jack-snipe, coloration of the, 491
Jacquinot, on the number of species of man, 174.
Jaeger, Dr., length of bones increased from carrying weights, 32; on the difficulty of approaching herds of wild animals, 100; male Silver-pheasant, rejected when his plumage was spoilt, 419.
Jaguars, black, 539.
Janson, E. W., on the proportions of the sexes in Tomicus villosus, 253; on stridulant beetles, 302.
Japan, encouragement of licentiousness in, 46.
Japanese, general beardlessness of the, 560; aversion of the, to whiskers, 581.
Jardine, Sir W., on the Argus pheasant, 384, 403.
Jarrold, Dr., on modifications of the skull induced by unnatural position, 56.
Jarves, Mr., on infanticide in the Sandwich Islands, 257.
Javans, relative height of the sexes of, 559; notions of female beauty, 580.
Jaw, influence of the muscles of the, upon the physiognomy of the apes, 54.
Jaws, smaller proportionately to the extremities, 33; influence of food upon the size of, 33; diminution of, in man, 53; in man, reduced by correlation, 562.
Jay, young of the, 481; Canada, young of the, 481.
Jays, new mates found by, 407; distinguishing persons, 412.
Jeffreys, J. Gwyn, on the form of the shell in the sexes of the Gasteropoda, 262; on the influence of light upon the colours of shells, 263.
Jelly-fish, bright colours of some, 260.
Jenner, Dr., on the voice of the rook, 375; on the finding of new mates by magpies, 407; on retardation of the generative functions in birds, 409.
Jenyns, L., on the desertion of their young by swallows, 108; on male birds singing after the proper season, 409.
Jerdon, Dr., on birds dreaming, 74; on the pugnacity of the male bulbul, 360; on the pugnacity of the male Ortygornis gularis, 363; on the spurs of Galloperdix, 364; on
the habits of Lobivanellus, 366; on the spoonbill, 374; on the drumming of the Kalij-pheasant, 376; on Indian bustards, 378; on Otis bengalensis, 381; on the ear-tufts of Sypheotides auritus, 384; on the double moults of certain birds, 391; on the moulting of the honey-suckers, 392; on the moulting of bustards, plovers, and drongos, 393; on the spring change of colour in some finches, 393; on display in male birds, 394; on the display of the under-tail coverts by the male bulbul, 402; on the Indian honey-buzzard, 424; on sexual differences in the colour of the eyes of hornbills, 425; on the markings of the Tragopan pheasant, 428; on the nidification of the Orioles, 453; on the nidification of the hornbills, 454; on the Sultan yellow-tit, 458; onPalœornis javanicus, 461; on the immature plumage of birds, 465 et seq.; on representative species of birds, 468; on the habits of Turnix, 476; on the continued increase of beauty of the peacock, 485; on coloration in the genus Palœornis, 494.
Jevons, W. S., on the migrations of man, 47.
Jews, ancient use of flint tools by the, 145; uniformity of, in various parts of the world, 193; numerical proportion of male and female births among the, 243; ancient, tattooing practised by, 574.
Johnstone, Lieut., on the Indian elephant, 218.
Jollofs, fine appearance of the, 587.
Jones, Albert, proportion of sexes of Lepidoptera, reared by, 253.
Juan Fernandez, humming-birds of, 487.
Junonia, sexual differences of colouring in species of, 310.
Jupiter, comparison with Assyrian effigies, 581.

K.

Kaffir skull, occurrence of the diastema in a, 40.
Kaffirs, their cruelty to animals, 118; lice of the, 170; colour of the, 579; engrossment of the handsomest women by the chiefs of the, 595; marriage-customs of the, 598.
Kalij-pheasant, drumming of the male, 375; young of, 468.
Kallima, resemblance of, to a withered leaf, 311.
Kalmucks, general beardlessness of, 560; aversion of, to hairs on the face, 581; marriage-customs of the, 598.
Kangaroo, great red, sexual difference in the colour of, 533.
Kant, Imm., on duty, 97; on selfrestraint, 110; on the number of species of man, 174.
Katy-did, stridulation of the, 283.
Keen, Dr., on the mental powers of snakes, 352.
Keller, Dr., on the difficulty of fashioning stone implements, 49.
Kent, W. S., elongation of dorsal fin of Callionymus lyra, 336; courtship of Labrus mixtus, 341; colours and courtship of Cantharus lineatus, 341.
Kestrels, new mates found by, 408.
Kidney, one, doing double work in disease, 32.
King, W. R., on the vocal organs of Tetrao cupido, 371; on the drumming of grouse, 376; on the reindeer, 503; on the attraction of male deer by the voice of the female, 526.
King and Fitzroy, on the marriage-customs of the Fuegians, 599.
King-crows, nidification of, 453.
Kingfisher, 371; racket-shaped feathers in the tail of a, 384.
Kingfishers, colours and nidification of the, 455, 457, 459; immature plumage of the, 467, 468; young of the, 481.
King Lory, 457; immature plumage of the, 467.
Kingsley, C., on the sounds produced by Umbrina, 347.
Kirby and Spence, on sexual differences in the length of the snout in Curculionidæ, 208; on the courtship of insects, 221; on the elytra of Dytiscus, 276; on peculiarities in the legs of male insects, 276; on the relative size of the sexes in insects, 279; on the Fulgoridæ, 281; on the habits of Termites, 291; on difference of colour in the sexes of beetles, 294; on the horns of the male lamellicorn beetles, 297; on hornlike processes in male Curculionidæ, 299; on the pugnacity of the male stag-beetle, 299.
Kite, killed by a game-cock, 363.
Knot, retention of winter plumage by the, 391.
Knox, R., on the semilunar fold, 17; on the occurrence of the supracondyloid foramen in the humerus of man, 21; on the features of the young Memnon, 168.
Koala, length of the cœcum in, 20.
Kobus ellipsiprymnus, proportion of the sexes in, 247.
Kölreuter, on the sterility of hybrid plants, 172.
Koodoo, development of the horns of the, 234; markings of the, 543.
Köppen, F. T., on the migratory locust, 283.
Kordofan, protuberances artificially produced by natives of, 574.
Koraks, marriage customs of, 598.
Körte, on the proportion of sexes in locusts, 254; Russian locusts, 283.
Kovalevsky, A., on the affinity of the Ascidia to the Vertebrata, 159, 160.
——, W., on the pugnacity of the male capercailzie, 363; on the pairing of the capercailzie, 367.
Krause, on a convoluted body at the extremity of the tail in a Macacus and a cat, 23.
Kupffer, Prof., on the affinity of the Ascidia to the Vertebrata, 160.

L.

Labidocera Darwinii, prehensile organs of the male, 266
Labrus, splendid colours of the species of, 342.
—— mixtus, sexual differences in, 337, 341.
—— paxo, 342.
Lacertilia, sexual differences of, 354.
Lafresnaye, M. de, on birds of paradise, 385.
Lamarck, on the origin of man, 3.
Lamellibranchiata, 262.
Lamellicorn beetles, horn-like processes from the head and thorax of, 295, 298; influence of sexual selection on, 301.
Lamellicornia, stridulation of, 303.
Lamont, Mr., on the tusks of the walrus, 502; on the use of its tusks by the walrus, 513; on the bladder-nose seal, 528.
Lampornis porphyrurus, colours of the female, 454.
Lampyridæ, distasteful to mammals, 277.
Lancelet, 159, 165.
Landois, H., gnats attracted by sound, 280; on the production of sound by the Cicadæ, 281; on the stridulating organ of the crickets, 284; on Decticus, 285; on the stridulating organs of the Acridiidæ, 286; stridulating apparatus in Orthoptera, 288; sounds produced: by Atropus, 291; on the stridulation of Necrophorus, 302; on the stridulant organ of Cerambyx heros, 303; on the stridulant organ of Geotrupes, 303; on the stridulating organs in the Coleoptera, 304; on the ticking of Anobium, 306.
Landor, Dr., on remorse for not obeying tribal custom, 114.
Language an art, 86; articulate, origin of, 86; relation of the progress of, to the development of the brain, 87; effects of inheritance in production of, 88; complex structure of, among barbarous nations, 91; natural selection in, 91; gesture, 178; primeval, 180; of a lost tribe preserved by a parrot, 181.
Languages, presence of rudiments in, 90; classification of, 90; variability of, 90; crossing or blending of, 90; complexity of, no test of perfection or proof of special creation, 92; resemblance of, evidence of community of origin, 148.
—— and species, identity of evidence of their gradual development, 90.
Lanius, 462; characters of young, 464.
—— rufus, anomalous young of, 482.
Lankester, E. R., on comparative longevity, 133, 136; on the destructive effects of intemperance, 137.
Lanugo, of the human fœtus, 19, 600.
Lapponian language, highly artificial, 91.
Lark, proportion of the sexes in the, 248; female, singing of the, 370.
Larks, attracted by a mirror, 413.
Lartet, E., comparison of cranial capacities of skulls of recent and tertiary mammals, 55; on the size of the brain in mammals, 81; on Dryopithecus, 155; on pre-historic flutes, 570.
Larus, seasonal change of plumage in, 492.
Larva, luminous, of a Brazilian beetle, 278.
Larynx, muscles of the, in song-birds, 371.
Lasiocampa quercus, attraction of males by the female, 252; sexual difference of colour in, 316.
Latham, R. G., on the migrations of man, 48.
Latooka, perforation of the lower lip by the women of, 576.
Laurillard, on the abnormal division of the malar bone in man, 39.
Lawrence, W., on the superiority of savages to Europeans in power of sight, 33; on the colour of negro infants, 558; on the fondness of savages for ornaments, 578; on beardless races, 581; on the beauty of the English aristocracy, 586.
Layard, E. L., on an instance of rationality in a cobra, 352; on the pugnacity of Gallus Stanleyi, 363.
Laycock, Dr., on vital periodicity, 8; theroid nature of idiots, 36.
Leaves, autumn, tints useless, 262.
Lecky, Mr., on the sense of duty, 97; on suicide, 117; on the practice of celibacy, 119; his view of the crimes of savages, 119; on the gradual rise of morality, 125.
Leconte, J. L., on the stridulant organ in the Coprini and Dynastini, 303.
Lee, H., on the numerical proportion of the sexes in the trout, 249.
Leg, calf of the, artificially modified, 574.
Legitimate and illegitimate children, proportion of the sexes in, 244.
Legs, variation of the length of the, in man, 26; proportions of, in soldiers and sailors, 32; front, atrophied in some male butterflies, 277; peculiarities of, in male insects, 277.
Leguay, on the occurrence of the supra-condyloid foramen in the humerus of man, 22.
"Lek" of the black-cock and capercailzie, 405.
Lemoine, Albert, on the origin of language, 87.
Lemur macaco, sexual difference of colour in, 537.
Lemuridæ, 152; ears of the, 15; variability of the muscles in the, 41; position and derivation of the, 157; their origin, 165.
Lemurs, uterus in the, 38.
Lenguas, disfigurement of the ears of the, 575.
Leopards, black, 539.
Lepidoptera, 307; numerical proportions of the sexes in the, 250; colouring of, 308; ocellated spots of, 427.
Lepidosiren, 159, 165.
Leptalides, mimicry of, 325.
Leptorhynchus angustatus, pugnacity of male, 299.
Leptura testacea, difference of colour in the sexes of, 294.
Leroy, on the wariness of young foxes in hunting-districts, 80; on the desertion of their young by swallows, 108.
Leslie, D., marriage customs of Kaffirs, 598.
Lesse, valley of the, 22.
Lesson, on the birds of paradise, 219, 403; on the sea-elephant, 528.
Lessona, M., observations on Serranus, 162.
Lethrus cephalotes, pugnacity of the males of, 297, 300.
Leuckart, R., on the vesicula prostatica, 24; on the influence of the age of parents on the sex of offspring, 245.
Levator claviculœ muscle, 42.
Libellula depressa, colour of the male, 290.
Libellulidæ, relative size of the sexes of, 279; difierence in the sexes of, 290.
Lice of domestic animals and man, 169.
Licentiousness, a check upon population, 46; prevalence of, among savages, 119.
Lichtenstein, on Chera progne, 419.
Life, inheritance at corresponding periods of, 228, 232.
Light, effects on complexion, 32; influence of, upon the colours of shells, 263.
Lilford, Lord, the ruff attracted by bright objects, 413.
Limosa lapponica, 478.
Linaria, 462.
—— montana, 248.
Lindsay, Dr. W. L., diseases communicated from animals to man, 7; madness in animals, 79; the dog considers his master his God, 96.
Linnæus, views of, as to the position of man, 149.
Linnet, numerical proportion of the sexes in the, 248; crimson forehead and breast of the, 394; courtship of the, 401.
Lion, polygamous, 218; mane of the, defensive, 521; roaring of the, 526.
Lions, stripes of young, 464.
Lips, piercing of the, by savages, 575.
Lithobius, prehensile appendages of the female, 274.
Lithosia, coloration in, 314.
Littorina littorea, 262.
Livingstone, Dr., manner of sitting of gorilla, 151; on the influence of dampness and dryness on the colour of the skin, 193; on the liability of negroes to tropical fevers after residence in a cold climate, 194; on the spur-winged goose, 364; on weaver-birds, 376; on an African night-jar, 384, 403; on the battle-scars of South African male mammals, 500; on the removal of the upper incisors by the Batokas, 575; on the perforation of the upper lip by the Makalolo, 576; on the Banyai, 579.
Livonia, numerical proportion of male and female births in, 215, 243.
Lizards, relative size of the sexes of, 354; gular pouches of, 354.
Lloyd, L., on the polygamy of the capercailzie and bustard, 219; on the numerical proportion of the sexes in the capercailzie and black-cock, 248; on the salmon, 333; on the colours of the sea-scorpion, 337; on the pugnacity of male grouse, 364; on the capercailzie and black-cock, 366, 370; on the call of the capercailzie, 375; on assemblages of grouse and snipes, 405; on the pairing of a shield-drake with a common duck, 414; on the battles of seals, 500; on the elk, 507.
Lobivanellus, wing-spurs in, 366.
Local influences, effect of, upon stature, 31.
Lockwood, Mr., on the development of Hippocampus, 163.
——, Rev. S., musical mouse, 568.
Locust, bright-coloured, rejected by lizards and birds, 289.
——, migratory, 283; selection by female, 283.
Locusts, proportion of sexes in; 254; stridulation of, 284.
Locustidæ, stridulation of the, 282, 284; descent of the, 285.
Longicorn beetles, difference of the sexes of, in colour, 294; stridulation of, 303.
Lonsdale, Mr., on an example of personal attachment in Helix pomatia, 263.
Lophobranchii, marsupial receptacles of the males, 346.
Lophophorus, habits of, 420.
Lophorina atra, sexual difference in coloration of, 491.
Lophornis ornatus, 387.
Lord, J. K., on Salmo lycaodon, 333.
Lory, King, 457; immature plumage of the, 467.
Love-antics and dances of birds, 380.
Lowne, B. T., on Musca vomitoria, 54, 280.
Loxia, characters of young of, 464.
Lubbock, Sir J., on the antiquity of man, 2; on the origin of man, 3; on the mental capacity of savages, 65; on the origin of implements, 82; on the simplification of languages, 92; on the absence of the idea of God among certain races of men, 94; on the origin of the belief in spiritual agencies, 95; on superstitions, 96; on the sense of duty, 97; on the practice of burying the old and sick among the Fijians, 102; on the immorality of savages, 119; on Mr. Wallace's claim to the origination of the idea of natural selection, 49; on the absence of remorse among savages, 131; on the former barbarism of civilised nations, 143; on improvements in the arts among savages, 144; on resemblances of the mental characters in different races of men, 178; on the arts practised by savages, 179; on the power of counting in primeval man, 180; on the prehensile organs of the male Labidocera Darwinii, 266; on Chloëon, 274; on Smynthurus luteus, 279; finding of new mates by jays, 407; on strife for women among the North American Indians, 561; on music, 570; on the ornamental practices of savages, 574; on the estimation of the beard among the Anglo-Saxons, 581; on artificial deformation of the skull, 583; on "communal marriages," 587, 588; on exogamy, 589, 592; on the Veddahs, 591; on polyandry, 593.
Lucanidæ, variability of the mandibles in the male, 300.
Lucanus, large size of males of, 278.
—— cervus, numerical proportion of sexes of, 253; weapons of the male, 299.
—— elaphus, use of mandibles of, 300; large jaws of male, 275.
Lucas, Prosper, on pigeons, 418; on sexual preference in horses and bulls, 525.
Lunar periods, 8, 164.
Lund, Dr., on skulls found in Brazilian caves, 168
Lungs, enlargement of, in the Quichua and Aymara Indians, 34; a modified swim-bladder, 161; different capacity of in races of man, 167.
Luminosity in insects, 277.
Luschka, Prof., on the termination of the coccyx, 23.
Luxury, expectation of life uninfluenced by, 136.
Lycœna, sexual differences of colouring in species of, 310.
Lyell, Sir C., on the antiquity of man, 2; on the origin of man, 3; on the parallelism of the development of species and languages, 90; on the extinction of languages, 90; on the Inquisition, 141; on the fossil remains of vertebrata, 157; on the fertility of mulattoes, 171.
Lynx, Canadian, throat-ruff of the, 521.
Lyre-bird, assemblies of, 406.

