The Grouse in Health and in Disease/Volume I

by Committee of Inquiry on Grouse Disease

Frontispiece.
(p.z.s. 1910. PLLXXVIII.)

Andre & Sleigh, Ltd.

pair of red grouse in summer with young chicks.

THE GROUSE

IN HEALTH AND IN DISEASE

BEING THE FINAL REPORT OF THE
COMMITTEE OF INQUIRY ON GROUSE DISEASE

VOLUME I

WITH 59 FULL PAGE PLATES, MOSTLY IN COLOUR
AND 31 ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT

LONDON

SMITH, ELDER & CO., 15 WATERLOO PLACE

1911

[All rights reserved]

DEDICATED BY GRACIOUS PERMISSION

TO

His Majesty the King

TABLE OF CONTENTS

VOLUME I

chapter.		page
	Introduction.—By Lord Lovat	xi
Part I.—THE NORMAL GROUSE.
i.—	The Systematic Position of the Grouse. By A. H. Evans	1
ii.—	The Life History of the Grouse. By A. S. Leslie	5
iii.—	The Changes of Plumage in the Red Grouse in Health and in Disease. By Edward A. Wilson Part I.—Plumage Changes in the Cock. Part II.—Plumage Changes in the Hen. Part III.—Local Variations in the Plumage of the Grouse.	29
iv.—	Food of the Red Grouse. Part I.—Observations on the Food of Grouse, based on an examination of crop contents. By Edward A. Wilson. Part II.—The Insect Food of Grouse Chicks, based on an examination of crops and gizzards. By Percy H. Grimshaw. Part III.—Water by A.S. Leslie. Part IV.—Grit. By Dr. H. Hammond Smith and R.H. Rastall.	67
v.—	Physiology and Anatomy of the Red Grouse. By Edward A. Wilson	100
vi.—	The Weight of Grouse. By Edward A. Wilson	130
Part II.—THE GROUSE IN DISEASE.
vii.—	Causes of Mortality in the Red Grouse. By Lord Lovat and Edward A. Wilson	147
viii.—	Causes of Mortality in the Red Grouse. —continued. By Edward A. Wilson and Edward A. Wilson Part I.—Those Referable to Artificial Conditions. Part II.—Those Referable to Natural Causes.	185
ix.—	Grouse Disease. By Edward A. Wilson and A. S. Leslie History of Grouse Disease with an account of the work of the Grouse Disease Inquiry in respect of previous work done by Professor Klein, Dr. Cobbold, and others	185
x.—	Grouse Disease — continued — Strongylosis Part I.—The Threadworms (Nematoda). By Dr. A.E. Shipley. Part II.—On the Development and Bionomics of Trichostrongylus pergracilis. By Dr. R.T. Leiper	207
xi.—	Grouse Disease — continued — Coccidiosis By Dr. H.R.Fantham Part I.—The Morphology and Life History of EIMERIA (COCCIDIUM) AVIUM, a sporozoön causing a fatal disease among young Grouse Part II.—Experimental Studies on Avian Coccidiosis, especially in relation to young Grouse, fowls, and pigeons Part III.—COCCIDIOSIS in Game Birds and Poultry: Some Preventative Measures and Treatment	235
xii.—	Grouse Disease — continued — Pathology—By Dr. L. Cobbett and Dr. G.S. Graham Smith	273
xiii.—	Observations on the Blood of Grouse By Dr. H.B. Fantham	308
xiv.—	Observations on the Parasitic Protozoa of the Red Grouse (Lagopus scoticus) with a Note on the Grouse Fly. By Dr. H.B. Fantham	318
xv.—	The Tapeworms (Cestoda) of the Red Grouse (Lagopus scoticus) By Dr. A.E. Shipley	334
xvi.—	The Ectoparasites of the Red Grouse (Lagopus scoticus) By Dr. A.E. Shipley	347
Part III.—MANAGEMENT AND ECONOMICS OF GROUSE MOORS.
xvii.—	Moor Management By Lord Lovat	372
xviii.—	Heather-burning By Lord Lovat	392
xix.—	The Heather Beetle By P.H. Grimshaw Part I.—On "Frosted" Heather and its connection with the Heather Beetle (LOCKMEA SUTURALIS). Part II.—The Life History of the Heather Beetle.	414
xx.—	Keepers and Keepering, with sub-divisions dealing with Poachers and Vermin By Lord Lovat	430
xxi.—	Stock By Lord Lovat	454
xxii.—	Grouse in Captivity By Dr. H. Hammond Smith	483
xxiii.—	Value of Grouse Shootings in Great Britain By A.S. Leslie	491
	Index	503

