The Pacific Monthly/Volume 9/February

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PCBHUARY, 1903

FEATURES

How to Take Up E Timbsr Claim

The George Rogers Clark Eipciition

Three Short Stones

Kipling and the CKildrcn

Natural Wonders o( the Northwest

Nine Dcpartments/i ncluding" ' Progress* ' a resume of the growth, devcbpment and oppon^jmties m the Pacific Northwest

• .^.

IX The Pacific Monthly Publishing Co., Portland, Ore.

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ALLE:N CEL E^EWIS Portland, Or

DISTRIBUTORS

ii PIANOS • ORGANS

NO home should be without a piano In this enlightened age. Ttie home ia happiest where music Is one of the predominatlmi fi?ature». NO house on the Pacific Coast Is in a position to furnish Pianos and Organs at such low prices and on such reasonable terms as we. WE h^mdle only jEfooda of an established reputation, such as Knabe. Steck^ Hard man. Fischer. Ludwlg, Hamilton and Kings- bury, and the Estey. Mason & Hamlin, and Chicago Cottage Organs. WE charjT*-^ tk> mure for them than other dealers charge for the cheap kind. A small payment down and you can have a good Piano delivered In your home, and can have the use of It while pay- ing for II In small monthly payments. Write for catalogues and our easy payment plan-

ALLEN & GILBERT- RAMAKER CO.

\\ 209^211 First Street. Portland, Oregon 1406 2nd Avenue, Seattle, Wash. The Pacific Monthly

edited by William Bittle Wells

The entire contents of this Magazine are covered by the general copyright, and articles must not be reprinted without special permission. Extracts from articles may be made provided proper credit Is given THE PACIFIC MONTHLY.

Contents for February, 1903.

How to Take up a Timber Claim R. H. Kennedy . 71

Illustrated by Photographs

The Mystery of Lo Wan See — Short Story . Eleanor M. Heistand-Moore 82

Drawings bv Henderson

Hoodooed—Short Story .... Lou Rodman Teeple 88

Drawings by Rita Bell

Natural Wonders of the Northwest From Photographs ... 93

Water Babies—Short Story Goldie Robertson Funk . 94

Illustrations from Photographs

The George Rogers Clark Expedition . . Wallace McCamant . 99

The Hill Lesson—Poem .... Ada Thomasson . 108

Kipling and the Children .... Agnes Deans-Cameron 109

Love's Compass — Poem M. J. Gates 114

Departments

Our Point of View William Bittle Wells 115

On Things that Should Be Changed Questions of the Day "7

The College Idea—Dr. J. R. Wilson

Statecraft and Trade Men and Women .......... 130

Andrew Cancgie. RooscTclt the Orator. Richard Maasield The Home ■ . . U2

Growa-Up Daigkten. Mrs. RootCTclt'i Kitckea. " Little Boy BIk/'

Books for Ckildrca The Pioneer 134

The First Steamship of the Pacific The Reader W. F. G. Thacher 126

OliTcr Hora. Tkc Goa^Kit. Tkc Baaacr of BIk, Told by tkc Dcatk*i Head The Month 128

Gcacral Sirrcy, Politics. Scicacc, Edacatioa. Art. Masic aad tkc Draau.

Rcligioit Tkoagkt

Progress ij3

Orcgoa. Waskiagtoa. Idako, Moataaa. etc.

TERMS:—$1.00 a year in advance; 10 cents a copy. Subscribers should remit to us in P. O. or express money orders, or In bank checks, drafts or restored lettars.

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Copyrighted 1908 by William Bittle WeUs. Entered at the Postoffice of Portland. Oregon, as second-class matter.

The Publishers of THE PACIFIC MONTHLY will esteem it a favor if readers of the _.aine will kindly mention THE PACIFIC MONTHLY when dealing with our adver- tisers.

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Uoogl

REAL ESTATE AND INSURANCE

FIRE! FIRE!!

WkM tkatca/amity oomea you will think of Inaurance.

WIN yoMr 'thinking about It" eomo TOO LATE ?

Don't dolay. Insuro with the

HOME INSURANCE CO.

ol New Yotk. The greet American Fire Inmirance Co. Cash Capital, $3,000,000 - Assets ovar $1 6,000,000

AU AVAILABLE FOR AMERICAN POUCY HOLDERS

J. D. COLEMAN, General Agent,

fUkiJhfttmfkMi 260 Stark 6t., Portland, Ore.

Spedal attentloii to care of property of non-ccsldefits

O. G. CHAM5ERLAIN

REAL eSTATC AND LOANS

G>rre«pon(lence Solicited

Omcc: Room I, Bank ftulMina

ATHCNA tt UMATILLA COUNTY:i OBCGON

Farms and City Property for Sale A. L LORENZEN

RCAL ESTATE BROKER

No. 6^ ftoln Street WALLA WALLA, WASH.

Real Estate Wanted

and for sale. If 70a want to adl or boy (do nuttter where looatod) •oDddOMrtpttooaiMl eaahprieo and gal (FREE) my Miooe«fBl pUa. W. M. OSTRAN- PgR, North Annrioan Bidg., F»>"^^'r^ Pa.

A FINE RESIDENOE

15 rooms. Delightfully located in Portland, Oregon, for sale cheap. Property is increasing in value. Now isthe time to buy. Address W. H. SHELOR, 733 Chamber of Commerce Building, Portland, Oregon.