M.

Macacus, ears of, 15; convoluted body in the extremity of the tail of, 23; variability of the tail in species of, 58; whiskers of species of, 531.
—— brunneus, 59.
—— cynomolgus, superciliary ridge of, 558; beard and whiskers of, becoming white with age, 559.
—— ecaudatus, 60.
—— lasiotus, facial spots of, 550.
—— radiatus, 151.
—— rhesus, sexual difference in the colour of, 539, 550.
Macalister, Prof., on variations of the palmaris accessorius muscle, 27; on muscular abnormalities in man, 42, 43; on the greater variability of the muscles in men than in women, 223.
Macaws, Mr. Buxton's observations on, 102; screams of, 375.
McCann, J., on mental individuality, 84.
McClelland, J., on the Indian Cyprinidæ, 343.
Macculloch, Col., on an Indian village without any female children, 592.
——, Dr., on tertian ague in a dog, 8.
Macgillivray, W., on the vocal organs of birds, 90; on the Egyptian goose, 365; on the habits of woodpeckers, 376; on the habits of the snipe, 377; on the whitethroat, 381; on the moulting of the snipes; 391; on the moulting of the Anatidæ, 393; on the finding of new mates by magpies, 407; on the pairing of a blackbird and thrush, 414; on pied ravens, 424; on the guillemots, 424; on the colours of the tits, 458; on the immature plumage of birds, 466 et seq.
Machetes, sexes and young of, 485;
—— pugnax, supposed to be polygamous, 219; numerical proportion of the sexes in, 248; pugnacity of the male, 360; double moult in, 390.
McIntosh, Dr. colours of the Nemertians, 265.
McKennan, marriage customs of Koraks, 598.
Mackintosh, on the moral sense, 97.
MacLachlan, R., on Apatania muliebris and Boreus hyemalis, 254; on the anal appendages of male insects, 275; on the pairing of dragon-flies, 279; on dragon-flies, 290, 291; on dimorphism in Agrion, 291; on the want of pugnacity in male dragon-flies, 291; colour of ghost-moth in the Shetland Islands, 316.
McLennan, Mr., on infanticide, 46, 591; on the origin of the belief in spiritual agencies, 94; on the prevalence of licentiousness among savages, 119, 588; on the primitive barbarism of civilised nations, 143; on traces of the custom of the forcible capture of wives, 144, 592; on polyandry, 593.
Macnamara, Mr., susceptibility of Andaman islanders and Nepâlese to change, 188.
McNeill, Mr., on the use of the antlers of deer, 510; on the Scotch deerhound, 516; on the long hairs on the throat of the stag, 522; on the bellowing of stags, 526.
Macropus, courtship of, 341.
Macrorhinus proboscideus, structure of the nose of, 528.
Magpie, power of speech of, 90; nuptial assemblies of, 406; new mates found by, 407; stealing bright objects, 413; young of the, 481; coloration of the, 493.
Magpies, vocal organs of the, 370.
Maillard, M., on the proportion of the sexes in a species of Papilio from Bourbon, 250.
Maine, Sir Henry, on the absorption of one tribe by another, 128; a desire for improvement not general, 132.
Major, Dr. C. Forsyth, on fossil Italian apes, 155; skull of Bos etruscus, 505; tusks of miocene pigs, 521.
Makalolo, perforation of the upper lip by the, 576.
Malar bone, abnormal division of, in man, 39.
Malay, Archipelago, marriage-customs of the savages of the, 598.
Malays, line of separation between the Papuans and the, 169; general beardlessness of the, 560; staining of the teeth among, 574; aversion of some, to hairs on the face, 581.
—— and Papuans, contrasted characters of, 168.
Male animals, struggles of, for the possession of the females, 212, 213; eagerness of, in courtship, 221, 222; generally more modified than female, 221, 223; differ in the, same way from females and young, 232.
—— characters, developed in females, 227; transfer of, to female birds, 471.
——, sedentary, of a hymenopterous parasite, 221.
Malefactors, 137.
Males, presence of rudimentary female organs in, 162.
—— and females, comparative numbers of, 213, 215; comparative mortality of, while young, 216.
Malherbe, on the woodpeckers, 458.
Mallotus peronii, 331.
—— villosus, 331.
Malthus, T., on the rate of increase of population, 44, 45, 46.
Maluridæ, nidification of the, 454.
Malurus, young of, 485.
Mammæ, 208; rudimentary, in male mammals, 11, 23, 161, 162, 163; supernumerary, in women, 36; of male human subject, 37.
Mammalia, Prof. Owen's classification of, 148; genealogy of the, 158.
Mammals, recent and tertiary, comparison of cranial capacity of, 55; nipples of, 162; pursuit of female, by the males, 221; secondary sexual characters of, 500; weapons of, 501; relative size of the sexes of, 515; parallelism of, with birds in secondary sexual characters, 541; voices of, used especially during the breeding season, 567.
Man, variability of, 26; erroneously regarded as more domesticated than other animals, 28; migrations of, 47; wide distribution of, 48; causes of the nakedness of, 57; supposed physical inferiority of, 64; a member of the Catarrhine group, 155; early progenitors of, 160; transition from ape indefinite, 180; numerical proportions of the sexes in, 215; difference between the sexes, 223; proportion of sexes amongst the illegitimate, 244; different complexion of male and female negroes, 556; secondary sexual characters of, 556; primeval condition of, 594.
Mandans, correlation of colour and texture of hair in the, 197.
Mandible, left, enlarged in the male of Taphroderes distortus, 276.
Mandibles, use of the, in Ammophila, 275; large, of Corydalis cornutus, 275; large, of male Lucanus elaphus, 275.
Mandrill, number of caudal vertebræ in the, 58; colours of the male, 538, 541, 550.
Mantegazza, Prof., on last molar teeth of man, 20; bright colours in male animals, 224; on the ornaments of savages 573 et seq.; on the beardlessness of the New Zealanders, 581; on the exaggeration of natural characters by man, 582.
Mantell, W., on the engrossment of pretty girls by the New Zealand chiefs, 595.
Mantis, pugnacity of species of, 289.
Maories, mortality of, 184; infanticide and proportion of sexes, 256; distaste for hairiness amongst men, 581.
Marcus Aurelius, on the origin of the moral sense, 98; on the influence of habitual thoughts, 123.
Mareca penelope, 414.
Marks, retained throughout groups of birds, 427.
Marriage, restraints upon, among savages, 46; influence of, upon morals, 119; influence of, on mortality, 139; development of, 590.
Marriages, early, 138, 139; communal, 587, 589.
Marshall, Dr. W., protuberances on birds' heads, 235, 383; on the moulting of birds, 393; advantage to older birds of paradise, 485.
——, Col., interbreeding amongst Todas, 189; infanticide and proportion of sexes with Todas, 255; choice of husbands amongst Todas, 593.
——, Mr., on the brain of a Bush-woman, 167.
Marsupials, 157; development of the nictitating membrane in, 17; uterus of, 39; possession of nipples by, 162; their origin from Monotremata, 165; abdominal sacks of, 208; relative size of the sexes of, 515; colours of, 533.
Marsupium, rudimentary, in male marsupials, 161.
Martin, W. C. L., on alarm manifested by an orang at the sight of a turtle, 72; on the hair in Hylobates, 152; on a female American deer, 514; on the voice of Hylobates agilis, 527; onSemnopithecus nemœus, 552.
——, on the beards of the inhabitants of St. Kilda, 560.
Martins deserting their young, 108.
——, C., on death caused by inflammation of the vermiform appendage, 21.
Mastoid processes in man and apes, 53.
Maudsley, Dr., on the influence of the sense of smell in man, 18; on idiots smelling their food, 36; on Laura Bridgman, 88; on the development of the vocal organs, 89; moral sense failing in incipient madness, 124; change of mental faculties at puberty in man, 565.
Mayers, W. F., on the domestication of the goldfish in China, 343.
Mayhew, E., on the affection between individuals of different sexes in the dog, 523.
Maynard, C. J., on the sexes of Chrysemys picta, 351.
Meckel, on correlated variation of the muscles of the arm and leg, 44.
Medicines, effect produced by, the same in man and in monkeys, 7.
Medusœ, bright colours of some, 260.
Megalithic structures, prevalence of, 179.
Megapicus validus, sexual difference of colour in, 458.
Megasoma, large size of males of, 279.
Meigs, Dr. A., on variation in the skulls of the natives of America, 26.
Meinecke, on the numerical proportion of the sexes in butterflies, 250.
Melanesians, decrease of, 185.
Meldola, Mr., colours and marriage flight of Colias and Pieris, 319.
Meliphagidæ, Australian, nidification of, 454.
Melita, secondary sexual characters of, 268.
Meloë, difference of colour in the sexes of a species of, 294.
Memory, manifestations of, in animals, 74.
Memnon, young, 168.
Mental characters, difference of, in different races of men, 167.
—— faculties, diversity of, in the same race of men, 26; inheritance of, 27; variation of, in the same species, 27, 66; similarity of the in different races of man, 178; of birds, 410.
—— powers, difference of, in the two sexes in man, 563.
Menura Alberti, 406; song of, 371.
—— superba, 406; long tails of both sexes of, 451.
Merganser, trachea of the male, 374.
—— serrator, male plumage of, 393.
Mergus cucullatus, speculum of, 236.
—— merganser, young of, 467.
Metallura, splendid tail-feathers of, 443.
Methoca ichneumonides, large male of, 279.
Meves, M., on the drumming of the snipe, 377.
Mexicans, civilisation of the, not foreign, 145.
Meyer, on a convoluted body at the extremity of the tail in a Macacus and a cat, 23.
——, Dr. A., on the copulation of Phryganidæ of distinct species, 275.
——, Prof. L., on development of helix of ear, 15, 16; men's ears more variable than women's, 224; antennæ serving as ears, 280.
Migrations of man, effects of, 47.
Migratory instinct of birds, 105; vanquishing the maternal, 107, 113.
Mill, J. S., on the origin of the moral sense, 98; on the "greatest happiness principle," 120; on the difference of the mental powers in the sexes of man, 564.
Millipedes, 274.
Milne-Edwards, H., on the use of the enlarged chelæ of the male Gelasimus, 267.
Milvago leucurus, sexes and young of, 479.
Mimicry, 323.
Mimus polyglottus, 411.
Mind, difference of, in man and the highest animals, 126; similarity of the, in different races, 178.
Minnow, proportion of the sexes in the, 249.
Mirror, larks attracted by, 413.
Mitchell, Dr., interbreeding in the Hebrides, 189.
Mitford, selection of children in Sparta, 29.
Mivart, St. George, on the reduction of organs, 12; on the ears of the lemuroidea, 15; on variability of the muscles in lemuroidea, 41, 48; on the caudal vertebræ of monkeys, 58; on the classification of the primates, 153; on the orang and on man, 154; on differences in the lemuroidea, 155; on the crest of the male newt, 348.
Möbius, Prof., on reasoning powers in a pike, 75.
Mocking-thrush, partial migration of, 411; young of the, 487.
Modifications, unserviceable, 62.
Moggridge, J. T., on habits of spiders, 69; on habits of ants, 147.
Moles, numerical proportion of the sexes in, 247; battles of male, 500.
Mollienesia petenensis, sexual difference in, 337.
Mollusca, beautiful colours and shapes of, 263; absence of secondary sexual characters in the, 262.
Molluscoida, 159, 262.
Monacanthus scopas and M. Peronii, 331.
Mongolians, perfection of the senses in, 34.
Monkey, protecting his keeper from a baboon, 103, 110; bonnet-, 151; rhesus-, sexual difference in colour of the, 539, 550; moustache-, colours of the, 537.
Monkeys, liability of, to the same diseases as man, 7; male, recognition of women by, 8; diversity of the mental faculties in, 27; breaking hard fruits with stones, 50; hands of the, 50, 51; basal caudal vertebræ of, imbedded in the body, 59; revenge taken by, 69; maternal affection in, 70; variability of the faculty of attention in, 74; American, manifestation of reason in, 77; using stones and sticks, 81; imitative faculties of, 87; signal-cries of, 87; mutual kindnesses of, 101; sentinels posted by, 101; human characters of, 150; American, direction of the hair on the arms of some, 151; gradation of species of, 175; beards of, 531; ornamental characters of, 549; analogy of sexual differences of, with those of man, 558; different degrees of difference in the sexes of, 561; expression of emotions by, 572; generally monogamous habits of, 590; polygamous habits of some, 590; naked surfaces of, 600.
Monogamy, not primitive, 144.
Monogenists, 176.
Mononychus pseudacori, stridulation of, 305.
Monotremata, 157; development of the nicitating membrane in, 17; lactiferous glands of, 162; connecting mammals with reptiles, 165.
Monstrosities, analogous, in man and lower animals, 30; caused by arrest of development, 35; correlation of, 44; transmission of, 173.
Montagu, G., on the habits of the black and red grouse, 219; on the pugnacity of the ruff, 361; on the singing of birds, 368; on the double moult of the male pintail, 393.
Monteiro, Mr., on Bucorax abyssinicus, 383.
Montes de Oca, M., on the pugnacity of male Humming-birds, 360.
Monticola cyanea, 456.
Monuments, as traces of extinct tribes, 181.
Moose, battles of, 501; horns of the, an incumbrance, 515.
Moral and instinctive impulses, alliance of, 111.
—— faculties, their influence on natural selection in man, 127.
—— rules, distinction between the higher and lower, 122.
—— sense, so-called, derived from the social instincts, 120, 121; origin of the, 124.
—— tendencies, inheritance of, 124.
Morality, supposed to be founded in selfishness, 120; test of, the general welfare of the community, 121; gradual rise of, 125; influence of a high standard of, 132.
Morgan, L. H., on the beaver, 67; on the reasoning powers of the beaver, 75; on the forcible capture of wives, 144; on the castoreum of the beaver, 529; marriage unknown in primeval times, 588; on polyandry, 593.
Morley, J., on the appreciation of praise and fear of blame, 146.
Morris, F. O., on hawks feeding an orphan nestling, 409.
Morse, Dr., colours of mollusca, 264.
Morselli, E., division of the malar bone, 39.
Mortality, comparative, of females and males, 216, 243.
Morton, on the number of species of man, 174.
Moschkau, Dr. A., on a speaking starling, 85.
Moschus moschiferus, odoriferous organs of, 529.
Motacillæ, Indian, young of, 468.
Moths, 313; absence of mouth in some males, 208; apterous female, 208; male, prehensile use of the tarsi by, 209; male, attracted by females, 252; coloration of, 315; sexual differences of colour in, 316.
Motmot, inheritance of mutilation of tail feathers, 60, 603; racket-shaped feathers in the tail of a, 384.
Moult, double, 463; double annual, in birds, 390.
Moulting of birds, 484.
Moults, partial, 392,
Mouse, song of, 568.
Moustache-monkey, colours of the, 537, 552.
Moustaches, in monkeys, 150.
Mud-turtle, long claws of the male, 350.
Mulattoes, persistent fertility of, 171; immunity of, from yellow fever, 193.
Mule, sterility and strong vitality of the, 171.
Mules, rational, 78.
Müller, Ferd., on the Mexicans and Peruvians, 145.
——,Fritz, on astomatous males of Tanais, 208; on the disappearance of spots and stripes in adult mammals, 547; on the proportions of the sexes in some Crustacea, 255; on secondary sexual characters in various Crustaceans, 265 et seq.; musical 'contest between male Cicadœ, 282; mode of holding wings in Castnia, 315; on birds shewing a preference for certain colours, 317; on the sexual maturity of young amphipod Crustacea, 485.
——,Hermann, emergence of bees from pupa, 214; pollen-gathering of bees, 228; proportion of sexes in bees, 254; courting of Eristalis, 280; colour and sexual selection with bees, 292.
——, J., on the nictitating membrane and semilunar fold, 17.
——, Max, on the origin of language, 87; language implies power of general conception, 88; struggle for life among the words, &c., of languages, 91.
——, S., on the banteng, 536; on the colours of Semnopithecus chrysomelas, 537.
Muntjac-deer, weapons of the, 514.
Murie, J., on the reduction of organs, 12; on the ears of the Lemuroidea, 15; on variability of the muscles in the Lemuroidea, 41, 48; basal caudal vertebræ of Macacus brunneus imbedded in the body, 59; on the manner of sitting in short-tailed apes, 59; on differences in the Lemuroidea, 155; on the throat-pouch of the male bustard, 373; on the mane of Otaria jubata, 521; on the sub-orbital pits of Ruminants, 529; on the colours of the sexes in Otaria nigrescens, 535.
Murray, A., on the Pediculi of different races of men, 169.
—— T. A., on the fertility of Australian women with white men, 170.
Mus coninga, 80.
—— minutus, sexual difference in the colour of, 534.
Musca vomitoria, 54.
Muscicapa grisola, 455.
—— luctuosa, 455.
—— ruticilla, breeding in immature plumage, 484.
Muscle, ischio-public, 41.
Muscles, rudimentary, occurrence of, in man, 12; variability of the, 26; effects of use and disuse upon, 32; animal-like abnormalities of, in man, 41; correlated variation of, in the arm and leg, 44; variability of, in the hands and feet, 48; of the jaws, influence of, on the physiognomy of the Apes, 54; habitual spasms of, causing modifications of the facial bones, 55; of the early progenitors of man, 160; greater variability of the, in men than in women, 223.
Musculus sternalis, Prof. Turner on the, 13.
Music, 178; of birds, 368; discordant, love of savages for, 380; reason of power of perception of notes in animals, 568; power of distinguishing notes, 569; its connection with primeval speech, 570; different appreciation of, by different peoples, 570; origin of, 569, 573; effects of, 571.
Musical cadences, perception of, by animals, 569; powers of man, 566 et seq.
Musk-deer, canine teeth of male, 502, 513, 514; male, odiferous organs of the, 529; winter change of the, 542.
Musk-duck, Australian, 359; large size of male, 362; of Guiana, pugnacity of the male, 362.
Musk-ox, horns of, 505.
Musk-rat, protective resemblance of the, to a clod of earth, 542.
Musophagœ, colours and nidification of the, 455; both sexes of, equally brilliant, 460.
Mussels opened by monkeys, 50.
Mustela, winter change of two species of, 542.
Musters, Capt., on Rhea Darwinii, 479; marriages amongst Patagonians, 598.
Mutilations, healing of, 8; inheritance of, 60.
Mutilla europœa, stridulation of, 292.
Mutillidæ, absence of ocelli in female, 275.
Mycetes caraya, polygamous, 217; vocal organs of, 527; beard of, 531; sexual differences of colour in, 537; voice of, 567.
—— seniculus, sexual differences of colour in, 537.
Myriapoda, 274.

