The Origin of Continents and Oceans/Index

←

Chapter 13

The Origin of Continents and Oceans
by Alfred Wegener, translated by J. G. A. Skerl

Index

→

3812688The Origin of Continents and Oceans — IndexJ. G. A. SkerlAlfred Wegener

INDEX

Abrolhos Bank, 58, 145
Abyssinia, 59, 64, 168
Ægean Sea, 171
Africa, 1–2, 5, 18, 74, 82, 205
Airy, Sir G., 23–4, 37, 121
Akdar Mountains, 64
Alaska-Siberia bridge, 74, 77–8
Albert-Edward, Lake, 167
Aleutian Islands, 96, 180, 205
Algonkian folding, 55–6
Alkaline rocks in Brazil and Africa, 45–6
Alnöite, 45–6
Alpine erosion, 161
— peaks, level of, 130
— ‘radiolarite,’ 20
Alps, 4
—, compression, 12
Altaides, Transatlantic, 53
Alteration of latitude in Germany, 109
— — — of observatories, 118
Altitudes, frequency, 28–31
Amazon, River, 49
Ami, H. M., 80
Ampferer, O., 14, 157
Andaman Islands, 187
Andean folding, 3, 65, 72
Andersson, G., 104
Andes, 3, 164
Andrée, K., 14, 21, 40, 54, 61, 88, 158
Angenheister, G., 34–5
Angola, 46
Ankober, 168
Annam, 64
Anno Bom, 59
Annual rings, 90
Antarctica, 18, 65, 70, 74, 76–7, 84, 86–8, 179, 188
Antarctic Andes, 70
Antilles, 4, 180–1, 188, 192
Appalachian Mountains, 53
Arabia, 64
Arakan, 187
Aravali Mountains, 62
Arber, E. A. N., 101, 149
Archæan, 58
Arching pressure, 16
Ardennes, 54
Argentine, 43, 46, 89
Arid zones, 105–6
Arldt, T., 18, 73, 77–81, 85, 88, 94, 106, 151, 155
Armorican folding, 52, 56
Ash tree, 92
Asturian Eddy, 53
Atacama Deep, 144
Atlantic lavas, 140, 188; Ocean, 1, 140
Atlas Mountains, 51
Augite-andesite, 36
Australia-East Antarctic bridge, 74
— faunas, 85–9; coal, 101; pole, 99, 205
Australian Cordilleras, 65
Auvergne, 105
Axis, displacement of earth’s, 93, 122–7
Azores, 52
Baden, coal, 105
Baikal, Lake, 63, 65
Bali, 88
Baltoro glacier, 161
Banda Islands, 68
Barus, C., 134
Basalt, 36, 57, 63, 65, 133
—, sheets of Deccan, 63
Bass Straits, 70, 171
Becke, F., 188
Beech tree, 92
Belgium, coal, 80
Belle Isle, Straits of, 55, 57, 60
Berbera, 168
Bergeat, 139
Bering Straits, 19, 77, 78
Bertrand, C. E., 12, 53, 80
Biafra, Bay of, 83
Biological Arguments, 73–89
Biscay, Bay of, 53
Blocks, thickness of, 36–40
Börgen, 115
Borrass, 159
Böse, E., 15, 185
Boulder clay, 91
Brandberg granite, 46
Brazil, 1, 45–50, 83
Brazilian Complex, 45
Brenner, coal, 105
Bresslau, E., 86
Bridging-continents, 17–21, 26–7, 73–89
Brittany, 53
Brouwer, H. A., 45–7, 68, 155–6
Buenos Aires, Sierras of, 43
Bunsen, R., 36
Burckhardt, 74, 87–8
Burma, 64
Burmeister, F., 116
Buru, 68
Buschmann, J. O., 105
Bushveld Igneous Complex, 46
Cable soundings, 39
Cabo Frio, 46
Calamites, 92, 102
Caledonian folding, 54, 56
California, 184–6
Calluna vulgaris, 81
Cambrian, 58, 74–5
Cameroons, 42, 48, 59
Canadian folds, 54
Canary Islands, 52, 175, 193
Cape Mountains, 43
Cape Cross, 46
— Farewell, 117
— Horn, 66
— King William, 69
— San Roque, 1, 42
— Verde Islands, 52, 193
Carboniferous, 2, 6–7, 52, 57–8, 74–80, 96–7, 99–110, 124–7, 205
— coal, 101–5
— equator, 101–5
Cauliflorescence, 102