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

PLATE
I.	PAIR OF RED GROUSE IN SUMMER WITH YOUNG CHICKS	Frontispiece
II.	MALE GROUSE, BLACK TYPE, IN FULL WINTER PLUMAGE	to face page 34
III.	MALE GROUSE, RED TYPE, IN FULL WINTER PLUMAGE	"34
IV.	MALE GROUSE, WHITE-SPOTTED BIRD OF RED TYPE	"34
V.	MALE GROUSE, RED TYPE, IN FULL WINTER PLUMAGE WITH A FEW BLACK-CENTRED FEATHERS OF THE PREVIOUS AUTUMN PLUMAGE	"35
VI.	MALE GROUSE, SHOWING MARKED BEGINNING OF THE AUTUMN PLUMAGE ON HEAD AND NECK	"36
VII.	MALE GROUSE CHANGING FROM WINTER TO AUTUMN PLUMAGE	"36
VIII.	FEMALE GROUSE, BLACK TYPE, IN AUTUMN PLUMAGE	"44
IX.	FEMALE GROUSE, RED TYPE, CHANGING FROM WINTER TO AUTUMN PLUMAGE	"45
X.	FEMALE GROUSE IN FULL BREEDING PLUMAGE	"45
XI.	FEMALE GROUSE IN FULL SUMMER PLUMAGE	"46
XII.	FEMALE GROUSE, RED TYPE, FEATHERS FROM FLANKS	"46
XIII.	FEET OF RED GROUSE: (1) NEW WINTER FEATHERS AND NAILS; (2) FULL WINTER PLUMAGE; (3), (4), (5), AND (6) SHOWING STAGES IN MOULTING OF NAILS	"46
XIV.	FEMALE GROUSE, SHOWING BARE PATCH OF SKIN AND DOUBLE LINE OF BARRED FEATHERS ON ABDOMEN	"47
XV.	FEMALE GROUSE, RED TYPE, WORN UPPER TAIL COVERTS	"47
XVI.	HEADS OF (1), (2), FEMALE GROUSE; (3), (4), MALE GROUSE; (5) PTARMIGAN SHOWING SUPRA-ORBITAL COMBS	"48
XVII.	HEAD OF BLACKCOCK SHOWING SUPRA-ORBITAL COMB	"49
XVIII.	MALE GROUSE SHOWING ABNORMAL ERYTHRISM	"60
XIX.	FEMALE GROUSE, BUFF-BARRED TYPE	"60
XX.	FEMALE GROUSE, ABNORMAL YELLOW VARIETY	"60
XXI.	FEMALE GROUSE, GREY VARIETY	"60
XXII.	FEMALE GROUSE, GREY VARIETY	"60
XXIII.	TYPES OF HEATHER	"71
XXIV.	PLANTS EATEN BY THE GROUSE (4 Figures)	"86
XXV.	PLANTS EATEN BY THE GROUSE (4 Figures)	"87
XXVI.	DIAGRAM OF ALIMENTARY TRACT	"101
XXVII.	ALIMENTARY TRACT, CÆCUM, RECTUM, GIZZARD, DUODENUM, SMALL INTESTINE	"102
XXVIIa	ALIMENTARY TRACT IN SITU	"103
XXVIII.	CÆCUM, DUODENUM, ETC.	"104
XXIX.	RECTUM AND SMALL INTESTINE	"115
XXX.	CÆCA	"117
XXXI.	CÆCA AND KIDNEYS	"118
	TEXT-FIG. 1. FRACTURED HUMERUS AND SCAPULA RE-UNITED	page154
	"2. THE SAME BONES UNINJURED	"154
	"3. FRACTURED AND RE-UNITED BREASTBONE OF A CARRY HEN	"158
	TEXT FIG. 4, 5. FRACTURED AND RE-UNITED BREASTBONE — VIEWS OF RIGHT AND LEFT SIDE	Page159