G«o. T. Prather, PrMident:: U. S. Oom*r and Notary Public

L. H. Prather. Yioe- President

C. E. Hemmkn, Secretary -Treasurer, Notary Public

The Prather Investment Company

AlMtracts, Conveyancing, Real Batata, Insilrance and Money to Loan

Lots and bluckn for sale. Taxes paid fur D<«n-residents. Corrm-

pondenoe solicited. Township Plats and Blanks in stock .

HOOD RIYBR, ORBOON

Agent for DesthtUe Farmiy Fnitt and Stock Raflcbes

JOSEPH H. WILSON

Attorney-at-Law CORVALLIS OREGON

G)llections Made n Taxes Paid for Non-Residents

We L WARREN

REAL ESTATE AOENTand NEGOTIATOR OP LOANS

Office in McMinnvilU Bank Building Room 4, Upstairs MclilNNVILLC, OREGON

BEST WHEATLAND OF EASTERN OREGON

960 acres, about 700 acrea tillable, new 2 -story house, good bam, orchard, good springs, place fenced and cross-fenced. 276 acres sown in wheat and 40 acres plowed; average of crops between 26 and 30 bushels per acre; $20.00 per

FINE STOCK FARM near Roseburg. Southern Oregon; railroad next to the place.

690 acres, good new house, large bam,* enough fine timber to pay for place, 6 or 6 fine springs on place, 40 head of cattle, 3 horses, wagon and all farming implements; fine place to live. Price, 18,000.00.

CHABUBSOH A STAITB,

246 H Morrison St., Portland, Oregon.

Wm. M. Ladd Pr«eideut

J. Thorburn Ross Yioe-Preeident and Mana«rer

T. T. BURKHART

Secretary

John K. Kollock Atst. Secretary

LOANS REAL ESTATE

Safe Deposit Vaults

We have the Largest and Beat

Equipped Real BaUte Office and

the largest and most complete outfit of maps and plats In the city. Our real estate ownership books and records of chain of title are accurate and up-to-date.

ABSTRACTS TITLE INSURANCE

Interest allowed on time deposits

and certificates Issued

thereon

The TITLE GUARANTEE AND TRUST CO.

6 and 7 Chamber of Commerce, Portland, Oregon

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ific Monthly when dealing with advertiaf^ by VjQOQlC

SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES

PACIFIC UNIVERSITY

FOREST QROVB. ORBQON

Fall term opens Wednesday, Sept. 17, 1902.

Full Academy and College Courses.

Best of instruction in Music, Vocal and In* strumentaL

Surroundings beautiful and clean.

A safe place for young people.

AH proper athletics encouraged. Well equippea Gymnasium, Athletic field with four- lap track, tor base ball and foot ball. Ground for tennis and basket ball. Bowling alley, etc.

Tuition and other expenses exceedingly mod* erate. Need not exceed $100 to $175 tor the year. Send for Catalogue,

W. N. FBRRIN, Dean

Hill Military Academy

PORTLAND, OREGON

BoaitUng mad Umy School for Boys and Young Men

The success and high standing of many hun- dreds of Dr. Hill's former pupils and graduates during the last 24 years indicate the merit of his methods.

Manual Training, Classical, College and Business Courses. For Catalogue address

DR. J. W. HILL, PrindiMil

PORTLAND ACADEMY

The fourteenth year will open Monday, Sep- tember 15.

The Academy proper fits boys and girls for college.

A primary and grammar school receives boys and girls as early as the age of 6, and fits diem for the Academy.

A gymnasium will be opened at the begin* ning of the school year on the Academy grounds. It will be in charge of a skilled director.

The Academy will open in September a boardine hall for girls. The hall will be at 10 1 Eleventh street, and will be under the immedi- ate supervision of Miss Colina Campbell.

For Catalogue or other informatton, address PORTLAND ACADEMY:: Portland, Oregon

ST. HELEN'S HALL

PORTLAND, OREGON

Classes in Art and Elocution form Wed- nesday, Oct I St Art under direction of Miss Georgina Bums, Art Students' League, New York. Elocu- tion, Miss Ethel Webb of London, En^^and.

Circulars upon ap- plication to

MISS BLBANOR TBBBBTTS, Prindpnl

YOUNG MEN

Do you want paying employment with merch- ants and business men, widi the banks, rail* ways and other great corporations of the country? If so, we can help you. For young men and women between 14 and 40 years of age, we obtain salaries ranging from $500 to Si 000 a year. We can obtam a good position for anyone whom we can prepare tor the work to be done, and when once placed there is a chance to rise. IVrite for our Catalogue now, while you are thinking of it. It will show vou that we can fit you for business — ^and find business for you. Address

Hohnes English and Business College

Eleventh and Yamhill Sts., Portland, Ore.

New Equipment, up-to-date methods, experi- enced and enthusiastic instructors.

Graham's Standard Phonography (Roger's Compendium).

Touch Typewriting. Remington and Smith Premier Typewriters.

Goodyear-Marshall Systeraof Bookkeeping (an actual business system.)

Palmer method of Penmanship.

Rates reasonable. Cost of living within the reach of all. For Prospectus write the

Modern School of Commerce

LA GRANDE, OREGON

m

^^^£*d.

A better opportunity is afforded you for securing good paying positions as telegraph operators than in any trade or professipn. Our school is conducted by practical and experienced operators, and under their direction you can soon become sufficiently proficient to be in line for a good situation in either rail- road or commercial service.