Cayeux, L., 20
Cedar Berge, 44
Celebes, 69
Cestodæ, 87
Ceylon, 4, 86
Chalk, 20
Chemnitz, coal, 105
Chestnut, 92
Chihli, coal, 104
China, coal, 104
Clairaut, 202
Clarke, 148
Climate, evidences of, 90–111
Cloos, H., 99, 136
Coal, 91, 101–6
Coast, types of, 188
Coats Land, 70
Coefficient of expansion of rocks, 12
— of viscosity, 128
Colberg, L., 8, 94–5
Coleman, A. P., 47
Compensation, 36, 161
—, depth of, 36
Compression, amount of, 12, 157
Congo Channel, 178
Continental blocks, 1–4, 15, 32, 36–7, 143, 146–8, 170–7, 195–6
— margin, 173–89
Contour statistics, 28
Contraction theory, 11
Copeland, 115
Corals, 91, 106
Cordilleras, Australian, 65
—, Graham Land, 70
Cretaceous, 2–3, 18, 45, 51, 66, 74–80, 92, 109–10
Critical pressure of water, 138
Cross, Whitman, 38
Currents in Sima, 141–5
Czuchov, borehole, 134
Dacqué, E., 20, 55, 94, 96, 113
Damaraland, 46
Dana, J. D., 11
Danmarkshafen, 115
Darling Range, 65
Darwin, G. H., 9
Davis, W. M., 94
Dawson, Sir W., 80
Day, A. L., 134
Deccan, basalt sheets of, 63
Deep-sea basins, origin of, 150
— sand, 61
— sediments, 140
Depth of compensation, 36
— of oceans, 139–41
Devonian, 43, 52, 54, 57–8, 74–8, 87, 107–10, 124–5
Diabase, 134
Diamonds, 46, 62
Didelphyidæ, 87
Diener, C., 19, 74, 78, 82, 88
Dingo, 88
Displacement, amount of, 114
Displacing forces, 190–205
Doelter, C., 134, 136
Dolerite, 46
Drakensberg, 47
Drake Straits, 71, 76
Dredged samples, 35
Drowned river-valleys (?), 177–8
Drude, O., 84
Drygalski, E., 61
Dutton, 23
Dwyka, see Permo-Carboniferous glaciation
Ear-seals, 78
Earth, cause of heat of, 13
—, figure of, 202
—, magnetism of, 32
—, section through, 148
Ear-seals, temperatures in the, 13, 134—6
Earth-worms, 78—9, 81, 86—7, 91
Earthquake waves, velocity of, 33—5, 128
East Africa, rift-valleys, 64, 166—172
East Antarctica, 74, 188
Easton, W., 68—9
Ecca Beds, 4
Echelon, folds in, 165—6, 100
Echidna, 87
Eckhardt, 94, 151
Elm, 92
England, coal, 80
Engler, 83
Eocene, map of world in, 6—7, and see Tertiary
Eötvös, 194
Epilophic sediments, 140
Epochs, age of geological, 112—3
Epstein, P. S., 196—7
Equilibrium in crust, 22, and see Isostasy
Erongo granite, 46
Erosion, 161
Euler, 122, 128
Europe-North America bridge, 18, 74—82
Evans, Sir J., 8, 94
—, J. W., vii—xii, 50
Expansion of rocks, coefficient of, 12
— theory of mountains, 157—8
Falkland Islands, Permo-carboniferous glaciation, 96, 101
Faroe Islands, 57
Faye, 23
Fernando Po, 59
Ferns, tree-, 92, 101—2; climbing, 102
Festoons of islands, 3—4, 143, 155, 178—84, 192
Fiji Islands, 142—3
Fiords, formation of, 177
Fir trees, 92
Fisher, O., 23
Flattening at poles, 123—4
Flat-worms, 86
Florida, 4, 192
Flows of sima, 141—5
Fluidity, 129—34
Folded Mountains, absence of in deep sea, 40
Folds, 12, 107, 157—66
— in echelon, 165—6, 180
Forces, displacing, 190—205
Foredeep, 162
Fosse de Cap Breton, 178
Fram, 173
Frech, F., 75, 102, 104
Frequency of different levels, 28—31
Friedlaender, J., 33, 135
Fritz, 75
Fundamental Complex (South-west Africa), 45
Fusion of granite, 136
Gagel C., 52, 69, 175
Galle, 117
Gangamopteris, 99
Garden-snails, 81
Gauss, 30
Gauszberg, 70
Geer, G. de, 22, 112—13
Geiger, L., 128
Gentil, L., 51
Geographical homologies, 9
Geological arguments, 42—72
Geophysical arguments, 28—41
Geoplanidæ, 86
Geosynclinals, 154, 164
Geothermal gradient, 33, 134—7
Germany, alteration of latitude of, 109
Gerth, H., 99, 107
Gilbert, G. K., 38
Ginkgo, 92
Glacial Period, 18, 55, 109—13
Glaciers, movement of, 132
Glossopteris flora, 82, 85, 98—101