N.

Nägeli, on the influence of natural selection on plants, 61; on the gradation of species of plants, 175.
Nails, coloured yellow or purple in part of Africa, 574.
Narwhal, tusks of the, 502, 507.
Nasal cavities, large size of, in American aborigines, 34.
Nascent organs, 12.
Nathusius, H. von, on the improved breeds of pigs, 177; male domesticated animals more variable than females, 223; horns of castrated sheep, 506; on the breeding of domestic animals, 596.
Natural selection, its effects on the early progenitors of man, 47; influence of, on man, 60, 62; limitation of the principle, 61; influence of, on social animals, 62; Mr. Wallace on the limitation of, by the influence of the mental faculties in man, 127; influence of, in the progress of the United States, 142; in relation to sex, 259.
Natural and sexual selection contrasted, 226.
Naulette, jaw from, large size of the canines in, 40.
Neanderthal skull, capacity of the, 55.
Neck, proportion of, in soldiers and sailors, 32.
Necrophorus, stridulation of, 302, 304.
Nectarinia, young of, 468.
Nectariniœ, moulting of the, 392; nidification of, 454.
Negro, resemblance of a, to Europeans, in mental characters, 178.
Negro-women, their kindness to Mungo Park, 118.
Negroes, Caucasian features in, 167; character of, 168; lice of, 170; fertility of, when crossed with other races, 171; blackness of, 170, 173; variability of, 174, 175; immunity of, from yellow fever, 193; difference of, from Americans, 197; disfigurements of the, 541; colour of newborn children of, 557; comparative beardlessness of, 560; readily become musicians, 570; appreciation of beauty of their women by, 577, 579; idea of beauty among, 582; compression of the nose by some, 583.
Nemertians, colours of, 264.
Neolithic period, 145.
Neomorpha, sexual difference of the beak in, 359.
Nephila, size of male, 273.
Nests, made by fishes, 345; decoration of, by Humming-birds, 413.
Neumeister, on a change of colour in pigeons after several moultings, 238.
Neuration, difference of, in the two sexes of some butterflies and hymenoptera, 277.
Neuroptera, 254, 290.
Neurothemis, dimorphism in, 291.
New Zealand, expectation by the
natives of, of their extinction, 191; practice of tattooing in, 576; aversion of natives of, to hairs on the face, 581; pretty girls engrossed by the chiefs in, 595.
Newton, A., on the throat-pouch of the male bustard, 373; on the difference between the females of two species of Oxynotus, 470; on the habits of the Phalarope, dotterel, and godwit, 477.
Newts, 348.
Nicholson, Dr., on the non-immunity of dark Europeans from yellow fever, 195.
Nictitating membrane, 17, 161.
Nidification, of fishes, 344; relation of, to colour, 453, 456; of British birds, 454.
Night-heron, cries of the, 368.
Nightingale, arrival of the male before the female, 212; object of the song of the, 368.
Nightingales, new mates found by 408.
Nightjar, selection of a mate by the female, 416; Australian, sexes of 479; coloration of the, 491.
Nightjars, noise made by some male, with their wings, 376; elongated feathers in, 384, 403.
Nilghau, sexual differences of colour in the, 535.
Nilsson, Prof., on the resemblance of stone arrow-heads from various places, 179; on the development of the horns in the reindeer, 234.
Nipples, absence of, in Monotremata, 162.
Nitsche, Dr., ear of fœtal orang, 17.
Nitzsch, C. L., on the down of birds, 390.
Noctuæ, brightly-coloured beneath, 315.
Noctuidæ, coloration of, 313.
Nomadic habits, unfavourable to human progress, 133.
Nordmann, A., on Tetrao urogalloides, 405.
Norfolk island, half-breeds on, 190.
Norway, numerical proportion of male and female births in, 243.
Nose, resemblance of, in man and the apes, 153; piercing and ornamentation of the, 575; very flat, not admired in negroes, 582; flattening of the, 583.
Nott and Gliddon, on the features of Rameses II., 168; on the features of Amunoph III., 168; on skulls from Brazilian caves, 168; on the immunity of negroes and mulattoes from yellow fever, 193; on the deformation of the skull among American tribes, 583.
Novara, voyage of the, suicide in New Zealand, 117.
Nudibranch Mollusca, bright colours of, 264.
Numerals, Roman, 144; origin of, 264.
Nunemaya, natives of, bearded, 349, 560.
Nut-hatch of Japan, intelligence of, 410.

O.

Obedience, value of, 130.
Observation, powers of, possessed by birds, 411.
Occupations, sometimes a cause of diminished stature, 31; effect of, upon the proportions of the body, 31.
Ocelli, absence of, in female Mutillidæ, 274.
—— of birds, formation and variability of the, 427.
Ocelot, sexual differences in the colouring of the, 534.
Ocyphaps lophotes, 402.
Odonata, 254.
Odonestis potatoria, sexual difference of colour in, 316.
Odour, correlation of, with colour of skin, 197; emitted by snakes in the breeding-season, 352; of mammals, 528.
Œcanthus nivalis, difference of colour in the sexes of, 289.
—— pellucidus, 289.
Ogle, Dr. W., relation between colour and power of smell, 18.
Oidemia, 491.
Olivier, on sounds produced by Pimelia striata, 306.
Omaloplia brunnea, stridulation of, 303.
Onitis furcifer, processes of anterior femora of the male, and on the head and thorax of the female, 297.
Onthophagus, 295.
—— rangifer, sexual differences of, 296; variation in the horns of the male, 297.
Ophidia, sexual differences of, 351.
Ophidium, 347.
Opossum, wide range of, in America, 169.
Optic nerve, atrophy of the, caused by destruction of the eye, 32.
Orang-Outan, 561; Bischoff on the agreement of the brain of the, with that of man, 6; adult age of the, 8; ears of the, 14; vermiform appendage of, 21; hands of the, 50; absence of mastoid processes in the, 53; platforms built by the, 66; alarmed at the sight of a turtle, 72; using a stick as a lever, 81; using missiles, 81; using the leaves of the Pandanus as a night covering, 82; direction of the hair on the arms of the, 151; its aberrant characters, 154; supposed evolution of the, 177; voice of the, 527; monogamous habits of the, 590; male, beard of the, 531.
Oranges, treatment of, by monkeys, 50.
Orange-tip butterfly, 308, 312, 313.
Orchestia Darwinii, dimorphism of males of, 268.
—— Tucuratinga, limbs of, 267, 271.
Ordeal, trial by, 96.
Oreas canna, colours of, 535.
—— Derbianus, colours of, 535, 543.
Organs, prehensile, 209; utilised for new purposes, 571.
Organic scale, von Baer's definition of progress in, 164.
Orioles, nidification of, 453.
Oriolus, species of, breeding in immature plumage, 484.
—— melanocephalus, coloration of the sexes in, 460.
Ornaments, prevalence of similar, 179; of male birds, 367; fondness of savages for, 574.
Ornamental characters, equal transmission of, to both sexes, in mammals, 541; of monkeys, 549.
Ornithoptera crœsus, 250.
Ornithorhynchus, 156; reptilian tendency of, 159; spur of the male, 502.
Orocetes erythrogastra, young of, 487.
Orrony, Grotto of, 22.
Orsodacna atra, difference of colour in the sexes of, 294.
Orthoptera, 282; metamorphosis of, 237; stridulating apparatus of, 283, 288; colours of, 289; rudimentary stridulating organs in female, 288; stridulation of the, and Homoptera, discussed, 288.
Ortygornis gularis, pugnacity of the male, 363.
Oryctes, stridulation of, 303; sexual differences in the stridulant organs of, 305.
Oryx leucoryx, use of the horns of, 509, 518.
Osphranter rufus, sexual difference in the colour of, 533.
Ostrich, African, sexes and incubation of the, 478.
Ostriches, stripes of young, 464.
Otaria jubata, mane of the male, 521.
—— nigrescens, difference in the coloration of the sexes of, 534.
Otis bengalensis, love-antics of the male, 380.
—— tarda, throat-pouch of the male, 373; polygamous, 219.
Ouzel, ring-, colours and nidification of the, 455.
——, water-, colours and nidification of the, 455.
Ovibos moschatus, horns of, 505.
Ovipositor of insects, 208.
Ovis cycloceros, mode of fighting of, 508, 513.
Ovule of man, 9.
Owen, Prof., on the Corpora Wolffiana, 11; on the great toe in man, 11; on the nictitating membrane and semilunar fold, 17; on the development of the posterior molars in different races of man, 20; on the length of the cœcum in the Koala, 20; on the coccygeal vertebræ, 23; on rudimentary structures belonging to the reproductive system, 24; on abnormal conditions of the human uterus, 38, on the number of digits in the Ichthyopterygia, 37; on the canine teeth in man, 40; on the walking of the chimpanzee and orang, 50; on the mastoid processes in the higher apes, 53; on the hairiness of elephants in elevated districts, 57; on the caudal vertebræ of monkeys, 58; classification of mammalia, 148; on the hair in monkeys, 152; on the piscine affinities of the Ichthyosaurians, 159; on pologamy and monogamy among the antelopes, 217; on the horns of Antilocapra americana, 234; on the musky odour of crocodiles during the breeding season, 351; on the scent-glands of snakes, 352; on the Dugong, Cachalot and Ornithorhynchus, 502; on the antlers of the red deer, 510; on the dentition of the Camelidæ, 514; on the horns of the Irish elk, 515; on the voice in the giraffe, porcupine, and stag, 526; on the laryngeal sac of the gorilla and orang, 527; on the odoriferous glands of mammals, 528, 529; on the effects of emasculation on the vocal organs of men, 566; on the voice of Hylobates agilis, 567; on American monogamous monkeys, 567.
Owls, white, new mates found by, 408.
Oxynotus, difference of the females of two species of, 470.

