The Essays of Francis Bacon/XXXIX Of Custom and Education

by Francis Bacon

XXXIX. Of Custom and Education.

Men's thoughts are much according to their inclination; their discourse and speeches according to their learning and infused opinions; but their deeds are after^[1] as^[2] they have been accustomed. And therefore, as Machiavel well noteth (though in an evil-favoured instance), there is no trusting to the force of nature nor to the bravery of words, except it be corroborate^[3] by custom. His instance is, that for the achieving of a desperate conspiracy, a man should not rest upon the fierceness of any man's nature, or his resolute undertakings; but take such an one as hath had his hands formerly in blood.^[4] But Machiavel knew not of a friar Clement,^[5] nor a Ravillac,^[6] nor a Jaureguy,^[7] nor a Baltazar Gerard; yet his rule holdeth still, that nature, nor the engagement of words, are not so forcible as custom. Only superstition is now so well advanced, that men of the first blood^[8] are as firm as butchers by occupation; and votary^[9] resolution is made equipollent^[10] to custom even in matter of blood. In other things the predominancy of custom is every where visible; insomuch as a man would wonder to hear men profess, protest, engage, give great words, and then do just as they have done before; as if they were dead images, and engines moved only by the wheels of custom. We see also the reign or tyranny of custom, what it is. The Indians (I mean the sect of their wise men) lay themselves quietly upon a stack of wood, and so sacrifice themselves by fire. Nay the wives strive to be burned with the corpses of their husbands. The lads of Sparta,^[11] of ancient time, were wont to be scourged upon the altar of Diana, without so much as queching.^[12] I remember, in the beginning of Queen Elizabeth's^[13] time of England, an Irish rebel condemned, put up a petition to the Deputy that he might be hanged in a with,^[14] and not in an halter; because it had been so used with former rebels. There be monks in Russia, for penance, that will sit a whole night in a vessel of water, till they be engaged^[15] with hard ice. Many examples may be put of the force of custom, both upon mind and body. Therefore, since custom is the principal magistrate of man's life, let men by all means endeavour to obtain good customs. Certainly custom is most perfect when it beginneth in young years: this we call education; which is, in effect, but an early custom. So we see, in languages the tongue is more pliant to all expressions and sounds, the joints are more supple to all feats of activity and motions, in youth than afterwards. For it is true that late learners cannot so well take the ply;^[16] except it be in some minds that have not suffered themselves to fix, but have kept themselves open and prepared to receive continual amendment, which is exceeding rare. But if the force of custom simple and separate be great, the force of custom copulate^[17] and conjoined and collegiate^[18] is far greater. For there example teacheth, company comforteth,^[19] emulation quickeneth, glory raiseth: so as in such places the force of custom is in his^[20] exaltation.^[21] Certainly the great multiplication^[22] of virtues upon human nature resteth upon societies well ordained and disciplined. For commonwealths and good governments do nourish virtue grown, but do not much mend the seeds. But the misery is, that the most effectual means are now applied to the ends least to be desired.

1. After. According to. "O Lord, deal not with us after our sins." The Litany.
2. As. That.
3. Corroborate. Preterit participle, clipped form. Strengthened, confirmed.

   "Ye know my father was the rightful heir
   Of England, and his right came down to me,
   Corroborate by your acts of Parliament."
   

   Tennyson. Queen Mary. ii. 2.

4. Discorsi di Niccolò Machiavelli Segretario e Citt. Fiorentino sopra La Prima Deca di T. Livio. III. 6. Delle Congiure. p. 40.
5. Jacques Clément, 1555(?)–1589, a fanatical monk who murdered Henry III., of France.
6. François Ravaillac, 1578(?)–1610, assassinated Henry IV., of France, May 14, 1610.
7. John Jaureguy attempted to assassinate William the Silent, Prince of Orange, March 18, 1582. On July 10, 1584, William the Silent was shot by Balthazar Gérard.
8. The translation has primæ classis sicarii; (murderers of the first class): which seems to me to miss the meaning of the English. "Men of the first blood" must mean here, men whose hands have not been in blood before. S.
9. Votary. Consecrated by a vow.
10. Equipollent. Equivalent.
11. M. Tullii Ciceronis Tusculanarum Disputationum ad M. Brutum Liber II. Caput 14.
12. Quech, or quitch, means to flinch, to shrink.
13. Elizabeth, 1533–1603, Queen of England, 1558–1603.
14. With, withe. A willow twig; a band of twigs. "And Samson said unto her, If they bind me with seven green withs that were never dried, then shall I be weak, and be as another man." Judges xvi. 7.
15. Engaged with. Held in.
16. Ply. Bent, direction.
17. Copulate. Connected, united.
18. Collegiate. Of or belonging to colleagues; corporate.
19. Comfort, in the Latin sense, to strengthen much. "Yea, though I walk through the valley of the shadow of death, I will fear no evil: for thou art with me; thy rod and thy staff they comfort me." Psalms xxiii. 4. "Be comfortable to my mother, your mistress, and make much of her." Shakspere. All's Well that Ends Well. i. 1.
20. His. Its. The pronoun 'its' first appeared in print in John Florio's A Worlde of Wordes, 1598. It does not occur in King James's Bible of 1611, nor in any work of Shakspere published during his lifetime. There are, however, nine 'it's' and one 'its' in the Shakspere folio of 1623. The essay Of Custom and Education first saw the light in the second edition of the Essays, in 1612.
21. Exaltation. In astrological language, a planet was said to be in exaltation when it was in that sign of the zodiac where it was supposed to exert its strongest influence.
22. Multiplication upon. Compare the language of the Collect for the fourth Sunday after Trinity in The Book of Common Prayer: "Increase and multiply upon us thy mercy."