	"6. FRACTURED AND RE-UNITED BREASTBONE SHOWING METHOD OF UNION	"160
	"7, 8. BROKEN AND RE-UNITED WING-BOXES	"162
	"9–11. BROKEN AND RE-UNITED LEG-BONES	"263
	"12–15. BROKEN AND RE-UNITED THIGH-BONES	"164
XXXII.	BUMBLEFOOT IN GROUSE	to face page 170
XXXIII.	TRICHOSTRONGYLUS PERGACILIS AND TRICHOSOMA LONGICOLLE (5 Figures)	"209
	TEXT-FIG. 16. MORULÆ IN EGG OF TRICHOSTRONGYLUS PERGACILIS	page219
	"17, 18. DEVELOPING OVA OF A T. PERGRACILIS	"221
	"19, 20, 21. FORMATION OF THE LAVA OF T. PERGACILIS	"221
	"22, 23. EMBRYOS OF T. PERGACILIS HIGHLY MAGNIFIED	"223
	"24–27. CHANGES IN T. PERGACILIS DURING ECDYCIS AND ENCYSTMENT	"225
	"28, 29. LARVAL FORMS OF T. PERGACILIS	"227
	"30. ENCYSTED LARVAE OF T. PERGACILIS	"227
XXXIV.	EIMERIA (COCCIDIUM) AVIUM (SCHIZOGONY	to face page 238
XXXV.	EIMERIA (COCCIDIUM) AVIUM (MACROGAMETE FORMATION)	"240
XXXVI.	EIMERIA (COCCIDIUM) AVIUM (MICROGAMETES SPOROGONY)	"243
XXXVII.	EIMERIA (COCCIDIUM) AVIUM (SPOHOGONY)	"245
	TEXT-FIG. 1. DIAGRAM OF LIFE-CYCLE OF EIMERIA (COCCIDIUM) AVIUM	Page248
XXXVIII.	AVIAN COCCIDIOSIS	to face page 252
XXXIX.	(1) APPARATUS FOR MAKING CULTURES AND (2) ALIMENTARY CANAL OF GROUSE	"278
XL.	TEST TUBES CONTAINING T. PERGRACILIS (2 Figures)	"283
XLI.	SECTIONS OF CÆCUM SHOWING T. PERGRACILIS (6 Figures)	"285
XLII.	T. PERGRACILIS' and D. UROGALLI (4 Figures)	"287
XLIII.	SECTIONS OF CÆCUM (6 Figures)	"288
XLIV.	DIAGRAM OF ALIMENTARY CANAL SHOWING HABITATS OF INTESTINAL PARASITES	"290
XLV.	BLOOD CELLS OF BIRDS CHIEFLY OF GROUSE	"309
XLVI.	LEUCOCYTOZOÖN LOVATI	"319
XLVII.	LEUCOCYTOZOÖN LOVATI, SPIROCHÆTA LAGOPODIS AND ILEMOPROTEUS MANSONI	"320
XLVIII.	TRICHOMONAS EBERTHI, SPIROCHÆTA LOVATI, AMŒBA LAGOPODIS	"326
XLIX.	DAVAINEA UROGALLI	"335
L.	D. UROGALLI AND HYMENOLEPIS MICROPS	"336
LI.	D. UROGALLI, HYMENOLEPIS MICROPS, ETC. (7 Figures)	"337
LII.	HYMENOLEPIS MICROPS	"342
LIII.	GONIODES TETRAONIS (4 Figures)	"350
LIV.	NIRMUS CAMERATUS (2 Figures)	"357
LV.	ORNITHOMYIA LAGOPODIS (3 Figures)	"358
LVI.	CERATOPHYLLUS GALLINULÆÆ, ETC. (3 Figures)	"361
LVII.	HEATHER GROWING FROM THE ROOT AND FROM SEED	"401
LVIII.	THE HEATHER BEETLES (LOCHMÆA SUTURALIS) (4 Figures)	"426