P.

Pachydermata, 218.
Pachytylus migratorius, 283.
Paget, on the abnormal development of hairs in man, 19; on the thickness of the skin on the soles of the feet of infants, 33.
Painting, pleasure of savages in, 178.
Palœmon, chelæ of a species of, 267.
Palœornis, sexual differences of colour in, 494.
—— javanicus, colour of beak of, 461.
—— rosa, young of, 467.
Palamedea cornuta, spurs on the wings, 364.
Paleolithic period, 145.
Palestine, habits of the chaffinch in, 248.
Pallas, on the perfection of the senses in the Mongolians, 34; on the want of connexion between climate and the colour of the skin, 192; on the polygamous habits of Antilope Saiga, 217; on the lighter colour of horses and cattle in winter in Siberia, 229; on the tusks of the musk-deer, 513, 514; on the odoriferous glands of mammals, 529; on the odoriferous glands of the musk-deer, 530; on winter changes of colour in mammals, 542; on the ideal of female beauty in North China, 578.
Palmaris accessorius, muscle variations of the, 27.
Pampas, horses of the, 181.
Pangenesis, hypothesis of, 228, 231.
Panniculus carnosus, 13.
Pansch, on the brain of a fœtal Cebus apella, 205.
Papilio, proportion of the sexes in North American species of, 250; sexual differences of colouring in species of, 309; coloration of the wings in species of, 312.
—— ascanius, 309.
—— Sesostris and Childrenœ, variability of, 319.
—— Turnus, 250.
Papilionidæ, variability in the, 319.
Papuans, line of separation between the, and the Malays, 169; beards of the, 560; hair of, 575.
—— and Malays, contrast in characters of, 168.
Paradise, Birds of, 405, 462; supposed by Lesson to be polygamous, 219; rattling of their quills by, 375; racket-shaped feathers in, 384; sexual differences in colour of, 385; decomposed feathers in, 385, 403; display of plumage by the male, 395.
Paradisea apoda, barbless feathers in the tail of, 385; plumage of, 385; and P. papuana, 385; divergence of the females of, 470; increase of beauty with age, 485.
Paraguay, Indians of, eradication of eyebrows and eyelashes by, 580.
Parakeet, Australian, variation in the colour of the thighs of a male, 423.
Parallelism of development of species and languages, 90.
Parasites on man and animals, 7, 8; as evidence of specific identity or distinctness, 169; immunity from, correlated with colour, 193.
Parental feeling in earwigs, starfishes, and spiders, 106; affection, partly a result of natural selection, 105.
Parents, age of, influence upon sex of offspring, 245.
Parinæ, sexual difference of colour in, 458.
Park, Mungo, negro-women teaching their children to love the truth, 118; his treatment by the negrowomen, 118, 562; on negro opinions of the appearance of white men, 579.
Parker, Mr., no bird or reptile in line of mammalian descent, 158.
Parrot, racket-shaped feathers in the tail of a, 384; instance of benevolence in a, 411.
Parrots, change of colour in, 60; imitative faculties of, 73; living in triplets, 409; affection of, 410; colours and nidification of the, 455, 457, 458; immature plumage of the, 467; colours of, 489; sexual differences of colour in, 494; musical powers of, 570.
Parthenogenesis in the Tenthredinæ, 254; in Cynipidæ, 254; in Crustacea, 255.
Partridge, monogamous, 219; proportion of the sexes in the, 248; female, 471.
"—— dances," 380, 405.
Partridges, living in triplets, 409; spring coveys of male, 409; distinguishing persons, 412.
Parus cœruleus, 458.
Passer, sexes and young of, 483.
—— brachydactylus, 483.
—— domesticus, 455, 483.
—— montanus, 455, 483.
Patagonians, self-sacrifice by, 111; marriages of, 598.
Patterson, Mr., on the Agrionidæ, 290.
Patteson, Bishop, decrease of Melanesians, 185.
Paulistas of Brazil, 173.
Pavo cristatus, 236, 430.
—— muticus, 236, 430; possession of spurs by the female, 364, 450.
—— nigripennis, 419.
Payaguas Indians, thin legs and thick arms of the, 32.
Payan, Mr., on the proportion of the sexes in sheep, 246.
Peacock, polygamous, 219; sexual characters of, 236; pugnacity of the, 364; rattling of the quills by, 375; elongated tail-coverts of the, 384, 402; love of display of the, 394, 431; ocellated spots of the, 430; inconvenience of long tail of the, to the female, 444, 451, 452; continued increase of beauty of the, 485.
—— butterfly, 312.
Peafowl, preference of females for a particular male, 418; first advances made by the female, 419.
Pediculi of domestic animals and man, 169.
Pedigree of man, 165.
Pedionomus torquatus, sexes of, 473.
Peel, J., on horned sheep, 505.
Peewit, wing-tubercles of the male, 366.
Pelagic animals, transparency of, 261.
Pelecanus erythrorhynchus, horny crest on the beak of the male, during the breeding season, 390.
—— onocrotalus, spring plumage of, 393.
Pelelé, an African ornament, 576.
Pelican, blind, fed by his companions, 102; young, guided by old birds, 102; pugnacity of the male, 362.
Pelicans, fishing in concert, 101.
Pelobius Hermanni, stridulation of, 303, 304.
Pelvis, alteration of, to suit the erect attitude of man, 53; differences of the, in the sexes in man, 557.
Penelope nigra, sound produced by the male, 377.
Pennant, on the battles of seals, 500; on the bladder-nose seal, 528.
Penthe, antennal cushions of the male, 276.
Perch, brightness of male, during breeding season, 340.
Peregrine falcon, new mate found by, 408.
Period of variability, relation of, to sexual selection, 240.
Periodicity, vital, Dr. Laycock, on, 8.
Periods, lunar, followed by functions in man and animals, 8, 164.
—— of life, inheritance at corresponding, 228, 232,
Perisoreus canadensis, young of, 481.
Peritrichia, difference of colour in the sexes of a species of, 294.
Periwinkle, 262.
Pernis cristata, 424.
Perrier, M., on sexual selection, 210; on bees, 292.
Perseverance, a characteristic of man, 564.
Persians, said to be improved by intermixture with Georgians and Circassians, 586.
Personnat, M., on Bombyx Yamamai, 251.
Peruvians, civilisation of the, not foreign, 145.
Petrels, colours of, 493.
Petrocincla cyanea, young of, 487.
Petrocossyphus, 461.
Petronia, 483.
Pfeiffer Ida, on Javan ideas of beauty, 580.
Phacochœrus œthiopicus, tusks and pads of, 519.
Phalanger, Vulpine, black varieties of the, 539.
Phalaropus fulicarius, 476.
—— hyperboreus, 476.
Phanœus, 298.
—— carnifex, variation of the horns of the male, 297.
—— faunus, sexual differences of, 296.
—— lancifer, 295.
Phaseolarctus cinereus, taste for rum and tobacco, 7.
Phasgonura viridissima, stridulation of, 284, 285.
Phasianus Sœmmerringii, 446.
—— versicolor, 396.
—— Wallichii, 400, 472.
Pheasant, polygamous, 219; and black grouse, hybrids of, 414; production of hybrids with the common fowl, 420; immature plumage of the, 466.
Pheasant, Amherst, display of, 396.
——, Argus, 334, 462; display of plumage by the male, 398; ocellated spots of the 428, 434; gradation of characters in the, 434.
——, Blood-, 364.
——, Cheer, 400, 472.
——, Eared, 235, 400, 472; length of the tail in the, 452; sexes alike in the, 460.
——, Golden, display of plumage by the male, 396; age of mature plumage in the, 483; sex of young, ascertained by pulling out head-feathers, 484.
——, Kalij, drumming of the male, 375.
——, Reeve's, length of the tail in, 452.
——, Silver, triumphant male, deposed on account of spoiled plumage, 419; sexual coloration of the, 492.
——, Sœmmerring's, 445, 452.
——, Tragopan, 383; display of plumage by the male, 397; markings of the sexes of the, 428.
Pheasants, period of acquisition of male characters in the family of the, 235; proportion of sexes in chicks of, 247; length of the tail in, 445, 451, 452.
Philters, worn by women, 577.
Phoca grœnlandica, sexual difference in the coloration of, 535.
Phœnicura ruticilla, 408.
Phosphorescence of insects, 277.
Phryganidæ, copulation of distinct species of, 275.
Phryniscus nigricans, 349.
Physical inferiority, supposed, of man, 64.
Pickering, on the number of species of man, 174.
Picton, J. A., on the soul of man, 613.
Picus auratus, 362.
—— major, 402.
Pieris, 312, 319.
Pigeon, female, deserting a weakened mate, 214; carrier, late development of the wattle in, 238; pouter, late development of the crop in, 238; domestic, breeds and sub-breeds of, 460.
Pigeons, nestling, fed by the secretion of the crop of both parents, 163; changes of plumage in, 229; transmission of sexual peculiarities in, 230; Belgian, with black-streaked males, 231, 238, 446; changing colour after several moultings, 238; numerical proportion of the sexes in, 247; cooing of, 374; variations in plumage of, 385; display of plumage by male, 402; local memory of, 411; antipathy of female, to certain males, 418; pairing of, 418; profligate male and female, 418; wing-bars and tail-feathers of, 427; suppositious breed of, 445; pouter and carrier, peculiarities of, predominant in males, 447; nidification of, 453; Australian, 458; immature plumage of the, 467.
Pigs, origin of the improved breeds of, 177; numerical proportion of the sexes in, 247; stripes of young, 464, 546; tusks of miocene, 521; sexual preference shewn by, 525.
Pike, American, brilliant colours of the male, during the breeding season, 340.
——, reasoning powers of, 75; male, devoured by females, 249.
Pike, L. O., on the psychical elements of religion, 95.
Pimelia striata, sounds produced by the female, 306.
Pinel, hairiness in idiots, 36.
Pintail, drake, plumage of, 393; pairing with a wild duck, 415.
—— Duck, pairing with a wigeon, 414.
Pipe-fish, filamentous, 344; marsupial receptacles of the male, 346.
Pipits, moulting of the, 392.
Pipra, modified secondary wing-feathers of male, 378.
—— deliciosa, 378, 379.
Pirates stridulus, stridulation of, 281.
Pitcairn island, half-breeds on, 190.
Pithecia leucocephala, sexual differences of colour in, 537.
—— Satanas, beard of, 531, 532; resemblance of, to a negro, 604.
Pits, suborbital, of Ruminants, 529.
Pittidæ, nidification of, 453.
Placentata, 157.
Plagiostomous fishes, 331.
Plain-wanderer, Australian, 473.
Planariœ, bright colours of some, 260.
Plantain-eaters, colours and nidification of the, 455; both sexes of, equally brilliant, 460.
Plants, cultivated, more fertile than wild, 45; Nägeli, on natural selection in, 61; male flowers of, mature before the female, 212; phenomena of fertilisation in 222.
Platalea, 374; change of plumage in, 461.
Platyblemnus, 289.
Platycercus, young of, 481.
Platyphyllum concavum, 283, 286.
Platyrrhine monkeys, 153.
Platysma myoides, 13.
Plecostomus, head-tentacles of the males of a species of, 338.
—— barbatus, peculiar beard of the male, 338.
Plectropterus gambensis, spurred wings of, 364.
Ploceus, 370, 375, 405.
Plovers, wing-spurs of, 365; double moult in, 392.
Plumage, changes of, inheritance of, by fowls, 229; tendency to analogous variation in, 385; display of, by male birds, 394, 402; changes of, in relation to season, 462; immature, of birds, 464, 465; colour of, in relation to protection, 489.
Plumes on the head in birds, difference of, in the sexes, 451.
Pneumora, structure of, 286.
Podica, sexual difference in the colour of the irides of, 425.
Poeppig, on the contact of civilised and savage races, 183.
Poison, avoidance of, by animals, 80.
Poisonous fruits and herbs avoided by animals, 66.
Poisons, immunity from, correlated with colour, 193.
Polish fowls, origin of the crest in, 231.
Pollen and van Dam, on the colours of, Lemur macaco, 537.
Polyandry, 593; in certain Cyprinidæ, 249; among the Elateridæ, 253.
Polydactylism in man, 37.
Polygamy, influence of, upon sexual selection, 216; superinduced by domestication, 220; supposed increase of female births by, 245; in the stickleback, 332.
Polygenists, 176.
Polynesia, prevalence of infanticide in, 592.
Polynesians, wide geographical range of 29; difference of stature among the, 31; crosses of, 173; variability of, 174; heterogeneity of the, 192; aversion of, to hairs on the face, 581.
Polyplectron, number of spurs in, 364; display of plumage by the male, 396; gradation of characters in, 431; female of, 471.
—— chinquis, 397, 432.
—— Hardwickii, 432.
—— malaccense, 432, 433.
—— Napoleonis, 432, 433.
Polyzoa, 262.
Pontoporeia affinis, 266.
Porcupine, mute, except in the rutting season, 526.
Pores, excretory, numerical relation of, to the hairs in sheep, 198.
Porpitœ, bright colours of some, 260.
Portax picta, dorsal crest and throattuft of, 530; sexual differences of colour in, 535, 543.
Portunus puber, pugnacity of, 269.
Potamochœrus penicillatus, tusks and facial knobs of the, 520.
Pouchet, G., the relation of instinct to intelligence, 67; on the instincts of ants, 147; on the caves of Abou-Simbel, 168; on the immunity of negroes from yellow fever, 193; change of colour in fishes, 344.
Pouter pigeon, late development of the large crop in, 238.
Powell, Dr., on stridulation, 281.
Power, Dr., on the different colours of the sexes in a species of Squilla, 271.
Powys, Mr., on the habits of the chaffinch in Corfu, 248.
Pre-eminence of man, 48
Preference for males by female birds, 414, 420; shewn by mammals, in pairing, 522.
Prehensile organs, 209.
Presbytis entellus, fighting of the male, 562.
Preyer, Dr., on function of shell of ear, 14; on supernumerary mammæ in women, 37.
Prichard, on the difference of stature among the Polynesians, 31; on the connection between the breadth of the skull in the Mongolians and the perfection of their senses, 34; on the capacity of British skulls of different ages, 55; on the flattened heads of the Colombian savages, 575; on Siamese notions of beauty, 578; on the beardlessness of the Siamese, 581; on the deformation of the head among American tribes and the natives of Arakhan, 583.
Primary sexual organs, 207.
Primates, 149, 205; sexual differences of colour in, 537.
Primogeniture, evils of, 135.
Prionidæ, difference of the sexes in colour, 294.
Proctotretus multimaculatus, 358.
—— tenuis, sexual difference in the colour of, 358.
Profligacy, 137.
Progenitors, early, of man, 160.
Progress, not the normal rule in human society, 133; elements of, 141.
Prong-horn antelope, horns of, 234.
Proportions, difference of, in distinct races, 167.
Protective colouring in butterflies, 312; in lizards, 358; in birds, 473, 489; in mammals, 542.
—— nature of the dull colouring of female Lepidoptera, 321, 322, 324.
—— resemblances in fishes, 344.
Protozoa, absence of secondary sexual characters in, 260.
Pruner-Bey, on the occurrence of the supra-condyloid foramen in the humerus of man, 22; on the colour of negro infants, 557.
Prussia, numerical proportion of male and female births in, 243.
Psocus, proportions of the sexes in, 254.
Ptarmigan, monogamous, 219; summer and winter plumage of the, 390, 392; nuptial assemblages of, 406; triple moult of the, 462; protective coloration of, 473.
Puff-birds, colours and nidification of the, 455.
Pugnacity of fine-plumaged male birds, 400.
Pumas, stripes of young, 464.
Puppies learning from cats to clean their faces, 73.
Pycnonotus hœmorrhous, pugnacity of the male, 360; display of under tail coverts by the male, 402.
Pyranga œstixa, male aiding in incubation, 453.
Pyrodes, difference of the sexes in colour, 294.

