The Origin and Development of the Bengali Language/Part 1/Transliteration
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TRANSLITERATION
Transliteration of Bengali.
অ has been transcribed as « å », when the original sound of [ɔ] (see below, under Phonetic Transcription) is retained ; as « å’ » or « ō » indifferently, when as a result of Umlaut and loss of following « i » or « u » the sound is altered to [o] ; when the spelling is kept in view, « å’ » has been used, and when the pronunciation, « ō ». The letter « ả » represents a long অ « å » sound which seems to have resulted in OB. and MB. from an earlier group « ăă, ăẇă, ăhă » . A quiescent অ, not indicated in the Bengali spelling by ্ (= the « virāma » or « hasanta »), is transcribed « a », i.e. a deleted « a »: e.g., অনল = « ånâla », but চ’ল্ল « cå’llå (cōllō) ». In a final য় « yå », where it represents an earlier « -ē », the « å » has not been noted : য় = « -y ». In personal names and names of books, simple « a » has been used for অ, and not « å », and the symbol « a » also has been employed.
আ, ই, ঈ, উ, ঊ have been transcribed respectively as « ā, i, ī, u, ū ». As results of « sandhi », « â, î, û » also have been employed. ই উ forming separate syllables, in writing at least, are denoted by « ï, ü ».
ঋ ঌ have been transcribed as « ŗ, ļ », with a vertical bar below, the commoner « ṛ, ḷ » being retained respectively for the so-called ‘cerebral r’ (ড়, ड़) and for the ‘cerebral l’ (= ळ, not found in Bengali).
এ ঐ ও ঔ = « ē, åi, ō, åu »; « Sandhi » এ, ও = « ê, ô ».
ং = « ṅ » or « ṁ » ; ঃ = « ḥ » ; ঁ = « ~ » on the top of the vowel (e.g., অঁ = ã, আঁ = ā̃, ইঁ = ĩ, ঈঁ = ī̃; উঁ = ũ, ঊঁ = ū̃; এঁ = ē̃, ওঁ = ō̃).
ক, খ, গ, ঘ, ঙ = « k, kh, g, gh, ŋ ».
চ, ছ, জ, ঝ, ঞ = « c, ch, j, jh, ñ ».
ট, ঠ, ড, ঢ, ণ = « ṭ, ṭh, ḍ, ḍh, ṇ » ; ড়, ঢ় = « ṛ, ṛh ».
ত, থ, দ, ধ, ন = « t, th, d, dh, n ».
প, ফ, ব, ভ, ম = « p, ph, b, bh, m ».
য = « j » in tadbhavas mainly ; and in some cases in tatsamas, য = « y » See below, under য়.
র, ল = « r, l ».
{{outdent|ব = « b » when initial, intervocal and final, « w » when post-consonantal.
শ, ষ, স = respectively « ś, ṣ, s ».
হ = « h ».
য় = « y », য or য়, subscript or post-consonantal (= ্য) is transcribed « y ». য় has in some cases been ignored, where it stands for the « w » glide. Glide য় has been occasionally transcribed as « ẏ » and also as « ẇ » (see text, pp. 338-342). The group ওয় has generally been transcribed as « w », (or « ẇ » to indicate its character as a glide sound).
ক্ষ = « kṣ » ; জ্ঞ = « jñ ».
Transliteration of Sanskrit.
On the lines for Bengali as above. Practically the Geneva System has been followed.
« ē, ō » have invariably been used for ए, ओ, to emphasise upon their long quantity ; and the long diphthongs ऐ, औ are written as « āi, āu ». Accents in Vedic has been denoted by « ´ » on the vowel bearing it : e.g., « á, í, ŗ´, ā́, ū́ ».
The « anusvāra » has been indicated by « ṅ » or by « ṁ » following the etymology.
ऋ = « ŗ » ; ॠ = « ṝ » (i.e., « ŗ̄ ») ; ऌ = « ļ » ; ळ = « ḷ » ; ळ्ह = « ḷh ».
व has been denoted by « v » as usual, but in some cases, « w » has been employed, to emphasise upon the bilabial pronunciation.
For « ə », see under Phonetic Transcription below.
Transliteration of Prakrit.
« ă, ĕ, ŏ » have been used to emphasise on their short quantity before double consonants. Disyllabic groups—« aï, aü ».
The « anusvāra » = « ṅ, ṁ ».
The « ya-śruti » has been denoted by « ẏ », and « ẇ » has been used for a similar « w » glide.
In some cases, spirant pronunciation has brrn indicated by « g, ɺ, ð, ħ ».
For « ə », see under Phonetic Transcription below.
Other Indian Languages.
Quiescent « ă » has not as a rule been indicated in languages other than Bengali by « a » as it has been done in Bengali, except to make clear the derivation of a form or word in a particular case.
Ōṛiyā and Assamese « å », as in Bengali.
Bihārī « ả », a rounded vowel sound as in Middle Bengali.
Small « a, i, u », at the top of the line, indicate the attenuated final vowels of Maithilī, Sindhī, etc.
The diphthongs are written « å‿i, å‿u » for Oṛiyā and Assamese, and « a‿i, å‿u » for the rest. The nasalised diphthongs are « a‿ĩ, a‿ũ ».
Generally « ṛ, ṛh » have been used for intervocal ड (ड़), ढ (ढ़) « ḍ, ḍh » where these letters are pronounced as ‘cerebral r, rh’.
For the letter व, « v, w » have indifferently been used ; generally « w » for Hindōstānī. Assamese and Ōṛiyā follow the Bengali way—« b-, -b », « -b- » (intervocal), « -w- » (post-consonantal).
Tamil palatals have been indicated by the italic « n, r, t », and the Tamil voiced cerebral spirant by « l̇ ».
« ź » is the voiced form of the sibilant « ś » = श of Skt., which occurred in Indo-Iranian.
Persian and Arabic.
For the transliteration and phonetic transcription from these speeches, see under ‘Phonology of the Foreign Element: Persian,’ forming Chapter VI. of Phonology, pp. 539 ff., esp. p. 573.
« x » has generally been employed to indicate the letter خ; the usual transcription is « kh » or « kh ».
« š » = ش sh of English ; « ž » = ژ, or s as in English pleasure = French j.