Gneiss, 45, 48, 55, 62, 65
Godavari coalfield, 65
Golfier, 94
Gondwana, see Karroo.
— bridge, 18
— strata, 44, 65
Gothan, S., 149
Goyaz Province, 45
Graham Land, 4, 70
Granite, 45–6, 59; fusion of, 136
Grape-vine, 92
Gravity, 23
— anomalies, 159
—, disturbance on continental margin, 173
—, — over Tonga Deep, 145
—, in mountains, 158–60
—, on islands, 175
—, on oceans, 23–4, 32
Greenland, 57, 205; displacement of, 114–7
—, flora of, 82
—, north-western, 57–8; north-eastern, 57
Greenwich Observatory, 118
Gregory, J. W., 177
Grinnell Land, 58
Griqualand, 47
Grisebach, 84
Groll, 29, 139
Guelder rose, 92
Guiana, 49
Guinea Coast, 83
Günther, S., 118
Gutenberg, B., 128–9
Gypsum, 105
Hall, A., 118–19
Hall, J., 163–4
Halle, J., 101
Handlirsch, A., 75, 106
Hansen, 94
Haug, E., 61, 75, 164, 175
Hawaian Islands, 84–5, 179
Hawthorn, 92
Hayden, H. H., 37
Hayford, F. J., 24, 36–7
Heather, 81
Hebrides, 55, 57
Hecker, O., 23, 145, 171
Hedley, 85, 143
Heil, 124
Heim, Albert, 11–12, 15, 24, 112, 157, 160
Helium, 113
Helmert, F. R., 23–4, 36, 173–4, 202–3
Herder, 93
Hergesell, H., 16
Heyde, H., 71
Himalayas, 63
—, attraction of, 23
Hindu Kush, 64
Hippopotamus, 62
Historical remarks, 5–10
Hohes Venn, 54
Homologies, geographical, 9
Hough, 128
Hudson River, 177
Hunan, coal, 104
Hypsometric curve, 29
— —, at different times, 152–3
Icebergs, tabular, 31
Iceland, 57, 60, 81
Ice-sheet, depression due to, 22–3, 121
—, moraines, 55, 91
—, thickness of, 22, 121
Igneous rocks in Brazil and S. Africa, 45
Ihering, H., 75
Imbricated sheet folding, 12
India, 2, 18, 62, 65, 86
India-Madagascar bridge, 74
Indian Ocean, 140–2, 203
Insects, wings of fossil, 106
Intrusion theory of mountains, 158
Ireland, 2, 53, 57, 60, 81
Irmscher, 79
Irwin River, 65
Island festoons, 3–4, 143, 155, 178–84, 192
Islands, 31, 175
—, rows of, in Pacific, 151–2
Isobase maps, 22
Isostasy, 23–6, 120–1, 130, 160–2
Itatiaya, 46
Ivy, 92
Jacobitti, E., 95
Japan, 81, 88, 181
Java, 68
Jaworski, E., 51, 83
Joly, J., 13
Jordan Valley, 64
Juan Fernandez, 84
Jurassic, 2, 18, 46, 51, 66, 74–80, 92, 109–10
Kampar, River, 102
Kamtschatka, 180
“Kanadische Kaledoniden,” 54
Kaoko Formation, 46
“Karbon-äquator,” 104
“Karbon-ring,” 104
Karpinsky, A., 75
Karroo Beds, 44, 46–7, 82, 85, 99–100
Katzer, 75
Kayser, E., 11–12, 15, 94, 139, 150
Keidel, H., 43–4, 49–50
—, J., = Keidel, H., 43
Kelvin, Lord, 13, 122
Kerner, F., 97
Kimberlite pipes, 46
Kiwu, Lake, 167
Klebelsberg, R., 63, 80
Kober, L., 11
Koch, J. P., 114–17
—, Lauge-, 58
Kohlschütter, E., 170
Koken, E., 75, 97
Königsberger, J., 113
Königsberg observatory, 118
Köppen, W., 19, 100–1, 109, 121, 124, 194
Korana Mountains, 62
Kossinna, E., 28, 139
Kostinsky, 119
Koszmat, F., 14, 21, 23, 53, 75, 94, 125, 157–60, 163
Kreichgauer, D., 8, 10, 94–5, 102–4, 124, 190
Krümmel, O., 28–9, 35–6, 39, 140
Kühn, F., 71–2
Kuriles, 180
Labrador, 55, 60
Lambert, W. D., 119, 197–8
Land-bridges, 17–22, 73–89
Laplace, 122–3, 202
Lapparent, A. de, 75
Lateral (horizontal) displacements, 58, 166
Laterite, 91
Latitude variations, 109–10, 118–19; and see Euler
Lauge-Koch, 58
Lawson, A. C., 186
Layers in the earth, 129
Lemoine, P., 48, 62
Lemuria, 18, 85
—, compression of, 2–3, 64, 191
Lepidodendra, 92, 102
Level of Alpine peaks, 130
Levels, frequency of different, 28–31
Liapunow, 9
Lignier, O., 149
Lime-tree, 92
Limit of trees, 90, 100
Linstowia, 87
Lipari, 139