We assist all our pupils to get po- sitions, and we have calls every day for competent men.

School runs all the year round. Tuition reasonable. Day and evening classes. Write at once for full information.

WESTERN TELEGRAPH SCHOOL

Fifth Floor Pacific Block

SEATTLE, WASH.

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BANKS AND BANKING INSTITUTIONS

i ► Special Attention given to Collections Establislied 1859

i ►

LADD & TILTON

TRANSACT A GENERAL BANKING BUSINESS

PORTLAND. OREGON

»i|»»»»»»»»».|i t »»»»»»»»»»»»»»»4i» f #»»»»»»»»|»#»»#»»»»»»<i»»»». M »

, , H. W. CORBETT. President , , A. L. Mills. Vice-President

J. W. NbwkIRK. Cashier

W. C. Alvord. Assistant Cashier B. F. Stevens. 2nd Asst. Cashier

FIRST NATIONAL BANK

OF PORTLAND. OREGON

Capital, $^00,000.00 *„o w2?mNVToir;;i«Ts Surplus, $690,000.00

Designated Depository and Financial Agent United States

• John C. Ainsworth. President w John S. Baker, Vice-President

P. C. Kaufmann, 2d Vice-President ♦ ARTHUR G PRiCHARD. Cashier f

p-||%^| |T\/ TRUST COMPAf

rlUtLIIY BANK

TACOMA, WASHINGTON

• Capital, $300,000.00 ^'"loMartmlSt*'**" Deposits, $1,200,000.00 ♦

Department

TRANSACTS A GENERAL BANKING BUSINESS

4 Savings Department

Safe Deposit Vaults

J. C. Ainsworth, Pretident . F. C. Miller, Catliier

W. B. AVER, Vice-Prctidcnt

R. W. ScHMBBR, Aut. Cashier A. M. Wright, Asst. Cashier

THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL BANK

Capital, $300,000 Surplus and Profit, $50,000 Deposits, $1,800,000 Wants Good Business upon Substantial Assets

PORTLAND, OREGON

Gives personal attention to the needs and requirements of every account

Please mention the Pacific Monthly when dealing with *<^yfl5fjfyg',9 hw vtiOOQIC

LEADING HOTELS OP THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST

Recommended by the Pacific Monthly

THE PORTLAND

Portland, Oregon, the Leading Hotel of the Pacific Northwest

American Plan $3.00 per Day Upwards

---

---

H. C. BOWERS, Manager

All Modern Conveniences

The First Class House|| Business Center of the City
Barber Shop and Baths}}

New More Hotel

C. S. WEBB. Proprietor

New Brick Annex Commercial Trade Solicited Moro, Oregon

First Class Livery in Connection

Pacific Hotel

ROBT. LOWRY. Proprietor

Aberdeen, Wash.

THE OLYMPIA

E. N. TUNIN, Proprietor

Headquarters for Commercial Men

Free Sample Rooms Olympia, Wash.

Only Sample Room in City

The Western Hotel

D. L. ADAMS

Rates $1.00 to $1.25 per day

Wasco, Oregon

---

Leading Hotel

Hotel Pendleton

VAN DRAN BROTHERS

Rates $2.00 and $2.50 Pendleton, Oregon

---

Steam Heated:: Electric Lighted:: Call Bells in Every Room Open Fireplaces

HOTEL HOQUIAH

EDWARD LYCAN. Manager

Largest and Finest Sample Rooms In Town Hoquiam, Wahh.

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LEADING HOTELS OF THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST

^be tCacoma

TACOMA, WASHINGTON

Headquarters for Tourists and Commercial Travelers

fine Sample IRooma

AMERICAN Plan:: S3>00 PEfl Day UPWARDS

W. B, BLACK WELL, Manager

Leading Hotel in Town

First Class Meals

Sample Rooms

for Commercial Men

Hotel Florence

W. E. SAUNTRY. Proprietor

Marysvillc Wash.

W. WATS()N

M A. THOMSON

The Sehome Hotel

STRICTLY FIRST CLASS

American Plan Whatcom, Wash.

The only first class hotel in the city

Sample rooms in connection

Raymond House

WM. H. DAVIDSON. Proprietor

Free bus to and from all trains Gateway hotel run in connection

Lewiston, Idaho

The largest and best sample rooms In the city, free

Free Bus

Grand Pacific Hotel

W. B. PRICE. Proprietor

Special Atteniion Riven Commercial Men

Ellensburg, Wash.

American Plan. $1.25 to $2 00 per day:: Free Bus

Modem Improvements Fireproof Building

Hotel Bartholet

TENNANT & MILES. Proprietors Well Lighted Sample Rooms North Yaldina, Wash.

Sample Rooms for<Commer- Free Bus to and from ail

cial Travelers Boats and Trains

The Thomson

MRS. M. A. THOMSON. Usue

Strictly First Class Anacortes, Wash.

The Leading Hotel of New Westminister

Hotel Guichon

E. J. CREAN. Proprietor

Rates $2.00 per day New Westminister, B. C.

Free Bus to and from all Trains

Capitol Hotel

FRANK BLACKINGER, Manager

Rates $2.00 per day Boise, Idaho

Ibotel Ba&minton

J. W. WALLIS, Proprietor

Leading family and tourist hotel on the Coast. Only ^o bloclcs from wharf and depot One blocJt from theatres and postoflice.