Q.

Quadrumana, hands of, 50; differences between man and the, 149; sexual differences of colour in, 537; ornamental characters of, 549; analogy of sexual differences of, with those of man, 558; fighting of males for the females, 562; monogamous habits of, 590; beards of the, 602.
Quain, R., on the variation of the muscles in man, 26.
Quatrefages, A. de, on the occurrence of a rudimentary tail in man, 22; on variability, 30; on the moral sense as a distinction between man and animals, 97; civilised men stronger than savages, 136; on the fertility of Australian women with white men, 170; on the Paulistas of Brazil, 173; on the evolution of the breeds of cattle, 177; on the Jews, 193; on the liability of negroes to tropical fevers after residence in a cold climate, 194; on the difference between field-and house-slaves, 196; on the influence of climate on colour, 196; colours of annelids, 265; on the Ainos, 560; 'on the women of San Giuliano, 586.
Querquedula acuta, 414.
Quetelet, proportion of sexes in man, 343; relative size in man and woman, 244.
Quichua Indians, 34; local variation of colour in the, 196; no grey hair among the, 559; hairlessness of the, 561; long hair of the, 580.
Quiscalus major, 225; proportions of the sexes of, in Florida and Honduras, 248.

R.

Rabbit, white tail of the, 542.
Rabbits, domestic, elongation of the skull in, 56; modification of the skull, in by the lopping of the ear, 56; danger-signals of, 100; numerical proportion of the sexes in, 247.
Races, distinctive characters of, 167, 168; or species of man, 168; crossed, fertility or sterility of, 170; of man, variability of the, 174; of man, resemblance of, in mental characters, 178; formation of, 181; of man, extinction of, 181; effects of the crossing of, 192; of man, formation of the, 192; of man, children of the, 557; beardless, aversion of, to hairs on the face, 580.
Raffles, Sir S., on the banteng, 536.
Rafts, use of, 48, 180.
Rage, manifested by animals, 69.
Raia batis, teeth of, 335.
—— clavata, female spined on the back, 331; sexual difference in the teeth of, 334.
—— maculata, teeth of, 335.
Rails, spur-winged, 364.
Ram, mode of fighting of the 508; African, mane of an, 532; fattailed, 532.
Rameses II., features of, 168.
Ramsay, Mr., on the Australian musk-duck, 359; on the regentbird, 413; on the incubation of Menura superba, 451.
Rana esculenta, vocal sacs of, 350.
Rat, common, general dispersion of, a consequence of superior cunning, 80; supplantation of the native, in New Zealand, by the European rat, 191; common, said to be polygamous, 218; numerical proportion of the sexes in, 247.
Rats, enticed by essential oils, 530.
Rationality of birds, 410.
Rattle-snakes, difference of the sexes in the, 351; rattles as a call, 353.
Raven, vocal organs of the 370; stealing bright objects, 413; pied, of the Feroe Islands, 424.
Rays, prehensile organs of male, 331.
Razor-bill, young of the, 486.
Reade, Winwood, suicide among savages in Africa, 117; mulattoes not prolific, 171; effect of castration of horned sheep, 506; on the Guinea sheep, 235; on the occurrence of a mane in an African ram, 533; on the negroes' appreciation of the beauty of their women, 577; on the admiration of negroes for a black skin, 579; on the idea of beauty among negroes, 582; on the Jollofs, 587; on the marriage-customs of the negroes, 599.
Reason, in animals, 75.
Redstart, American, breeding in immature plumage, 484.
Redstarts, new mates found by, 408.
Reduvidæ, stridulation of, 281.
Reed-bunting, head-feathers of the male, 402; attacked by a bull-finch, 412.
Reefs, fishes frequenting, 343.
Reeks, H., retention of horns by breeding deer, 503; cow rejected by a bull, 525; destruction of piebald rabbits by cats, 542.
Regeneration, partial, of lost parts in man, 8.
Regent-bird, 413.
Reindeer, horns of the, 233; battles of, 501; horns of the female, 503; antlers of, with numerous points, 510; winter change of the, 542; sexual preferences shewn by, 552.
Relationship, terms of, 590.
Religion, deficiency of, among certain races, 93; psychical elements of, 95.
Remorse, 114; deficiency of, among savages, 131.
Rengger, on the diseases of Cebus Azarœ, 7; on the diversity of the mental faculties of monkeys, 27; on the Payaguas Indians, 32; on the inferiority of Europeans to savages in their senses, 33; revenge taken by monkeys, 69; on maternal affection in a Cebus, 70; on the reasoning powers of American monkeys, 77; on the use of stones by monkeys for cracking hard nuts, 81; on the sounds uttered by Cebus Azarœ, 84; on the signal-cries of monkeys, 87; on the polygamous habits of Mycetes caraya, 217; on the voice of the howling monkeys, 527; on the odour of Cervus campestris, 529; on the beards of Mycetes caraya and Pithecia Satanas, 531; on the colours of Felis mitis, 534; on the colours of Cervus paludosus, 536; on sexual differences of colour in Mycetes, 537; on the colour of the infant Guaranys, 558; on the early maturity of the female of Cebus azarœ, 558; on the beards of the Guaranys, 561; on the emotional notes employed by monkeys, 572; on American polygamous monkeys, 590.
Representative species, of birds, 468.
Reproduction, unity of phenomena of, throughout the mammalia, 8; period of, in birds, 484.
Reproductive system, rudimentary structures in the, 23; accessory parts of, 161.
Reptiles, 350.
—— and birds, alliance of, 165.
Resemblances, small, between man and the apes, 150.
Retrievers, exercise of reasoning faculties by, 78.
Revenge, manifested by animals, 69.
Reversion, 36; perhaps the cause of some bad dispositions, 137.
Rhagium, difference of colour in the sexes of a species of, 294.
Rhamphastos carinatus, 492.
Rhea darwinii, 479.
Rhinoceros, nakedness of, 57; horns of, 505; horns of, used defensively, 518; attacking white or grey horses, 540.
Rhynchœa, sexes and young of, 476.
—— australis, 476.
—— bengalensis, 476.
—— capensis, 477.
Rhythm, perception of, by animals, 569.
Richard, M., on rudimentary muscles in man, 12.
Richardson, Sir J., on the pairing of Tetrao umbellus, 366; on Tetrao urophasianus, 372; on the drumming of grouse, 376; on the dances of Tetrao phasianellus, 381; on assemblages of grouse, 405; on the battles of male deer, 501; on the reindeer, 503; on the horns of the musk-ox, 505; on antlers of the reindeer with numerous points, 510; on the moose, 515.
Richardson, on the Scotch deerhound, 516.
Richter, Jean Paul, on imagination, 74.
Riedel, on profligate female pigeons, 218.
Riley, Mr., on mimicry in butterflies, 324; birds' disgust at taste of certain caterpillars, 326.
Ring-ouzel, colours and nidification of the, 455.
Ripa, Father, on the difficulty of distinguishing the races of the Chinese, 167.
Rivalry, in singing, between male birds, 369.
River-hog, African, tusks and knobs of the, 520.
Rivers, analogy of, to islands, 159.
Roach, brightness of male during breeding-season, 340.
Robbery, of strangers, considered honourable, 117.
Robertson, Mr., remarks on the development of the horns in the roebuck and red-deer, 234.
Robin, pugnacity of the male, 360; autumn song of the, 370; female singing of the, 370; attacking other birds with red in their plumage, 412; young of the, 480.
Robinet, on the difference of size of the male and female cocoons of the silk-moth, 278.
Rodents, uterus in the, 38; absence of secondary sexual characters in, 218; sexual differences in the colours of, 534.
Roe, winter change of the, 542.
Rohlfs, Dr., Caucasian features in negro, 167; fertility of mixed races in Sahara, 171; colours of birds in Sahara, 490; ideas of beauty amongst the Bornuans, 582.
Rolle, F., on the origin of man, 3; on a change in German families settled in Georgia, 196.
Roller, harsh cry of, 371.
Romans, ancient, gladiatorial exhibitions of the, 123.
Ronjou, M. A., coincidence of arrested development with polydactylism, 37.
Rook, voice of the, 375.
Rössler, Dr., on the resemblance of the lower surface of butterflies to the bark of trees, 311.
Rostrum, sexual difference in the length of, in some weevils, 208.
Royer, Madlle., mammals giving suck, 163.
Rudimentary organs, 11; origin of, 24.
Rudiments, presence of, in languages, 90.
Rudolphi, on the want of connexion between climate and the colour of the skin, 192.
Ruff, supposed to be polygamous, 219; proportion of the sexes in the, 248; pugnacity of the, 361; double moult in, 390, 392; duration of dances of, 405; attraction of the, to bright objects, 413.
Ruminants, male, disappearance of canine teeth in, 53, 562; generally polygamous, 217; suborbital pits of, 529; sexual differences of colour in, 535.
Rupicola crocea, display of plumage by the male, 395.
Rüppell, on canine teeth in deer and antelopes, 514.
Russia, numerical proportion of male and female births in, 215, 243.
Ruticilla, 462.
Rütimeyer, Prof., on the physiognomy of the apes, 54; on the sexual differences of monkeys, 561.
Rutlandshire, numerical proportion of male and female births in, 242.

S.