Lissner, H., 159
Löffelholz von Colberg, 8, 94–5
Lombok, 88
Longitude, difference Europe-North America, 117–18
— — Greenland-Europe, 114–7
Loukaschewitsch, 130
Lower Nubian Sandstone, 108
Lozinski, W., 155
Lüderitzland, 46
Lugeon, M., 12
Lyell, C., 16, 21
Macassar, Straits of, 88
Madagascar, 18, 62–4, 86, 142, 188
Madeira, 52
Magma reservoirs, 153
Magnetism, 32–3
Magnolia, 92
Malacca, 64
Malmesbury System, 45
Manatus, 83–4
Manchuria, coal, 104
Maorian mountains chains, 66
Maple, 92
Marginal chains, movements, 184–6
Marshall Islands, 179
Marsupials, 86
Mass-defect, 160
Massowa, 168
Matsap Beds, 47
Matthew, W. D., 75
Matto Grosso Province, 46
Maxwell, J. C., 132–3
Meissner, O., 188
Melting-point of rocks, 134–7
Melville Island, plant remains, 104
Mendoza Province, 43
Meridional rifts, 172, 193
Mesosauridæ, 82, 107
Meyer, O. E., 167
Michael, 134
Michaelson, W., 78–9, 86
Mid-Atlantic, submarine bank, 61
Milaggo, 139
Milankovitch, 112
Milan observatory, 118
Minas Geraes Province, 45
— Series, 45
Miocene, see Tertiary
Mohn, 24
Molengraaff, G. A. F., 67–9
Mönch tunnel, 134
Mongolia, 63
Monotremata, 86
Moraines, terminal, 55
Moscow, coal, 105
Mountain-building, 3, 12, 157–8, 197, 199
Mountain peaks, common level in Alps, 130
Mozambique Channel, 62
Mylius-Erichsen, L., 114–5
Nanshan, River, coal, 104
Naples observatory, 118
Nappes, see Sheet folding.
Nathorst, A. G., 82, 94
Nautilus, 78
Nellore, Ghats of, 62
Neumayr, M., 75, 94, 167
Neunkirchen, Devonian coal, 108
Neu-Pommern = New Britain, 68–9, 143–4
New Britain, 68–9, 143–4
Newcomb, 128
Newfoundland, 2, 53, 57, 60
— Bank, 42, 53, 60
New Guinea, 67–9, 77, 143
— —, depth chart of, 67
— Hebrides, 143
— York State, 57
— Zealand, 66, 70, 77, 86, 111, 143
Nicobar Islands, 187
Nife, 146, 148
Niger River, 48
— —, estuary of, 59
Nippoldt, A., 32
North America-South America bridge, 74, 77
North America, coal, 80, 105–6
Norway, 57
Nova Scotia, 53
Nyassa, Lake, 167
Oak, 92
Oblateness of the earth, 123–4
Observatories, alteration of latitude of, 118–9
Obst, E., 168
Ocean deeps, 144, 179, 181
—, floor of, 4, 138
—, — —, smoothness of, 38
Oceans, depths of, 139–41
—, origin of, 150–1
Oldham, R. D., 94
Old Red Sandstone, 57, 107
Oligocene, see Tertiary
Omori, F., 34
Opossum, 87
Orange River, 47
Ordovician, 58
Orleans Conglomerate, 47
Ortmann, A. E., 75
Osborn, H. F., 75
Oscillations of poles, 122–8
“Otago saddle,” 70
Overfolding or sheet-folding, 12, 166
Overthrusts, 12, 63, 166
Pacific lavas, 140, 188; Ocean, 3, 9, 151–2
Palæocene, see Tertiary
Palæoclimatic arguments, 90–111
Palæontological arguments, 73–89
Palms, 90, 92
Panama bridge, 74, 77
Pangæa, 192
Panthalassa, 149
Paraguay, 46
Parana Province, 46
— River, 49
Paris observatory, 118
Paruschowitz, borehole, 134
Passarge, S., 51, 107
Patagonia, 51, 70
Pearl-mussel, 81
Peat-bogs, 101
Penck, A., 21, 40, 54, 97, 111–12, 130, 149
—, W., 158, 188
Pendulation theory, 95
Perameles, 87
Perch, 81
Periods of time, 112–14
Peripheral magma reservoirs, 153
Perlewitz, P., 144
Permanence doctrine, 20–7
Permian, 45, 74–9, 82, 97, 99, 105–7, 109–10, 205
Permo-Carboniferous, see Karroo.
— glaciation, 43–4, 47, 72, 96–9, 101
Peter the Great Mountains, 63
Pfeffer, G., 18, 36
Pheretima, 88
Pickering, W. H., 9
Pilandsberg, 46
Pine, 92
Pitch, 132
Plane tree, 92
Pleistocene, see Quaternary
Pliocene, see Tertiary
Poços de Caldas, 46
Point Arena, 186
Polar flattening, 123–4
Poles, displacement of, 120, 122–3, 203–5
—, drift from, 3, 67, 190–1
—, — —, force of, 194–9