RATES $2.00 AND $2.60 PER DAY

ametican plan

Menu unsurpassed in excellence European Plan from $1.00 up

Delightful verandas UAMPnilWrD D O

-~ ^ on first and second floors fMni/UUfLf\, D. U.

Please mention the Pacific Monthly when dealing with lElngTliri^rtey vjjOOQIC

LEADING HOTELS OP THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST

THE SPORANB

Jkn Up*to*Date Hotel on the European Plan

One Hundred and Fifty Daylight Rooms:: Fifty Bath Rooms:: Suites and Long Distance Telephone in Every Room:: Thirty Special Sample Rooms Equipped with Arc Lights

Local

Excellent Cafe and Dining Rooms

SPOKANE:, WASH.

♦•♦« 

^4

Newly Repaired and Furnished

The Commercial Hotel

D. J. BRIDGFORD. 'Proprietor

RHes $i.oo and $i 25 per day

Kelso, Wash.

Good Sample Rooms

The Spencer Hotel

W. C. FAULKNER. 'Proprietor

Electric Lights Castle Rock, Wash.

Strictly First Class Newly Furnished

The Leading Hotel of Elma. Washlns^ton

The Elma

EUROPEAN PLAN

First Class Restaurant in Connection

Elma, Wash.

The Kalama Hotel

M J. SCOTT. 'Proprietor

Kalama, Wash.

The KLOEBER

Hotel and Sanitarium ^ Green River Hot Springs

The Most Perfectly Appointed Healtli and Pleasure Resort in the West

HI

devdopmcnt of "The KLOEBER" has reached a degree of excellency that places it stsperior to any place of the kind in the West and amongst the leading health resorts of the world* Steam heated and electric lighted throtsghotst^ with all the approved appointments of a modem institution^ it is an ideal place for those desir- ing either rest, the restoration of health and strength^ or merely pleasure. The waters are famous for their medicinal qualities* On main line of N* P. Ry.^ 63 miles from Seattle and Tacoma* For further information

address

J. S. KLOEBER, M. D., Green River Hot Springs, Wash.

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fe

THE PACIFIC MONTHLY— ADVERTISING SECTION

UNION

iDESIGNINCr ^ALF TONES ZINC ETCHING" COLOR WORK ' .« SPECIALTY

The Modern High Art Illustrators of the Pacific Coast

CUTS

For Catalogues, Books, Souvenirs.

Newspapers, Letterheads,

Etc., Etc.

San Francisco

California

WEBER PIANOS

OUR present stock of upright and grand pianos is replete with specimens in the choicest woods, in designs to harmonize with all the prevailing schemes of interior decoration. • With particular reference to the French Periods, attention is called to our

LOUIS XIV

Upright in mahogany— a design that marks a new departure in Artistic Piano Casings.

THE W£B£R PIANO COMPANY

Northwest Representative ;

266 Wabash Avenue CHICACO

EILERS PIANO HOUSE 351 'WitaHintfton St. PortlAAd It Ore^OA

Fifth Avenue, oor. 16tii St. NEW YORK

Please mention the Pacific Month I v when dealing with

The forest -- Where towering trees rear Heavenward their green-tipt spires, and man is dwarfed into littleness before the revelation of Nature in her highest estate.

Photo by P. L. Hogg, Whatcom, Wash.

The Pacific Monthly

How to Take Up a Timber Claim

By R. H. Kennedy

THE law that has made it possible for so many people to acquire possession of timber lands in the Northwest for speculative purposes was passed by Congress in 1878, and distinctly stated that land secured under its provisions was not for speculation. At first it applied only to the States of California, Oregon, Washington and Nevada, but an amendment in 1892 extended its scope to all public land states. The intention of this law was to open to public use mountainous land unfit for cultivation and valuable chiefly for its timber, which could not be settled under the homestead law. But its provisions have not always been clearly understood by persons seeking timber claims, nor always insisted upon by officials of the land office. It is the purpose of this article to show the requirements of this law and to note some phases of its workings in the States of the Northwest.

Under the homestead law only heads of families, or unmarried persons over twenty-one years of age, can make application for land. But the privileges of the timber law are extended to every adult citizen of the United States. But no person can secure title to more than 160 acres, and this must be all in one body. The Government price for land available under this act is uniformly

A TWELVE-FOOT FIR AND ITS DESTROYERS

A man to each foot,

Copyright, 1901. by Darius Kinsey, Sedro-Woolley

$2.50 per acre, besides incidental fees.

After one has secured a location, with the assistance of an experienced

EDITOR'S NOTE: — This is the third in the series of articles on the forests and the

lumber industry of the Pacific Northwest. The first article, by John Muir, on the Forests of Oregon, appeared in the issue of June, 1902, The second, on the Forests of Washington, and by the same author, was in the October, 1902, number. Other phases of the same topic will be treated in subsequent months. It may be added that Mr. Kennedy, the author

of this month's article, is himself a practical "timber cruiser." and his statements are authoritative.

woodsman, application for title to the

land is made in person at the land office. In making the affidavit required, the applicant must swear that he has personally examined the land; that it is chiefly valuable for its timber, and unfit for cultivation if the timber were removed; that he does not apply to purchase the same on speculation, but in good faith to appropriate it to his own exclusive use and benefit; and that he has not, directly or indirectly, made any agreement or contract to transfer the land or the timber thereon to any person or persons.

