The Novels and Other Works of Lyof N. Tolstoï/Volume 19

by Leo Tolstoy

Contents

The Kingdom of God Is Within You

1. Introductory ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   1

2. Chapter I

3. Doctrine of non-resistance to evil, from the origin of Christianity, has been, and still is, professed by the minority of men ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   3

4. Chapter II

5. Opinions of believers and unbelievers in regard to non-resistance ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   30

6. Chapter III

7. Misconception of Christianity by non-believers ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   47

8. Chapter IV

9. Misconception of Christianity by scientists ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   79

10. Chapter V

11. Contradiction of our life and Christian consciousness ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    100

12. Chapter VI

13. Attitude of men of the present day toward war ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    122

14. Chapter VII

15. Significance of the military conscription ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    152

16. Chapter VIII

17. Certainty of the acceptance of the Christian doctrine of non-resistance to evil by violence by the men of our world ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    171

18. Chapter IX

19. The acceptance of the Christian life-conception delivers men from the miseries of our pagan life ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    194

20. Chapter X

21. Uselessness of violence for the destruction of evil—The moral advance of mankind is accomplished, not only through the knowledge of truth, but also through the establishment of public opinion ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    218

22. Chapter XI

23. Christian public opinion already arises in our society, and will inevitably destroy the system of violence of our life—When this will come about ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    242

24. Chapter XII

25. Conclusion: "Repent, for the Kingdom of Heaven is at hand!" ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    254

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What is Art?

1. Translator’s Preface ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   339

2. Author’s Preface ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   341

3. Chapter I

4. Time and labor spent on art—Lives stunted in its service—Morality sacrificed to and anger justified by art—The rehearsal of an opera described ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   345

5. Chapter II

6. Docs art compensate for so much evil?—What is art?—Confusion of opinions—Is it "that which produces beauty"?—The word "beauty" in Russian—Chaos in esthetics ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   351

7. Chapter III

8. Summary of various aesthetic theories and definitions, from Baumgarten to to-day ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   360

9. Chapter IV

10. Definitions of art founded on beauty—Taste not definable—A clear definition needed to enable us to recognize works of art ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    376

11. Chapter V

12. Definitions not founded on beauty—Tolstoi's definition—The extent and necessity of art—How people in the past have distinguished good from bad in art ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    383

13. Chapter VI

14. How art for pleasure has come into esteem—Religions indicate what is considered good and bad—Church Christianity—The Renaissance—Skepticism of the upper classes—They confound beauty with goodness ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    389

15. Chapter VII

16. An aesthetic theory framed to suit this view of life ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    396

17. Chapter VIII

18. Who have adopted it?—Real art needful for all men—Our art too expensive, too unintelligible, and too harmful for the masses—The theory of "the elect" in art ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    401

19. Chapter IX

20. Perversion of our art—It has lost its natural subject-matter—Has no flow of fresh feeling—Transmits chiefly three base emotions ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    406

21. Chapter X

22. Loss of comprehensibility—Decadent art—Recent French art—Have we a right to say it is bad and that what we like is good art?—The highest art has always been comprehensible to normal people—What fails to infect normal people is not art ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    412

23. Chapter XI

24. Counterfeits of art produced by: Borrowing; Imitating; Striking; Interesting—Qualifications needful for production of real works of art, and those sufficient for production of counterfeits ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    436

25. Chapter XII

26. Causes of production of counterfeits—Professionalism—Criticism—Schools of art ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    446

27. Chapter XIII

28. Wagner's "Nibelung's Ring" a type of counterfeit art—Its success, and the reasons thereof ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    455

29. Chapter XIV

30. Truths fatal to preconceived views are not readily recognized—Proportion of works of art to counterfeits—Perversion of taste and incapacity to recognize art—Examples ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    468

31. Chapter XV

32. The quality of art, considered apart from its subject-matter—The sign of art: Infectiousness—Incomprehensible to those whose taste is perverted—Conditions of infection: Individuality; Clearness; Sincerity ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    476

33. Chapter XVI

34. The quality of art, considered according to its subject-matter—The better the feeling the better the art—The cultured crowd—The religious perception of our age—The new ideals put fresh demands to art—Art unites—Religious art—Universal art—Both cooperate to one result—The new appraisement of art—Bad art—Examples of art—How to test a work claiming to be art ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    479

35. Chapter XVII

36. Results of absence of true art—Results of perversion of art: Labor and lives spent on what is useless and harmful—The abnormal life of the rich—Perplexity of children and plain folk—Confusion of right and wrong—Nietzsche and Redbeard—Superstition, Patriotism, and Sensuality ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    497

37. Chapter XVIII

38. The purpose of human life is the brotherly union of man—Art must be guided by this perception ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    507

39. Chapter XIX

40. The art of the future not a possession of a select minority, but a means toward perfection and unity ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    510

41. Chapter XX

42. The connection between science and art—The mendacious sciences; the trivial sciences—Science should deal with the great problems of human life, and serve as a basis for art ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    517

43. Appendices

44. Appendix I ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    528

45. Appendix II ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    530

46. Appendix III ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    537

47. Appendix IV ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    542