—, oscillations of, 122–8
—, position of, at different periods, 109
Poplar, 92
Potamochœrus, 62
Potonié, H., 102, 149
—, R., 101
Pratt, 23–4, 37, 173
Precession, effect of, 200–2
Precordilleras, 3, 43
Pressures on continental margin, 175–7
Prince’s Island, 59
Probability, principles of, 56
Pulkowa observatory, 119
Quaternary, Pleistocene and Recent, 2, 6–7, 74–80, 82, 88, 101, 109, 205
— glaciation, 55, 109–13
Quitzow, 134
Raclot, 32
Radiolarites, Alpine, 20
Radium, 13–4, 141
Raised beaches, former shore lines, 22
Raleigh, Lord, see Strutt.
Ramann, E., 102
Reade, T. M., 164
Recent, see Quaternary
Reconstructed maps of the world, 6–7
Recumbent folds, see Sheet folding
“Red Beds,” 107
Red Sea, 64, 167–8, 171
Regressions, 124–7
Reibisch, P., 94–5, 124
Reptiles (Europe-North America), 79
Reyer, E., 14
Rhine Valley, 193
Richthofen, F., 183
Rift valleys, 166–72
Rio de Janeiro, 46
Rio Grande do Sul, 46
Robeson Channel, 58
Rome observatory, 118
Rücker, A. W., 32
Rudzki, M. P., 9, 13–14, 22, 113, 121–2, 175, 186
Ruhr district, coal, 80
Russisi, River, 167
Rustenberg district, 46
Sabine, 115
Sago-palms, 92
St. Gotthard tunnel, 134
St. Lawrence River, 60, 177
St. Thomas, 59
Sal, 36
Salt, 91, 105
Salter, J. W., 80
Sands, deep-sea, 61
Sandstones as evidence of climate, 91
San Francisco, earthquake fault, 186
San Juan Province, 43
Santa Catharina Province, 46
— — System, 46–7
Saõ Paulo Province, 46
Sapper, K., 69
Scandinavia, elevation of, 22–3, 121
Schardt, H., 12
Scharff, R. F., 82
Schiaparelli, G. V., 123
Schiötz, 173
Schmidt, A., 33
Schott, G., 61, 144, 178
Schuchert, C., 75
Schwarz, E. H. L., 9, 200
Schwarzschild, 9
Schweydar, W., 24, 37, 128–9, 131, 137, 198–203, 205
Scoresby Sound, 42, 57
Scotland, 57, 82
Scottish Highlands, 54
Sea-cow, 83
Sealing-wax, 129, 131, 133, 141, 165
Seals, 78
Section through a sial block, 153