After the filing of this statement, the register is required to post a no- tice in the land office for sixty days, giving a description of the land by legal subdivisions, and naming a date for the hearing for final proof. The applicant must, at his own expense, publish a copy of this notice in a paper published nearest the location of the timber. On the day fixed for final proof the claimant again testifies as to his knowledge of the land and his intentions in answer to such questions as these:

"Are you acquainted with the land by personal inspection of each of its smallest legal subdivisions?

When and in what manner was such inspection made?

Is the land fit for cultivation, or

A COMFORTABLE HOME — Hewn out of a cedar stump jj feet in diameter.

Copyright, 1901, by Darius Kinsey. Sedro-Woolley, Wash.

would it be fit for cultivation if the timber were removed?

What is the estimated market value of the timber standing on this land?

Has any other person than yourself, or has any firm, corporation or association any interest in the entry you are now making, or in the land or in the timber thereon?"

The official before whom the affidavit is made is required to call attention to the following: note: "Every person swearing falsely to the above deposition is guilty of perjury, and will be punished as provided by law for such offense. In addition thereto, the money that may be paid for the land is forfeited, and all conveyances of the land or of any right, title or claim thereto are absolutely null and void as against the United States."

In addition to these questions, the (General Land Office has furnished a list for oral cross examination, to test the bona fides of the entry. Some of these questions are as follows:

"Are you an actual citizen of this State?

What has been your occupation during the past year, and where and by whom have you been employed, and at what compensation ?

How did you first learn about this particular tract of land, and that it would be a good investment to buy it?

What do you expect to do with the land and the lumber on it when you get title to it?

Where is the nearest and best market for the lumber on this land at the present time?

Did you pay, out of your own individual funds, all the expenses in connection with making this filing, and do you expect to pay for the land with your own money?

A SPRUCE TREE THAT GREW OVER A FALLEN CEDAR — The spruce shows 517 rings, and the cedar is perfectly sound.

Copyright, 1901. by Darius Kinsey. Sedro-Woolley, Wash.

Where did you get the money with which to pay for this land, and how long have you had the same in your actual possession?

Have you kept a bank account during the last six months, and if so, where?"

The affidavits of two witnesses, who likewise are required to visit the land, are similar to this of the claimant.

The law provides that a company,

or "association of personfC*/tia« ai^nlv. for land, but is entitled to no more privileges than an individual.

A circular issued by the General Land Office in 1899 states that **the register and receiver will especially di- rect the examination (at the time final proof is offered) to ascertain whether the entry is made in good faith for the appropriation of the land to the entr\^man's own use, and not for sale or speculation/' Had the provision forbidding the taking 01 public land for private speculation been enforced, there would not have been the demand for timber claims which the Northwest has witnessed duringf the last decade. But that is one of the clever phrases which sounds well to the defenders of the nation's forests, and vet, because of the difficulty of enforcing it, has not prevented the purcnase of the land for the benefit of lumber companies.

It is commonly reported that large tracts of timber have been taken up at the instance of wealthy companies who have employed cruisers to locate people on the land with the understanding that sales were to be made to the company. When the entryman did not have the means, the money required was advanced, with the understanding that the land was to be sold only to the lender. It is natural that this should have been the first step in the development of the timber mduscry. There was no inducement to anyone, except mill men, to take timber claims until the entrance of Eastern companies caused a market. The people of Washington and Oregon should not regret that these companies have secured

A SYLVAN DANCE-HALL — This cedar stump will accommodate two "sets" in an old-fashioned "square" dance.

Copyright, 1901. hy Darius Kinscy. Sedro-li'oottey, Hash.

large holdings in these states, though we may regret the manner in which it has sometimes been accomplished. The development of their properties is bringing untold wealth. As timber has been exhausted in the East, lumbermen have been forced to follow the forests westward. Year by year the demand has grown greater, and valuer have increased. A cartoon in an Eastern paper some time ago represented the 'last tree in Michigan." with num-

erous mill men, axes in Jvmd, strug

THE LOG THAT WAS SENT TO THE PAN-AMERICAN EXPOSITION TO RKPRKSEXT WASHINGTON'S LUMBER INDUSTRY— Diameter at stump, 16 feet.

Copyright. 190X, by Darius Kinsey, Sedro-Woolley, Wash.

gling for the privilege of cutting it. Their axes are now heard in the forests of Washington and Oregon.

The large holdings by speculators and lumbermen have not all been se- cured through fraudulent entries, how- ever. Buyers have used every means possible to acquire valuable land for little money, but in this they have been aided as much by one entryman's ignorance of timber values as by another's criminality.

In the development of its lumber industry, Washington was several years ahead of Oregon, and most of its valuable timber land was taken before there was any demand in the latter State. In the last two years, claims have been taken in Washington which were formerly passed by, because the comparatively small amount and poor quality of the timber did not seem to justify the purchase. During the last year or so many citizens of Washington have located claims in Southern and Eastern Oregon.

During the last fiscal year, ending June 30, 1902, more public land was entered and disposed of in Oregon than in any other public land State. The aggregate number of acres disposed of during the year, under the various laws, was 1,297,632. This record has been equalled only once in the previous his- tory of the State. For the quarter end- ing Sept, 30, 1902, the. land offices re- ported 625 more timber entries, cover- ing one hundred thousand more acres, than were reported for the quarter end- ing June 30. In the Roseburg district, at the end of October, there were between 850 and 875 entries, involving 136,000 to 140,000 acres, on which final proof had not been made. A few years ago men who realized the value of 160 acres of timber found it difficult to in- duce others to take up claims, and many owners sold claims for $1,000 and less which cannot now be purchased for many times that price. The de- mand for timber is of course steadily increasing the value, and in a short time claims that have been neglected because they had a comparatively small amount of timber will be worth to the owner more than was realized a few years as^o for the finest.

