The New International Encyclopædia/Volkelt, Johannes Immanuel

VOLKELT, fṓl'kĕlt, Johannes Immanuel (1848—). A German philosopher, born in Lipnik, Galicia, and educated at Vienna, Jena, and Leipzig. He became professor of philosophy at Basel in 1883 and at Würzburg in 1889, and in 1894 was made professor of philosophy and pedagogy in Leipzig. In philosophy his main efforts have been his opposition to positivism and his attempt at a new metaphysical theory. His independent position was arrived at after successive periods in which he followed Hegel, Schopenhauer, and Hartmann. Volkelt has written on æsthetics as well as on philosophy proper. His more important works are: Pantheismus und Individualismus im System Spinozas (1872); Die Traumphantasie (1875); Kants Erkenntnistheorie, a searching piece of criticism (1879); Aesthetische Zeitfragen (1895); Arthur Schopenhauer, seine Persönlichkeit, seine Lehre, sein Glaube (1900); and Die Kunst des Individualisierens in den Dichtungen Jean Pauls (1902).