— — the earth, 148
Sediments, oceanic, 139–40
—, shallow water origin of, 20–1
—, thickness of, 148
See, 9
Seismic waves, velocity of, 33–5, 128
Semper, M., 82, 94, 105, 124
Sequoia, 92
Serra de Tingua, 46
— do Gericino, 45–6
— do Mar, 45
— Geral, 47
Seychelles, 59, 141
Shallow water connections, 19
— — origin of sedimentary rocks, 20–1
Shansi, coal, 104
Shantung, coal, 104
Sheet folding, 12
Shelf-bridges, 19
Shelves, 2, 177
Shire, River, 167
Shore-lines, former, 22
Shrinkage, 11
Sial, 36–41, 59, 133, 136–7, 141, 146–56, 160–1, 165
— block, section through, 153
Sialsphere, 146–56
Siboga Bank, 68
Sierras of Buenos Aires, 43
Sigillaria, 102
Silurian, 52, 54, 58, 74–8
Sima, 36–41, 131–7, 153–4, 160–1, 165
Simplon tunnel, 134
Simroth, H., 87–8, 94–5
Sino-Australian continent, 83
Skottsberg, C., 84
Sliding of marginal chains, 184
Sloe trees, 92
Smith Sound, 58
Smoothness of ocean floor, 38–41
Snails, 81
Snow line in Tasmania and New Zealand, 111
Society Islands, 179
Soft solids, 132
Sokolow, N. A., 119
Solidity, 129–34
Solomon Islands, 143
Somaliland peninsula, 59, 64
Sörgel, W., 26, 30, 88
Soundings for cable, 39
South America, tectonic map, 50
South Antillean curve, 71
South Atlantic, congruency of coasts, 1
South Georgia, 72
South Orkneys, 72
South Polar Expedition (Drygalski), 61
South Sandwich Islands, 71
Spain, 52, 81
Sparganophilus, 79
Specific gravity of sial and sima, 37–9
Spitaler, 128
Spitsbergen, 42, 57, 92, 104
Steinmann, G., 112, 149
Streams in sima, 141–5
Stremme, H., 102
Strike-lines in Brazil and Africa, 48–9
Stromer, 82–4
Strutt (Lord Raleigh), 13, 113
Stübel, 153
Submarine bank, 61
— effusions of lava, 139
— folded mountains, 39–41
Submerged valleys, supposed, 177–8
Submergence to deep sea floor, 16, 25
Sudan, 48
Suess, E., 11, 36, 49, 51–4, 62, 66, 146, 155
Sula Besi, 69