THIC ADVANCIC OF CIVILIZATION— The lonely cot ncss. The cabin, even to the chimney, Photo by Darius Kinsey, Scdro-Woolley, Wash.

of the homesteader on the verge of the forest wilder- is built entirely of cedar "shakes."

Oregon is now the best timbered State in the Union. Its timbered area is 34,752,000 acres ; that of Washington is 30,582,000 acres, and of Idaho 7,000,- 000 acres. The amount of merch- antable timber standing in the Ore- gon forests was estimated a year ago at 135 billion feet, board measure. The standing timber in Washington was estimated about the same time to be 114,778 million feet. The estimators of the United States Geological Survey gave two reasons for this^iflFereiw:c m the standing timber of the two States, besides the fact that the timbered area in Washin^on is not as great as in Oregon: (i) A considerable part of Washington is at a great altitude, upon which the timber is scattering; (2) a much larger area has been cut and burned in Washington, owing to the •earlier development of the lumber in- <lustry.

In his last annual report Secretary Hitchcock, of the Department of the Interior, referring evidently to Oregon, says: "The reports of the special agents of this department in the field show that, at some of the local land offices, carloads of entrymen arrive at a time, everyone of whom makes entry under the timber and stone act. The cost of 160 acres of land under this act, and the accompanying commissions, is S415. As many as five members of a family, who, it can be readily shown, never had $2,075 "^ their lives, walk up cheerfully and pay the price of the land and the commissions. Under such circumstances there is only one conclu- sion to be drawn, and that is that where a whole carload of people make entry under that act, the unanimity of senti- ment and the cash to exploit it must have originated in some other source than themselves."

The companies have not been the only factors in the purchase of timber land under this act, however. Cruisers and locators, working independently of companies, have sought out public land

A SCENE OF ACTIVITY IX THE WOODS— The steam tramway is a substitute for horse power in conveying the logs to the stream or the railroad.

Photo by Darius Kinsey, Sedro-WooUey. Wash.

and located people solely for the locating fees. Carloads of people have frequently been taken out by locators who were not the servants of corporations. A few years ago one man located a number of persons on valuable claims in the central part of the State. The fees received were only half what is now paid for cruising; but there being no prospect for a sale of the tim- ber, the men who did not know its value began to coig^|.y5!^t@(t^y had been swindled and had paid for claims which were worthless. When they sold their land, three or four years later, for about $2,000 for each Quarter section, they were well satisfied, and the locator was again in favor. Last summer he cruised a tract of timber, and had no difficulty in getting over three hundred men to take the claims, each paying him $100 for locating, besides the price of the land to the Govern- ment, and the expense of a three hun- dred mile journey to view the timber. In the latter case there is no more evi-

THE MASSIVE LOGS LOADED ONTO TRUCKS AND STARTED ON THEIR JOURNEY TO FAR

DISTANT POINTS

Photo by Darius Kiusey, Sedro-H'ooliey, IVash.

dence than in the former that he is working for some company. In the crit- icisms of the local land offices and the methods of lumbermen, current for sev- eral months, this legitimate work of locators has not received the considera- tion which should have been given it. In the newspaper articles regarding fraudulent timber entries it has not been noticed. It is no more illegal for one to borrow money for the purpose of purchasing one hundred and sixty acres of timl)er land as an investment than it is to borrow money to buy a farm or a town lot. But it is illegal for one to make an agreement, stated or implied, with the lender of this money that the land shall be sold to him or to any person designated, or that he shall have any interest whatsoever in the net proceeds from the sale of the timber.

A great deal of fine timber land has been taken up under the homestead law by men who had no mtention of making a home,or of keeping the spirit or the letter of the law. A rude cabin is usually built by such fraudulent homesteader, the underbrush cut away around it, so that he can say he has "cleared" the land; sometimes a few potatoes are put in the ground in the Spring, as a pretence for a crop; a visit is made to the cabin once in six months, the entryman seldom staying more than one night ; and a special trip is made whenever there is an election, that by voting in the precinct he may have some proof to offer that he has

made it his home. At thj&>end of iour

teen months the land is often purchased under the commutation clause of the homestead law for $1,25 per acre. When the final proof is made, witnesses will be found who will perjure themselves in return for a like favor in their own cases. Such a homesteader, in offering final proof, once swore that he had an eight-rail fence on his place. Upon investigation it was found that he had eight rails in a row in front of his cabin. The land offices have re- ceived final proofs in hundreds of such cases, and made no investigation, un- less someone appeared to contest the ajjplicaiit's rit^ht tr> the land.

A p^reat many persons who have en- deavored to use the rights g^ranted them hy the land laws have been swindled hv dishonest locators. Such a cruiser, who has not taken the trou- ble to find unappropriated land?- of some value, will state to his victim that lie has discovered a few valuable claims that have been overlooked, or for some reason were not taken when neighbor- ing^ sections were filed on. He will then lake the applicant to a township section that is well tmibered* but al- ready purchased by another iKTSon. and, misrepresenting the location, tell him that he is on a section that, m reality, may be from one to six miles away, and without a tree on it. The applicant will be satisfied with the tim- ber shown him, will see from the map or learn fnmi the land office that the

A LOO THAT WILL (IT by Dnrius Kinscy, Sc iro-li'oollcy. Hush. section mentioned is vacant, and will pay the locator his fee — only to learn, too late, that he has been cheated.