Sachs, Prof., on the behaviour of the male and female elements in fertilisation, 222.
Sacrifices, human, 144.
Sagittal crest in male apes and Australians, 558.
Sahara, fertility of mixed races in, 171; birds of the, 456; animal inhabitants of the, 489.
Sailors, growth of, delayed by conditions of life, 31; long-sighted, 33.
Sailors and soldiers, difference in the proportions of, 32.
St. John, Mr., on the attachment of mated birds, 410.
St. Kilda, beards of the inhabitants of, 560.
Salmo eriox, and S. umbla, colouring of the male, during the breeding season, 340.
—— lycaodon, 333.
—— salar, 333.
Salmon leaping out of fresh water, 107; male, ready to breed before the female, 212; proportion of the sexes in, 249; male, pugnacity of the, 332; male, characters of, during the breeding season, 332, 340; spawning of the, 344; breeding of immature male, 485.
Salvin, O., inheritance of mutilated feathers, 60, 384, 603; on the Humming-birds, 219, 454; on the numerical proportion of the sexes in Humming-birds, 248, 487; on Chamœpetes andPenelope, 377; on Selasphorus platycercus, 378; Pipra deliciosa, 378; on Chasmorhynchus, 389.
Samoa Islands, beardlessness of the natives of, 560, 581.
Sand-skipper, 270.
Sandwich Islands, variation in the skulls of the natives of the, 26; decrease of native population, 186; population of, 257; superiority of the nobles in the, 587.
—— Islanders, lice of, 170.
San-Giuliano, women of, 586.
Santali, recent rapid increase of the, 45; Mr. Hunter on the, 192.
Saphirina, characters of the males of, 271.
Sarkidiornis melanonotus, characters of the young, 465.
Sars, O., on Pontoporeia affinis, 266.
Saturnia carpini, attraction of males by the female, 252.
—— Io, difference of coloration in the sexes of, 316.
Saturniidœ, coloration of the, 314, 315.
Savage, Dr., on the fighting of the male gorillas, 562; on the habits of the gorilla, 591.
Savage and Wyman on the polygamous habits of the gorilla, 217.
Savages, uniformity of, exaggerated, 28; long-sighted, 33; rate of increase among, usually small, 45; retention of the prehensile power of the feet by, 52; imitative faculties of, 87; 129; causes of low morality of, 119; tribes of, supplanting one another, 128; improvements in the arts among, 144; arts of, 179; fondness of, for rough music, 380; attention paid by, to personal appearance, 574; relation of the sexes among, 591.
Saviotti, Dr., division of malar bone, 39.
Saw-fly, pugnacity of a male, 291.
Saw-flies, proportions of the sexes in, 254.
Saxicola rubicola, young of, 487.
Scalp, motion of the, 13.
Scent-glands in snakes, 352.
Schaaffhausen, Prof., on the development of the posterior molars in different races of man, 20; on the jaw from La Naulette, 40; on the correlation between muscularity and prominent supra-orbital ridges, 44; on the mastoid processes of man, 53; on modifications of the cranial bones, 56; on human sacrifices, 144; on the probable speedy extermination of the anthropomorphous apes, 156; on the ancient inhabitants of Europe, 181; on the effects of use and disuse of parts, 197; on the superciliary ridge in man, 556; on the absence of race-differences in the infant skull in man, 557; on ugliness, 584.
Schaum, H., on the elytra of Dytiscus and Hydroporus, 276.
Schelver, on dragon-flies, 290.
Schiodte, on the stridulation of Heterocerus, 302.
Schlegel, F. von, on the complexity of the languages of uncivilised peoples, 91.
——, Prof., on Tanysiptera, 468.
Schleicher, Prof., on the origin of language, 87.
Schomburgk, Sir R., on the pugnacity of the male musk-duck of Guiana, 362; on the courtship of Rupicola crocea, 395.
Schoolcraft, Mr., on the difficulty of fashioning stone implements, 49.
Schweinfurth, complexion of negroes, 556.
Sciœna aquila, 347.
Sclater, P. L., on modified secondary wing-feathers in the males of Pipra, 378; on elongated feathers in nightjars, 384; on the species of Chasmorhynchus, 385; on the plumage of Pelecanus onocrotalus, 393; on the plantain-caters, 460; on the sexes and young of Tadorna variegata, 479; on the colours of Lemur macaco, 537; on the stripes in asses, 548.
Scolecida, absence of secondary sexual characters in, 260.
Scolopax frenata, tail-feathers of, 377.
—— gallinago, drumming of, 376.
—— javensis, tail-feathers of, 377.
—— major, assemblies of, 405.
—— Wilsonii, sound produced by, 377.
Scolytus, stridulation of, 302.
Scoter-duck, black, sexual difference in coloration of the, 491; bright beak of male, 491.
Scott, Dr., on idiots smelling their food, 36.
——, J., on the colour of the beard in man, 558.
Scrope, on the pugnacity of the male salmon, 332; on the battles of stags, 501.
Scudder, S. H., imitation of the stridulation of the Orthoptera, 283; on the stridulation of the Acridiidæ, 286; on a Devonian insect, 289; on stridulation, 566.
Sculpture, expression of the ideal of beauty by, 581.
Sea-anemonies, bright colours of, 260.
Sea-bear, polygamous, 218.
Sea-elephant, male, structure of the nose of the, 527; polygamous, 218.
Sea-lion, polygamous, 218.
Seal, bladder-nose, 528.
Seals, their sentinels generally females, 100; evidence furnished by, on classification, 150; polygamous habits of, 218; battles of male, 500; canine teeth of male, 502; sexual differences, 515; pairing of, 522; sexual peculiarities of, 528; in the coloration of, 534; appreciation of music by, 569.
Sea-scorpion, sexual differences in, 337.
Season, changes of colour in birds, in accordance with the, 390; changes of plumage of birds in relation to, 462.
Seasons, inheritance at corresponding, 230.
Sebituani, African chief, trying to alter a fashion, 575.
Sebright Bantam, 238.
Secondary sexual characters, 207; relations of polygamy to, 217; transmitted through both sexes, 226; gradation of, in birds, 430.
Sedgwick, W., on hereditary tendency to produce twins, 45.
Seemann, Dr., on the different appreciation of music by different peoples, 570; on the effects of music, 571.
Seidlitz, on horns of reindeer, 506.
Selasphorus platycercus, acuminate first primary of the male, 378.
Selby, P. J., on the habits of the black and red grouse, 219.
Selection, double, 225.
—— of male by female birds, 404, 421.
——, methodical, of Prussian grenadiers, 29.
——, sexual, explanation of, 209, 213, 220; influence of, on the colouring of Lepidoptera, 321.
——, sexual and natural, contrasted, 226.
Self-command, habit of, inherited, 115; estimation of, 118.
Self-consciousness, in animals, 83.
Self-preservation, instinct of, 112.
Self-sacrifice, by savages, 111; estimation of, 118.
Semilunar fold, 17.
Semnopithecus, 154; long hair on the heads of species of, 150, 604.
—— chrysomelas, sexual differences of colour in, 537.
—— comatus, ornamental hair on the head of, 549.
—— frontatus, beard, &c., of, 550.
Semnopithecus nasica, nose of, 150.
—— nemœus, colouring of, 551.
—— rubicundus, ornamental hair on the head of, 548.
Senses, inferiority of Europeans to savages in the, 33.
Sentinels, among animals, 100, 107.
Serpents, instinctively dreaded by apes and monkeys, 67, 71.
Serranus, hermaphroditism in, 161.
Sex, inheritance limited by, 230.
Sexes, relative proportions of, in man, 242, 558; probable relation of the, in primeval man, 591.
Sexual characters, secondary, 207; relations of polygamy to, 217; transmitted through both sexes, 226; gradation of, in birds, 430.
—— and natural selection, contrasted, 226.
—— characters, effects of the loss of 231; limitation of, 231.
—— differences in man, 8.
—— selection, explanation of, 209, 213, 220; influence of, on the colouring of Lepidoptera, 319; objections to, 495; action of, in mankind, 595.
—— similarity, 255.
Shaler, Prof., sizes of sexes in whales, 516.
Sharks, prehensile organs of male, 331.
Sharpe, Dr., Europeans in the tropics, 195.
——, R. B., on Tanysiptera sylvia, 451; on Ceryle, 457; on the young male of Dacelo Gaudichaudi, 467.
Shaw, Mr., on the pugnacity of the male salmon, 332.
——, J., on the decorations of birds, 382.
Sheep, danger-signals of, 100; sexual differences in the horns of, 230; horns of, 235, 505; domestic, sexual differences of, late developed, 237; numerical proportion of the sexes in, 246; inheritance of horns by one sex, 505; effect of castration, 506; mode of fighting of, 508; arched foreheads of some, 532.
—— Merino, loss of horns in females of, 231; horns of, 235.
Shells, difference in form of, in male and female Gasteropoda, 262; beautiful colours and shapes of, 264.
Shield-drake, pairing with a common duck, 414; New Zealand, sexes and young of, 479.
Shooter, J., on the Kaffirs, 579; on the marriage-customs of the Kaffirs, 598.
Shrew-mice, odour of, 528.
Shrike, Drongo, 461.
Shrikes, characters of young, 465.
Shuckard, W. E., on sexual differences in the wings of Hymenoptera, 277.
Shyness of adorned male birds, 403.
Siagonium, proportions of the sexes in, 253; dimorphism in males of, 299.
Siam, proportion of male and female births in, 245.
Siamese, general beardlessness of the, 560; notions of beauty of the, 578; hairy family of, 601.
Sidgwick, H., on morality in hypothetical bee community, 99; our actions not entirely directed by pain and pleasure, 120.
Siebold, C. T. von, on the proportion of sexes in the Apus, 255; on the auditory apparatus of the stridulant Orthoptera, 283.
Sight, inheritance of long and short, 33.
Signal-cries of monkeys, 87.
Silk-moth, proportion of the sexes in, 250, 251; Aïlanthus, Prof. Canestrini, on the destruction of its larvæ by wasps, 251; difference of size of the male and female cocoons of the, 278; pairing of the, 318.
Simiadæ, 152; their origin and divisions, 165.
Similarity, sexual, 225.
Singing of the Cicadæ and Fulgoridæ, 281; of tree-frogs, 350; of birds, object of the, 368.
Sirenia, nakedness of, 56.
Sirex juvencus, 292.
Siricidæ, difference of the sexes in, 292.
Siskin, 394; pairing with a canary, 415.
Sitana, throat-pouch of the males of, 355, 358.
Size, relative, of the sexes of insects, 278.
Skin, movement of the, 13; nakedness of, in man, 56; colour of the, 192.
—— and hair, correlation of colour of, 197.
Skull, variation of, in man, 26; cubic contents of, no absolute test of intellect, 54; Neanderthal, capacity of the, 55; causes of modification of the, 55; difference of, in form and capacity, in different races of men, 168; variability of the shape of the, 174; differences of, in the sexes in man, 557; artificial modification of the shape of, 575.
Skunk, odour emitted by the, 528; white tail of, protective, 543.
Slavery, prevalence of, 117; of women, 593.
Slaves, difference between field and house-slaves, 196.
Sloth, ornaments of male, 534.
Smell, sense of, in man and animals, 17.
Smith, Adam, on the basis of sympathy, 106.
——, Sir A., on the recognition of women by male Cynocephali, 8; on revenge by a baboon, 69; on an instance of memory in a baboon, 74; on the retention of their colour by the Dutch in South Africa, 193; on the polygamy of the South African antelopes, 217; on the polygamy of the lion, 218; on the proportion of the sexes in Kobus ellipsiprymnus, 247; on Bucephalus capensis, 351; on South African lizards, 358; on fighting gnus, 501; on the horns of rhinoceroses, 506; on the fighting of lions, 521; on the colours of the Cape Eland, 535; on the colours of the gnu, 536; on Hottentot notions of beauty, 578; disbelief in communistic marriages, 588.
——, F., on the Cynipidæ and Tenthredinidæ, 254; on the relative size of the sexes of Aculeate Hymenoptera, 279; on the difference between the sexes of ants and bees, 292; on the stridulation of Trox sabulosus, 303; on the stridulation of Mononychus pseudacori, 305.
Smynthurus luteus, courtship of, 279.
Snakes, sexual differences of, 351; mental powers of, 352; male, ardency of, 352.
"Snarling muscles," 41.
Snipe, drumming of the, 376; coloration of the, 491.
——, painted, sexes and young of, 476.
——, solitary, assemblies of, 405.
Snipes, arrival of male before the female, 212; pugnacity of male, 362; double moult in, 390.
Snow-goose, whiteness of the, 492.
Social animals, affection of, for each other, 102; defence of, by the males, 107.
Sociability, the sense of duty connected with, 98; impulse to, in animals, 105; manifestations of, in man, 108; instinct of, in animals, 109.
Sociality, probable, of primeval men, 62; influence of, on the development of the intellectual faculties, 128; origin of, in man, 129.
Soldiers, American, measurements of, 29.
—— and sailors, difference in the proportions of, 32.
Solenostoma, bright colours and marsupial sack of the females of, 346.
Song of male birds appreciated by their females, 92; want of, in brilliant plumaged birds, 401; of birds, 450.
Sorex, odour of, 528.
Sounds admired alike by man and animals, 92; produced by fishes, 347; produced by male frogs and toads, 350; instrumentally produced by birds, 376 et seq.
Spain, decadence of, 141.
Sparassus smaragdulus, difference of colour in the sexes of, 272.
Sparrow, pugnacity of the male, 360; acquisition of the Linnet's song by a, 370; coloration of the, 473; immature plumage of the, 466.
——, white-crowned, young of the, 486.
Sparrows, house-and tree-, 455.
Sparrows, new mates found by, 408.
——, sexes and young of, 483; learning to sing, 570.
Spathura Underwoodi, 388.
Spawning of fishes, 341, 344.
Spear, used before dispersion of man, 180.
Species, causes of the advancement, of, 137; distinctive characters of, 166; or races of man, 168; sterility and fertility of, when crossed, 170; supposed, of man, 174; gradation of, 175; difficulty of defining, 175; representative, of birds, 468; of birds, comparative differences between the sexes of distinct, 469.
Spectrum femoratum, difference of colour in the sexes of, 289.
Speech, connection between the brain and the faculty of, 88; connection of intonation with music, 570.
"Spel" of the black-cock, 375.
Spencer, Herbert, on the influence of food on the size of the jaws, 33; on the dawn of intelligence, 67; on the origin of the belief in spiritual agencies, 94; on the origin of the moral sense, 123; on music, 571, 572.
Spengel, disagrees with explanation of man's hairlessness, 602.
Sperm-whales, battles of male, 500.
Sphingidæ, coloration of the, 314.
Sphinx, Humming-bird, 317.
——, Mr. Bates on the caterpillar of a, 325.
—— moth, musky odour of, 308.
Spiders, 272; parental feeling in, 106; male, more active than female, 221; proportion of the sexes in, 254; secondary sexual characters of, 272; courtship of male, 273; attracted by music, 273; male, small size of, 273.
Spilosoma menthastri, rejected by turkeys, 316.
Spine, alteration of, to suit the erect attitude of man, 53.
Spirits, fondness of monkeys for, 7.
Spiritual agencies, belief in, almost universal, 94.
Spiza cyanea and civis, 412.
Spoonbill, 374; Chinese, change of plumage in, 461.
Spots, retained throughout groups of birds, 427; disappearance of, in adult mammals, 546.
Sprengel, C. K., on the sexuality of plants, 212.
Spring-boc, horns of the, 509.
Sproat, Mr., on the extinction of savages in Vancouver Island, 183; on the eradication of facial hair by the natives of Vancouver Island, 580; on the eradication of the beard by the Indians of Vancouver Island, 603.
Spurs, occurrence of, in female fowls, 227, 231; development of, in various species of Phasianidæ, 235; of Gallinaceous birds, 362, 364; development of, in female Gallinaceæ, 449.
Squilla, different colours of the sexes of a species of, 271.
Squirrels, battles of male, 500; African, sexual differences in the colouring of, 534; black, 540.
Stag, long hairs of the throat of, 521; horns of the, 227, 229; battles of, 501; horns of the, with numerous branches, 510; bellowing of the, 526; crest of the, 531.
—— -beetle, numerical proportion of sexes of, 253; large size of male, 278; weapons of the male, 299.
Stainton, H. T., on the numerical proportion of the sexes in the smaller moths, 251; habits of Elachista rufocinerea, 252; on the coloration of moths, 315; on the rejection of Spilosoma menthastri, by turkeys, 316; on the sexes of Agrotis exclamationis, 316.
Staley, Bishop, mortality of infant Maories, 187.
Stallion, mane of the, 521.
Stallions, two, attacking a third, 101; fighting, 501; small canine teeth of, 514.
Stansbury, Capt., observations on pelicans, 102.
Staphylinidæ, hornlike processes in male, 299.
Starfishes, parental feeling in, 106; bright colours of some, 260.
Stark, Dr., on the death-rate in towns and rural districts, 138; on the influence of marriage on mortality, 139; on the higher mortality of males in Scotland, 243.
Starling, American field-, pugnacity of male, 367.
——, red-winged, selection of a mate by the female, 416.
Starlings, three, frequenting the same nest, 219, 409; new mates found by, 408.
Statues, Greek, Egyptian, Assyrian, &c., contrasted, 581.
Stature, dependence of, upon local influences, 31.
Staudinger, Dr., on breeding Lepidoptera, 251; his list of Lepidoptera, 252.
Staunton, Sir G., hatred of indecency a modern virtue, 119.
Stealing of bright objects by birds, 413.
Stebbing, T. R., on the nakedness of the human body, 600.
Stemmatopus, 528.
Stendhal, see Bombet.
Stenobothrus pratorum, stridulation, 286.
Stephen, Mr. L., on the difference in the minds of men and animals, 78; on general concepts in animals, 89; distinction between material and formal morality, 111.
Sterility, general, of sole daughters, 135; when crossed, a distinctive character of species, 166; under changed conditions, 189, 191.
Sterna, seasonal change of plumage in, 493.
Stickle-back, polygamous, 220; male, courtship of the, 331; male, brilliant colouring of, during the breeding season, 340; nidification of the, 345.
Sticks used as implements and weapons by monkeys, 81.
Sting in bees, 208.
Stokes, Capt., on the habits of the great bower-bird, 381.
Stoliczka, Dr., on colours in snakes, 352.
Stonechat, young of the, 487.
Stone implements, difficulty of making, 49; as traces of extinct tribes, 181.
Stones, used by monkeys for breaking hard fruits and as missiles, 50; piles of, 179.
Stork, black, sexual differences in the bronchi of the, 374; red beak of the, 491.
Storks, 491, 493; sexual difference in the colour of the eyes of, 425.
Strange, Mr., on the satin bower-bird, 381.
Stretch, Mr., on the numerical proportion in the sexes of chickens, 247.
Strepsiceros kudu, horns of, 512; markings of, 543.
Stridulation, by males of Theridion, 274; of the Orthoptera and Homoptera discussed, 289; of beetles, 301.
Stripes, retained throughout groups of birds, 427; disappearance of, in adult mammals, 546.
Strix flammea, 408.
Structure, existence of unserviceable modifications of, 61.
Struggle for existence, in man, 142, 146.
Struthers, Dr., on the occurrence of the supra-condyloid foramen in the humerus of man, 21.
Sturnella ludoviciana, pugnacity of the male, 367.
Sturnus vulgaris, 408.
Sub-species, 175.
Suffering, in strangers, indifference of savages to, 117.
Suicide, 137; formerly not regarded as a crime, 117; rarely practised among the lowest savages, 117.
Suidæ, stripes of young, 464.
Sulivan, Sir B. J., on speaking of parrots, 85; on two stallions attacking a third, 501.
Sumatra, compression of the nose by the Malays of, 583.
Sumner, Archb., man alone capable of progressive improvement, 79.
Sun-birds, nidification of, 454.
Superstitions, 144; prevalence of, 122.
Superstitious customs, 96.
Superciliary ridge in man, 556, 558.
Supernumerary digits, more frequent in men than in women, 223; inheritance of, 232; early development of, 237.
Supra-condyloid foramen in the early progenitors of man, 160.
Suspicion, prevalence of, among animals, 69.
Swallow-tail butterfly, 312.
Swallows deserting their young, 108, 113.
Swan, black, wild, trachea of the, 374; white young of, 482; red beak of the, 491; black-necked, 493.
Swans, 491, 493; young, 481.
Swaysland, Mr., on the arrival of migratory birds, 212.
Swifts, migration of, 108.
Swinhoe, R., on the common rat in Formosa and China, 80; behaviour of lizards when caught, 355; on the sounds produced by the male hoopoe, 376; on Dicrurus macrocercus and the spoonbill, 461; on the young of Ardeola, 468; on the habits of Turnix, 476; on the habits of Rhynchœa bengalensis, 476; on Orioles breeding in immature plumage, 484.
Sylvia atricapilla, young of, 487.
—— cinerea, aerial love-dance of the male, 380
Sympathy, 134; among animals, 102; its supposed basis, 106.
Sympathies, gradual widening of, 123.
Syngnathous fishes, abdominal pouch in male, 163.
Sypheotides auritus, acuminated primaries of the male, 378; ear-tufts of, 384

T.