Sulaiman Mountains, 64
Sumatra, 64, 69, 187
Sunda Islands, 67–8, 89, 93
Surfaces of discontinuity, 129
Svakopmund, 46
Swamp-cypress, 92
Swaziland System, 45
Szechwan, coal, 104
Tabular icebergs, 31
Tallow, 133
Tams, E., 33–5, 186
Tanganyika, Lake, 167–9
Tapering by continents southwards, 172
Tapir, 93
Tasmania, 89
—, Pleistocene snow-line, 111
Taylor, F. B., 9, 94, 190
Taxodium, 92
Tear-fault, see lateral displacement.
Tectonic map of South America, 50
— — of West Africa, 48
Temperature in interior of earth, 12–4, 134–6
Termier, P., 54
Terminal moraines, 55, 110
Terrestrial Magnetism, 32–3
Tertiary, including Palæocene, Eocene, Oligocene, Miocene, and Pliocene, 2–3, 13, 18, 51–2, 60, 62–3, 66, 70–2, 74–82, 92–4, 109–10, 113, 205
Thar Desert, 62
Thickness of continental blocks, 36–8
Thompson, Sir W., see Kelvin, Lord.
Thrusts, see Overthrusts.
Tibet, 63
Tidal friction, 200
Tides in the earth, 128
Tienshan System, 63
Tierra del Fuego, 4, 71, 84, 89
Tierra del Fuego-West Antarctica bridge, 74
Tillite, 47
Tilmann, N., 54
Time, lapse of geological, 112–14
Times of transit of earthquake waves, 33–5
Timor, 68
Togoland, 96
Toit, A. L. du, 47
Tonga Deep, 145
— ridge, 143
Trabert, 28–9
Transatlantic Altaides, 53
— longitude determinations, 114–18
Transgressions of the sea, 124–7, 203
Transit of earthquake waves, times of, 33–5
Transvaal, 46
Tree-ferns, 92, 101
Trees, limit of, 90, 100
Trend lines in Brazil and Africa, 48–9
Trias, 62, 74–9, 82, 109–10
Triaxial ellipsoid, 202
Trigonia, 78
Triulzi, 171
Tundra-flora, 90, 100
Ubisch, L., 20, 78, 80
Uhlig, V., 75, 167
United States, coal, 80, 105–6
Upper Carboniferous, map of, 6–7
Upper Silesia, coal, 80, 105
Uruguay, 46
Valdivia Expedition, 61
Validity of theory, probability of, 56
Vellakonda Mountains, 62
Victoria Land, 70
— Nyanza, Lake, 168
Viscosity, coefficient of, 128–9
— of the earth, 120–37
Vogt, J. H. L., 134
Volcanoes, 59, 153–6
Vulcanicity of festoons, 155–6
Vulcano, 139
Vuuren, L. van, 68
Waagen, L., 98, 125
Wagner, H., 28–9
Walcott, C. D., 80
Wallace, A. R., 85, 87–8
Walnut, 92
Walther, J., 94, 151
Wanner, B., 69
Warming, 82
Washington observatory, 118
Water-lilies, 92
Wax, 133
West Antarctica, 70, 179, 188
Westward drift of continents, 191–3, 199–202
Wetter, 68
Wettstein, H., 8, 200
Whitman Cross, 38
Wiechert, 129
Wilckens, O., 66, 70, 77
Wilde, H., 32–3
Willis, B., 21, 26, 75, 176
Windhausen, A., 51
Wittich, E., 185
Wolft, H., 13
Woodworth, J. B., 47
Yap Deep, 144
Yew tree, 92
Yokoyama, M., 94
Zawadowski Island, 72
Zones of Earth’s interior, 129, 148
Zschokke, 86
Zwarte Berge, 43

Printed in Great Britain by Butler & Tanner Ltd., Frome and London.