A man should insist on being: shown the posts and witness trees placed by the Government surveyors at the corner of each section, and should not pay a locating^ fee until a filing is secured at the land office. The corner post in our forests is a piece of timber, about five or six inches square, set firmly in the ground, with stones—when they can be easily obtained—piled around the base. The faces of the post are turned to the four sections cornering the spot, and on each face are cut the township, rang^e and section numbers. On each section a tree is blazed, facing: the post, and cut with the same figures. The entryman should also have the locator g^o with him over each subdivision — forty acres — of the claim, and furnish him with an estimate of the timber. Then he will be assured that the claim for which he proposes to apply at the land office is the one he has seen, and will be in possession of all facts required for making: final proof. It is not sufficient merely to go on some part of the land, as has so often been done, and take the locator's word that all is alike. This may be true, but the law requires a personal examination of each smallest subdivision.

Many persons. have taken the initial steps to secure timber claims without knowing: the requirements of the law.

A IMCTURK THAT SIMCAKS TOR ITSKLF Photo by P. L. Itcgg. \c"u U'luitcom, Wash. Last Summer a number of ladies were members of a party seeking claims in Eastern Oregon. When they were taken into the woods, the joker of the party, instead of the locator, gave directions to the ladies. One, who was given the same directions, and made strenuous efforts to secure as much land as her longer sister, but the anatomical disadvantages were too great a handicap. This incident, as reported, may exaggerate the ignorance of the

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It is a remarkable fact that one side of this barn contains 30,000 feet of lumber. 190 1, hy Darius Kinsey. Sedro-Woolley, Wash.

unusually tall, he called first and in- structed her to step off so many paces to mark the corners of her land. She took good, long- strides, m order to ^et as much land as possible. Then aladv who was exceedingly short was

law, but lack of knowledge on the part of many people has made it easier for the servants of the lumber companies and investors to secure men and wo- men to take claims under their guid- ance.

A RAILRO.M) imiDGE IN THE PRIMEVAL FORKST- Used for the transportation of logs by the logging trains. This method of bridge-building has proved a decided success, and is one of the peculiarities of louffing in the Northwest. The bridge shown is the largcM in the State of Oregon.

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By 6teanor )W. I>et9tand-)^oore

HMONG the attaches of the American Embassy at Pekin during the late siege was anor- namental man named Folsom» Colonel by courtesy, who had a beautiful daughter, much admired by the Chinese. It does not appear just what Folsom was doing there. His principal occupation was to hoist the American flag over the embassy and to manicure his hands in the private office, when he was not out dining.

Margaret was a charming girl, very clever, but too independent for diplo- macy, and she kept the Colonel fussing half the time. She was blonde, vivaci- ous, slender and graceful, the very anti- thesis of Mongolian beauty, and the yellow-hatted mandarins simply adored her. The Colonel in his heart hated a Chinaman, but Margaret was not at all prejudiced. Among her admirers prob- ably the most distinguished was the young prince, who had more names and titles than the alphabet should sanction ; names reaching all the way from the heights of the sun and moon down to the depths of the ocean. He was familiarly known as Lo Wan See — a good-looking fellow, as Chinamen go, with private longings to cut off his pigtail and wear a Tux- edo. This, however, wab not known.

He had always had an American tutor, and he spoke English admirably. He was not the heir apparent, by several successions. He was a great friend of Li Hung Chang's, and he had met Mar- garet at a dinner given by the Lord of the Peacock Feather to the foreign delegates and their families. Prince Lo was greatly enamored of Margaret, and, strange to say, his passion was re- ciprocated. But the Emperor wouldn't have an American daughter-in-law, and the Colonel hated the Chinese. So it was touch and go — and go it was. Colo- nel Folsom retired from his post and came home to Seattle, bringing Mar garet with him. There she presided over his charming establishment with a grace that made her fame in society ; but she was pale and distraite. The im- age of Lo Wan See filled her heart, and her eyes burned with love and longing. "Damn that Chinaman!" the Colonel said, savagely ; but it is not so easy to curse the "Fourteenth Son of the Seven Shining Stars," "the Radiant Little Lords of the Little Heavens." and so

on.

One day there was a Sound steamer

called the Dode lying at the wharf at

Blaine, which is the Columbian port of

entry in the State of V^shin^pn. It

THE MYSTERY OF LO WAN SEE

83

was early yet for sailing:, but there was a Chinaman standing in the stern of the boat, slowly unwinding^ a heavy line on which there was a lar^e three- pronged spoon-hook and a knot of red calico. He threw it overboard and let the line run out with the tide, while he sat down to the sort of splendid con- templation in which Chinamen excel. He might have been Confucius evolv- ing a new axiom.