Tabanidæ, habits of, 208.
Tadorna variegata, sexes and young of, 479.
—— vulpanser, 414.
Tahitians, 145; compression of the nose by the, 583.
Tail, rudimentary, occurrence of, in man, 22; convoluted body in the extremity of the, 23; absence of, in man and the higher apes, 58; variability of, in species of Macacus and in baboons, 58; presence of, in the early progenitors of man, 160; length of, in pheasants, 445, 451, 452; difference of length of the, in the two sexes of birds, 451.
Tait, Lawson, on the effects of natural selection on civilised nations, 133.
Tanager, scarlet, variation in the male, 424.
Tanagra œstiva, age of mature plumage in, 483.
—— rubra 424; young of, 487.
Tanais, absence of mouth in the males of some species of, 208; relations of the sexes in, 255; dimorphic males of a species of, 265.
Tankerville, Earl, on the battles of wild bulls, 501.
Tanysiptera, races of, determined from adult males, 468.
—— sylvia, long tail-feathers of, 451.
Taphroderes distortus, enlarged left mandible of the male, 277.
Tapirs, longitudinal stripes of young, 464, 546.
Tarsi, dilatation of front, in male beetles, 275.
Tarsius, 156.
Tasmania, half-castes killed by the natives of, 170.
Tasmanians, extinction of, 184.
Taste, in the Quadrumana, 541.
Tattooing, 178; universality of, 574.
Taylor, G., on Quiscalus major, 248.
Tea, fondness of monkeys for, 7.
Tear-sacks, of Ruminants, 529.
Teebay, Mr., on changes of plumage in spangled Hamburgh fowls, 229.
Teeth, rudimentary incisor, in Ruminants, 11; posterior molar, in man, 20; wisdom, 20; diversity of, 26; canine, in the early progenitors of man, 160; canine, of male mammals, 502; in man, reduced by correlation, 562; staining of the, 574; front, knocked out or filed by some savages, 575.
Tegetmeier, Mr., on the transmission of colours in pigeons by one sex alone, 231; numerical proportion of male and female births in dogs, 246; on the abundance of male pigeons, 247; on the wattles of game-cocks, 403; on the courtship of fowls, 417; on the loves of pigeons, 418; on dyed pigeons, 418; blue dragon pigeons, 446.
Tembeta, S. American ornament, 575.
Temper, in dogs and horses, inherited, 69.
Tench, proportions of the sexes in the 249; brightness of male, during breeding season, 340.
Tenebrionidæ, stridulation of, 302.
Tennent, Sir J. E., on the tusks of the Ceylon Elephant, 507, 515; on the frequent absence of beard in the natives of Ceylon, 560; on the Chinese opinion of the aspect of the Cingalese, 578.
Tennyson, A., on the control of thought, 123.
Tenthredinidæ, proportions of the sexes in, 254; fighting habits of male, 291; difference of the sexes in, 292.
Tephrodornis, young of, 468.
Terai, in India, 182.
Termites, habits of, 291.
Terns, white, 492; and black, 493.
——, seasonal change of plumage in, 492.
Terror, common action of, upon the lower animals and man, 69.
Testudo elegans, 351.
—— nigra, 351.
Tetrao cupido, battles of, 367; sexual difference in the vocal organs of, 371.
—— phasianellus, dances of, 380; duration of dances of, 405.
—— scoticus 455, 465, 471.
—— tetrix, 455, 465, 471; pugnacity of the male, 363.
—— umbellus, pairing of, 367; battles of, 367; drumming of the male, 375.
—— urogalloides, dances of, 405.
—— urogallus, pugnacity of the male, 363.
—— urophasianus, inflation of the œsophagus in the male, 372.
Thamnobia, young of, 468.
Thaumalea picta, display of plumage by the male, 396.
Thecla, sexual differences of colouring in species of, 310.
—— rubi, protective colouring of, 312.
Thecophora fovea, 308.
Theognis, selection in mankind, 29.
Theridion, stridulation of males of, 273.
—— lineatum, 272.
Thomisus citreus, and T. floricolens, difference of colour in the sexes of, 272.
Thompson, J. H., on the battles of sperm-whales, 500.
——, W., on the colouring of the male char during the breeding season, 340; on the pugnacity of the males of Gallinula chloropus, 360; on the finding of new mates by magpies, 407; on the finding of new mates by Peregrine falcons, 408.
Thorax, processes of, in male beetles, 295.
Thorell, T., on the proportion of the sexes in spiders, 255.
Thornback, difference in the teeth of the two sexes of the, 334.
Thoughts, control of, 123.
Thrush, pairing with a blackbird, 414; colours and nidification of the, 455.
Thrushes, characters of young, 455, 464.
Thug, remorse of a, 117.
Thumb, absence of, in Ateles and Hylobates, 51.
Thury, M., on the numerical proportion of male and female births among the Jews, 243.
Thylacinus, possession of the marsupial sack by the male, 161.
Thysanura, 279.
Tibia, dilated, of the male Crabo cribrarius, 276.
—— and femur, proportions of, in the Aymara Indians, 34.
Tierra del Fuego, marriage-customs of, 598.
Tiger, colours and markings of the, 545.
Tigers, depopulation of districts by, in India, 46.
Tillus elongatus, difference of colour in the sexes of, 294.
Timidity, variability of, in the same species, 69.
Tineina, proportion of the sexes in, 250.
Tipula, pugnacity of male, 280.
Tits, sexual difference of colour in, 458.
Toads, 349; male, treatment of ova by some, 163; male, ready to breed before the female, 212.
Todas, infanticide and proportion of sexes, 255; practise polyandry, 593; choice of husbands amongst, 593.
Toe, great, condition of, in the human embryo, 11.
Tomicus villosus proportion of the sexes in, 253.
Tomtit, blue, sexual difference of colour in the, 458.
Tonga Islands, beardlessness of the natives of, 560, 581.
Tooke, Horne, on language, 86.
Tools, flint, 145; used by monkeys, 81; use of, 48.
Topknots in birds, 384.
Tortoise, voice of the male, 567,
Tortures, submitted to by American savages, 118.
Totanus, double moult in, 390.
Toucans, colours and nidification of the, 455; beaks and ceres of the, 491.
Towns, residence in, a cause of diminished stature, 31.
Toynbee, J., on the external shell of the ear in man, 14.
Trachea, convoluted and imbedded in the sternum, in some birds, 374; structure of the, in Rhynchœa, 476.
Trades, affecting the form of the skull, 56.
Tragelaphus, sexual differences of colour in, 535.
—— scriptus, dorsal crest of, 530; markings of, 543, 544.
Tragopan, 220; swelling of the wattles of the male, during courtship, 383; display of plumage by the male, 397; markings of the sexes of the, 428.
Tragops dispar, sexual difference in the colour of, 351.
Training, effect of, on the mental difference between the sexes of man, 565.
Transfer of male characters to female birds, 470.
Transmission, equal, of ornamental characters, to both sexes in mammals, 542.
Traps, avoidance of, by animals, 80; use of, 48.
Treachery, to comrades, avoidance of, by savages, 111
Tremex columbœ, 292.
Tribes, extinct, 128; extinction of, 182.
Trichius, difference of colour in the sexes of a species of, 294.
Trigla, 347.
Trimen, R., on the proportion of the sexes in South African butterflies, 250; on the attraction of males by the female of Lasiocampa quercus, 252; on Pneumora, 288; on difference of colour in the sexes of beetles, 294; on moths brilliantly coloured beneath, 315; on mimicry in butterflies, 325; on Gynanisa Isis, and on the ocellated spots of Lepidoptera, 428; on Cyllo Leda, 429.
Tringa, sexes and young of, 485.
—— cornuta, 391.
Triphœna, coloration of the species of, 313.
Tristram, H. B., on unhealthy districts in North Africa, 194; on the habits of the chaffinch in Palestine, 248; on the birds of the Sahara, 456; on the animals inhabiting the Sahara, 489.
Triton cristatus, 348.
—— palmipes, 348.
—— punctatus, 348.
Troglodyte skulls, greater than those of modern Frenchmen, 55.
Troglodytes vulgaris, 473.
Trogons, colours and nidification of the, 455, 456.
Tropic-birds, white only when mature, 492.
Tropics, freshwater fishes of the, 343.
Trout, proportion of the sexes in, 249; male, pugnacity of the, 332.
Trox sabulosus, stridulation of, 303.
Truth, not rare between members of the same tribe, 118; more highly appreciated by certain tribes, 122.
Tulloch, Major, on the immunity of the negro from certain fevers, 193.
Tumbler, almond, change of plumage in the, 238.
Turdus merula, 455; young of, 487.
—— migratorius, 464.
—— musicus, 455.
—— polyglottus, young of, 487.
—— torquatus, 455
Turkey, wild, pugnacity of young male, 366; wild, notes of the, 375; swelling of the wattles of the male, 383; variety of, with a top-knot, 384; recognition of a dog by a, 412; male, wild, acceptable to domesticated females, 418; wild, first advances made by older females, 419; wild, breast-tuft of bristles of the, 461.
Turkey-cock, scraping of the wings of, upon the ground, 375; wild, display of plumage by, 394; fighting habits of, 404.
Turner, Prof. W., on muscular fasciculi in man referable to the panniculus carnosus, 13; on the occurrence of the supra-condyloid foramen in the human humerus, 21; on muscles attached to the coccyx in man, 22; on the filum terminale in man, 23; on the variability of the muscles, 26; on abnormal conditions of the human uterus, 39; on the development of the mammary glands, 162; on male fishes hatching ova in their mouths, 163, 345; on the external perpendicular fissure of the brain, 200; on the bridging convolutions in the brain of a chimpanzee, 201.
Turnix, sexes of some species of, 475; 480.
Turtle-dove, cooing of the, 374.
Tuttle, H., on the number of species of man, 174.
Tylor, E. B., on emotional cries, gestures, &c., of man, 85; on the origin of the belief in spiritual agencies, 94; remorse for violation of tribal usage in marrying, 115; on the primitive barbarism of civilised nations, 143; on the origin of counting, 144; inventions of savages, 145; on resemblances, of the mental characters in different races of man, 178.
Type of structure, prevalence of, 164.
Typhœus, stridulating organs of, 301; stridulation of, 303.
Tyranga œstiva, 462.
Twins, tendency to produce, hereditary, 45.
Twite, proportion of the sexes in the, 248.

U.

Ugliness, said to consist in an approach to the lower animals, 584.
Umbrella-bird, 373,
Umbrina, sounds produced by, 347.
United States, rate of increase in, 44; influence of natural selection on the progress of, 142; change undergone by Europeans in the, 196.
Upupa epops, sounds produced by the male, 376.
Uraniidæ, coloration of the, 314.
Uria troile, variety of (= U. lacrymans), 424.
Urodela, 348.
Urosticte Benjamini, sexual differences in, 442.
Use and disuse of parts, effects of, 32; influence of, on the races of man, 197.
Uterus, reversion in the, 38; more or less divided, in the human subject, 38, 43; double, in the early progenitors of man, 161.

V.

Vaccination, influence of, 134.
Vancouver Island, Mr. Sproat on the savages of, 183; natives of, eradication of facial hair by the, 580.
Vanellus cristatus, wing tubercles of the male, 366.
Vanessœ, 308; resemblance of lower surface of, to bark of trees, 311.
Variability, causes of, 28; in man, analogous to that in the lower animals, 29; of the races of man, 174; greater in men than in women, 223; period of, relation of the, to sexual selection, 240; of birds, 422; of secondary sexual characters in man, 559.
Variation, laws of, 29; correlated, 43; in man, 146; analogous, 152; analogous, in plumage of birds, 385.
Variations, spontaneous, 44.
Varieties, absence of, between two species, evidence of their distinctness, 167.
Variety, an object in nature, 493.
Variola, communicable between man and the lower animals, 7.
Vauréal, human bones from, 22.
Veddahs, monogamous habits of, 591.
Veitch, Mr., on the aversion of Japanese ladies to whiskers, 581.
Vengeance, instinct of, 113.
Venus Erycina, priestesses of, 587.
Vermes, 264.
Vermiform appendage, 21.
Verreaux, M., on the attraction of numerous males by the female of an Australian Bombyx, 252.
Vertebræ, caudal, number of, in macaques and baboons, 58; of monkeys, partly imbedded in the body, 59.
Vertebrata, 330; common origin of the, 158; most ancient progenitors of, 161; origin of the voice in air-breathing, 567.
Vesicula prostatica, the homologue of the uterus, 24, 161.
Vibrissæ, represented by long hairs in the eyebrows, 19.
Vidua, 403, 462.
—— axillaris, 219.
Villerme, M., on the influence of plenty upon stature, 31.
Vinson, Aug., courtship of male spider, 273; on the male of Epeira nigra, 273.
Viper, difference of the sexes in the, 351.
Virey, on the number of species of man, 174.
Virtues, originally social only, 116; gradual appreciation of, 131.
Viscera, variability of, in man, 27.
Vlacovich, Prof., on the ischio-pubic muscle, 41.
Vocal music of birds, 368.
—— organs of man, 87; of birds, 90, 450; of frogs, 350; of the Insessores, 370; difference of, in the sexes of birds, 371; primarily used in relation to the propagation of the species, 566.
Vogt, Karl, on the origin of species, 1; on the origin of man, 3; on the semilunar fold in man, 17; on microcephalous idiots, 35; on the imitative faculties of microcephalous idiots, 87; on skulls from Brazilian caves, 168; on the evolution of the races of man, 177; on the formation of the skull in women, 557; on the Ainos and negroes, 560; on the increased cranial difference of the sexes in man with race development, 566; on the obliquity of the eye in the Chinese and Japanese, 578.
Voice in mammals, 525; in monkeys and man, 558; in man, 566; origin of, in air-breathing vertebrates, 567.
Von Baer, definition of advancement in the organic scale, 164.
Vulpian, Prof., on the resemblance between the brains of man and of the higher apes, 6.
Vultures, selection of a mate by the female, 416; colours of, 493.

W.

Waders, young of, 486.
Wagner, R., on the occurrence of the diastema in a Kaffir skull, 40; on the bronchi of the black stork, 374.
Wagtail, Ray's, arrival of the male before the female, 212.
Wagtails, Indian, young of, 468.
Waist, proportions of, in soldiers and sailors, 32.
Waitz, Prof., on the number of species of man, 174; on the liability of negroes to tropical fevers after residence in a cold climate, 194; on the colour of Australian infants, 558; on the beardlessness of negroes, 560; on the fondness of mankind for ornaments, 573; on negro ideas of female beauty, 579; on Javan and Cochin Chinese ideas of beauty, 580.
Walckenaer and Gervais, spider attracted by music, 273; on the Myriapoda, 274.
Waldeyer, M, on the hermaphroditism of the vertebrate embryo, 161.
Wales, North, numerical proportion of male and female births in, 242.
Walker, Alex., on the large size of the hands of labourers' children, 33.
——, F., on sexual differences in the diptera, 280.
Wallace, Dr. A., on the prehensile use of the tarsi in male moths, 209; on the rearing of the Aïlanthus silkmoth, 251; on breeding Lepidoptera, 251; proportion of sexes of Bombyx cynthia, B. yamamai, and
B. Pernyi reared by, 253; on the development of Bombyx cynthia and B. yamamai, 278; on the pairing of Bombyx cynthia, 318.
Wallace, A. R., on the origin of man, 3; on the power of imitation in man, 68; on the use of missiles by the orang, 82; on the varying appreciation of truth among different tribes, 122; on the limits of natural selection in man, 49, 127; on the occurrence of remorse among savages, 131; on the effects of natural selection on civilised nations, 133; on the use of the convergence of the hair at the elbow in the orang, 151; on the contrast in the characters of the Malays and Papuans, 168; on the line of separation between the Papuans and Malays, 169; on the birds of paradise, 219; on the sexes of Ornithoptera Crœsus, 250; on protective resemblances, 261; on the relativesizes of the sexes of insects, 278; on Elaphomyia, 280; on the pugnacity of the males of Leptorhynchus angustatus, 299; on sounds produced by Euchirus longimanus, 304; on the colours of Diadema, 309; on Kallima, 311; on the protective colouring of moths, 313; on bright coloraration as protective in butterflies, 314; on variability in the Papilionidæ, 320; on male and female butterflies inhabiting different stations, 321; on the protective nature of the dull colouring of female butterflies, 321, 322, 325; on mimicry in butterflies, 324; on the bright colours of caterpillars, 325; on brightly-coloured fishes frequenting reefs, 343; on the coral snakes, 353; on Paradisea apoda, 385; on the display of plumage by male birds of paradise, 395; on assemblies of birds of paradise, 405; on the instability of the ocellated spots inHipparchia Janira, 428; on sexually limited inheritance, 444; on the sexual coloration of birds, 452, 472, 473, 475, 480; on the relation between the colours and nidification of birds, 452,455; on the coloration of the Cotingidæ, 460; on the females of Paradisea apoda and papuana, 470; on the incubation of the cassowary, 478; on protective coloration in birds, 489; on the Babirusa, 519; on the markings of the tiger, 545; on the beards of the Papuans, 560; on the hair of the Papuans, 575; on the distribution of hair on the human body, 600.
Walrus, development of the nictitating membrane in the, 17; tusks of the, 502, 507; use of the tusks by the, 513.
Walsh, B. D., on the proportion of the sexes in Papilio Turnus, 250; on the Cynipidæ and Cecidomyidæ, 254; on the jaws of Ammophila, 275; on Corydalis cornatus, 275; on the prehensile organs of male insects, 275; on the antennæ of Penthe, 275; on the caudal appendages of dragon-flies, 276; on Platyphyllum concavum, 286; on the sexes of the Ephemeridæ, 289; on the difference of colour in the sexes of Spectrum femoratum, 289; on sexes of dragon-flies, 290; on the difference of the sexes in the Ichneumonidæ, 292; on the sexes of Orsodacna atra, 294; on the variation of the horns of the male Phanæus carnifex, 297; on the coloration of the species of Anthocharis, 312.
Wapiti, battles of, 501; traces of horns in the female, 504; attacking a man, 511; crest of the male, 531; sexual difference in the colour of the, 536.
Warbler, hedge-, 473; young of the, 481.
Warblers, superb, nidification of, 454.
Wariness, acquired by animals, 80.
Warington, R., on the habits of the stickle-backs, 331, 345; on the brilliant colours of the male stickle-back during the breeding season, 340.
Wart-hog, tusks and pads of the, 519.
Watchmakers, short-sighted, 33.
Waterhen, 360.
Waterhouse, C. O., on blind beetles, 294; on difference of colour in the sexes of beetles, 294.
——, G. R., on the voice of Hylobates agilis, 567.
Water-ouzel, 455; autumn song of the, 370.
Waterton, C., on the Bell-bird, 389; on the pairing of a Canada goose with a Bernicle gander, 414; on hares fighting, 500.
Wattles, disadvantageous to male birds in fighting, 404.
Weale, J. Mansel, on a South African caterpillar, 325.
Wealth, influence of, 134.
Weapons, used by man, 48; employed by monkeys, 81; offensive, of males, 210; of mammals, 501 et seq.
Weaver-bird, 370.
Weaver-birds, rattling of the wings of, 375; assemblies of, 405.
Webb, Dr., on the wisdom teeth, 20.
Wedderburn, Mr., assembly of black game, 407.
Wedgwood, Hensleigh, on the origin of language, 87.
Weevils, sexual difference in length of snout in some, 208.
Weir, Harrison, on the numerical proportion of the sexes in pigs and rabbits, 247; on the sexes of young pigeons, 247; on the songs of birds, 368; on pigeons, 411; on the dislike of blue pigeons to other coloured varieties, 417; on the desertion of their mates by female pigeons, 418.
——, J. Jenner, on the nightingale and blackcap, 212; on the relative sexual maturity of male birds, 213; on female pigeons deserting a feeble mate, 214; on three starlings frequenting the same nest, 219; on the proportion of the sexes in Machetes pugnax and other birds, 247, 248; on the coloration of the Triphœnœ, 313; on the rejection of certain caterpillars by birds, 326; on sexual differences of the beak in the goldfinch, 360; on a piping bullfinch, 369; on the object of the nightingale's song, 368; on songbirds, 369; on the pugnacity of male fine-plumaged birds, 400; on the courtship of birds, 401; on the finding of new mates by Peregrine-falcons and Kestrels, 408; on the bullfinch and starling, 408; on the cause of birds remaining unpaired, 409; on starlings and parrots living in triplets, 409; on recognition of colour by birds, 411; on hybrid birds, 414; on the selection of a greenfinch by a female canary, 415; on a case of rivalry of female bullfinches, 420; on the maturity of the golden-pheasant, 483.
Weisbach, Dr., measurement of men of different races, 167; on the greater variability of men than of women, 223; on the relative proportions of the body in the sexes of different races of man, 559.
Weismann, Prof., colours of Lycœnœ, 312.
Welcker, M., on brachycephaly and dolichocephaly, 56; on sexual differences in the skull in man, 557.
Wells, Dr., on the immunity of coloured races from certain poisons, 193.
Westring, on the stridulation of males of Theridion, 273; on the stridulation of Reduvius personatus, 281; on the stridulation of beetles, 302; on the stridulation of Omaloplia brunnea, 303; on the stridulating organs of the Coleoptera, 304; on sounds produced by Cychrus, 304.
Westropp, H. M., on reason in a bear, 76; on the prevalence of certain forms of ornamentation, 179.
Westwood, J. O., on the classification of the Hymenoptera, 148; on the Culicidæ and Tabanidæ, 208; on a Hymenopterous parasite with a sedentary male, 221; on the proportions of the sexes in Lucanus cervus and Siagonium, 253; on the absence of ocelli in female mutillidæ, 274; on the jaws of Ammophila, 275; on the copulation of insects of distinct species, 275; on the male of Crabro cribrarius, 276; on the pugnacity of male Tipulæ, 280; on the stridulation of Pirates stridulus, 281; on the Cicadæ, 281; on the stridulating organs of the crickets, 284; on Ephippiger vitium, 284, 288; on Pneumora, 287; on the pugnacity of the Mantides, 289; on Platyblemnus, 289; on difference in the sexes of the Agrionidæ, 290; on the pugnacity of the males of a species of Tenthredinæ, 291; on the pugnacity of the male stag-beetle, 299; on Bledius taurus and Siagonium, 299; on lamellicorn beetles, 301; on the coloration of Lithosia, 314.
Whale, Sperm-, battles of male, 500.
Whales, nakedness of, 56.
Whately, Archb., language not pe-culiar to man, 84; on the primitive civilisation of man, 143.
Whewell, Prof., on maternal affection, 70.
Whiskers, in monkeys, 150.
White, F. B., noise produced by Hylophila, 308.
——, Gilbert, on the proportion of the sexes in the partridge, 248; on the house-cricket, 283; on the object of the song of birds, 369; on the finding of new mates by white owls, 408; on spring coveys of male partridges, 409.
Whiteness, a sexual ornament in some birds, 494; of mammals inhabiting snowy countries, 542.
White-throat, aerial love-dance of the male, 380.
Whitney, Prof., on the development of language, 86; language not indispensable for thought, 88.
Widow-bird, polygamous, 219; breeding plumage of the male, 392, 403; female, rejecting the unadorned male, 419.
Widows and widowers, mortality of, 140.
Wigeon, pairing with a pintail duck, 414.
Wilckens, Dr., on the modification of domestic animals in mountainous regions, 35; on a numerical relation between the hairs and excretory pores in sheep, 198.
Wilder, Dr. Burt, on the greater frequency of supernumerary digits in men than in women, 223.
Williams, on the marriage-customs of the Fijians, 599.
Wilson, Dr., on the conical heads of the natives of North-Western America, 583; on the Fijians, 583; on the persistence of the fashion of compressing the skull, 584.
Wing-spurs, 449.
Wings, diffferences of, in the two sexes of butterflies and Hymenoptera, 277; plav of. in the courtship of birds, 401.
Winter, change of colour of mammals in, 542.
Witchcraft, 96.
Wives, traces of the forcible capture of, 144.
Wolf, winter change of the, 542.
Wolff, on the variability of the viscera in man, 27.
Wollaston, T. V., on Eurygnathus, 277; on musical Curculionidæ, 301; on the stridulation of Acalles, 306,
Wolves learning to bark from dogs, 73; hunting in packs, 101.
——, black, 540.
Wombat, black varieties of the, 539.
Women distinguished from men by male monkeys, 8; preponderance of, in numbers, 244; selection of, for beauty, 397; effects of selection of, in accordance with different standards of beauty, 584; practice of capturing, 589, 592; early betrothals and slavery of, 593; freedom of selection by, in savage tribes, 598.
Wonder, manifestations of, by animals, 71.
Wonder, Mr., on sexual peculiarities in the wings of butterflies, 277.
Wood, J., on muscular variations man, 26, 41, 43; on the greater variability of the muscles in men than in women, 223.
——, T. W., on the colouring of the orange-tip butterfly, 313; on the habits of the Saturniidæ, 315; quarrels of chamæleons, 357; on the habits of Menura Alberti, 371; on Tetrao cupido, 371; on the display of plumage by male pheasants, 396; on the ocellated spots of the Argus pheasant, 441; on the habits of the female cassowary, 478.
Woodcock, coloration of the, 491.
Woodpecker, selection of a mate by the female, 416. Woodpeckers, 371; tapping of, 376; colours and nidification of the, 455, 458, 489; characters of young, 465, 474, 481.
Woolner, Mr., observations on the ear in man, 15.
Wormald, Mr., on the coloration of Hypopyra, 315.
Wounds, healing of, 8.
Wren, 473; young of the, 481.
Wright, C. A., on the young of Orcetes and Petrocinla, 487.
——, Chauncey, great brain-power requisite for language, 48; on correlative acquisition, 571; on the enlargement of the brain in man, 610,
——, Mr., on the Scotch deerhound, 517; on sexual preference in dogs, 524; on the rejection of a horse by a mere, 525.
——, W. Von, on the protective plumage of the Ptarmigan, 391.
Writing, 144.
Wyman, Prof., on the prolongation of the coccyx in the human embryo, 11; on the condition of the great toe in the human embryo, 11; on the occurrence of the supra-condy-loid foramen in the humerus of man, 22; on variation in the skulls of the natives of the Sandwich Islands, 26; on the hatching of the eggs in the mouths and branchial cavities of male ﬁshes, 163, 345.

X.

Xenarchus, on the Cicadæ. 281.
Xenophon, selection in mankind advocated by, 29.
Xenorhynchus, sexual difference in the colour of the eyes in, 425.
Xiphophorus Hellerii, peculiar anal fin of the male, 337, 338.
Xylocopa, difference of the sexes in, 292.

Y.

Yarrell, W., on the habits of the Cyprinidæ, 250; on Raia clavatu, 331; on the characters of the male salmon during the breeding season. 332, 342; on the characters of the rays, 334; on the gemmeous dragonet, 336; on the spawning of the salmon, 344; on the incubation of the Lophobranchii, 346; on rivalry in song-birds, 369; on the trachea of the swan, 374; on the moulting of the Anatidoe, 393; on the young of the waders, 486.
Yellow fever, immunity of negroes and mulattoes from, 193.
Youatt, Mr., on the development of the horns in cattle, 235.
Yura-caras, their notions of beauty, 580.

Z.

Zebra, rejection of an ass by a female, 540; stripes of the, 545
Zebus, humps of, 532.
Zigzags, prevalence of, as ornaments, 179.
Zincke, Mr., on European emigration to America, 142.
Zootoca vipara, sexual difference in the colour of, 357.
Zouteveen, Dr., polydactylism, 37: proportion of sexes at Cape of Good Hope, 243; spiders attracted by music, 273; on sounds produced by fish, 347.
Zygænidæ, coloration of the, 314.

THE END.