He was a homely fellow, very tall and rather darker than the averag^e. He had eyes, too, that were a little off color, as Chinese eyes go ; but other- wise he was not notable, except for a certain raw-boned ungainliness of fig- ure and a great red seam across his left cheek, where he had been slashed some-

how, probably with a sa- bre. He wore an ordinary pair of dark blue cloth trousers, a heavy cloth jacket of Chi- nese cut, and had his pigtail tucked un- der a round black felt hat. The only thing that was remarkable about him was his power of passive concentration.' He didn't catch anything. He sat there leaning on the guard-rail, with his eyes fixed on thfe far summit of the Fraser Mountains, dreaming of those peaceful things which enable Chinamen to sit by the hour like brass idols, staring into space. Now and then his gaze would shift from the snow-clad peaks to the horizon of the Sound, and his wrinkled parchment lids would drop till his keen, queer-colored eyes peeped out through two narrow slits, alert, in- quisitive, expectant. Then they would suddenly dart away and lapse into the serenity of mountain-gazing. It was like the quick spring of a snake which recovers itself and coils again in am- bush.

He had been there an hour, probably, when all at once his fingers seemed to close a little tighter on the line. He jerked it a bit, as though he had inti- mation of a fish. About his thin lips there played an expression as signifi-

cant as it was inscrutable. Away off from shore there was a small row boat, moving lazily down the Sound. The Chinaman lifted one hand and waved it rapidly through the air. The boat changed its course a bit. The man who was rowing seemed to be taking his bearings. He pulled the boat around in a circle, and suddenly his oars swung with a strong stroke forward. Then he shipped them for about ten minutes, while he leaned over the side of the boat. You could not see at that dis- tance what he was doing, but the line in the Chinaman's hands became taut and he gripped it fast.

"Well, ril be darned!" exclaimed a stevedore who had been guying the fisherman from the wharf, **if he clidn't have a bite! Hey, there, John! you've got a whale!"

The Chinaman did not stir, except to draw out a cigarette and light

it lazily. The stevedore lost his inter- est, or he might have seen that the line around the thin, mud-colored hands was being wound up slowly, a turn at a time, furtively made.

The Dode was about r^ady to clear. The wharf agent was chatting with the steward.

• T say, Jim," he said, winking,

"where'd you get that Chinaman?"

"Oh, he's all right!" replied the other. "He's not an immigrant. He's got his papers all right and is traveling with his coffin. He's agent for a big Foo Chow tea house. He took a whole stateroom with a double berth, and he had his coffin put in the upper. There was a big time about it, but the purser soaked him for another fare."

"It must be cheerful," observed the wharf agent, "traveling with your cof- fin."

The bell rang and the whistle blew. A man with a large cape coat and a fur collar rushed up the gangplank, carry- ing a satchel. He wore a slouch hat pulled low over his face. His move

84

ments were quick and graceful. His hands were neatly gloved. He was evi- dently a gentleman. In a few minutes the boat was under way. A little out of breath, the late comer applied at the office for a berth. There was none va- cant.

"Is there no one with a stateroom who can be persuaded to share it with me?" asked the gentleman, with an ac- cent that made the purser look at him attentively. He had a clear olive com- plexion, very dark eyes and straight black hair, worn quite short. His deli- cate lipwas adorned with a small mous- tache, and his teeth were very white.

"He's ^ good-looking fellow," mused the purser, **but Til be darned if I didn't think at first he was a Chinaman. You don't see a Chinaman dressed like that, though!"

This proved that the purser was a man of limited experience, but that does not signify.

"I don't know," he said, dubiously. 'There's a Chinaman on board. He's

^^^^__

a clean sort of a chap. Per- haps you wouldn't mind. He's got a whole state- room for himself and his coffin."

The gentleman laughed a little.

"There he comes now!" said the pur- ser, indicating the fisherman, who was walking forward, his line wrapped around his hands, and under his arm a pretty fair sized wooden box, very tightly bound with brass.

• • Hello, John!" exclaimed the gentle-

man, aflFably. **I haven't any bed. Will you sell me one of yours ?"

The Chinaman looked at him phleg- matically for a moment or so, as though weighing the case.

"All lite!" he said, presently. "You sleepy here!"

He opened the door of his stateroom and the gentleman went in with him.

"Darned if I'd do that!" said the steward. "I wouldn't sleep with a Chi- naman: I'd sit up all night first!"

This was the last seen of the gentle-

man. The Chinaman, whose name was Hi Suie Long, was rapped up after the boat left Fairhaven. He was going to Seattle.

"You want supper. Long?" asked the steward. Hi Suie got up, sleepily.

"Where's the other man ?" asked the steward, peering into the stateroom^ where the coffin was resting undis- turbed in the upper berth. The brass- bound box had been placed on top of it.

"Whatcom," said Long, briefly.

"Whatcom!" exclaimed the steward. "I thought he was going to Seattle! What did he want a berth for?"

"Dam fool!" observed Long, suc- cinctly. "He change his mind."

The journev of the Dode was with- out incident beyond a slight commo- tion caused by the handling of Suie Long's coffin. There was a light wagon at the dock, driven by a Chinaman, who helped lift this odd bit of baggage. Hi Suie Long got up on the seat beside the driver and the vehicle disappeared up Yesler Way.

The following week there was an advertise- ment in the "P.-I." an- nouncing that the Sou

Chong Company had opened a Chinese tea house and curio store on Second avenue, near James street.

It was a handsome store, fit- fitted up with teak wood and ebony, and lighted by old metal lanterns. The floor was covered with a beautiful mat- ting and silk rugs of a kind never be- fore seen in Seattle. There were great bronze flower vases flanking the door- way, and huge metal statues of nonde- script animals, with here and there a rare piece of ivory, a gold Buddha in a shrine of satin wood, magnificent em- broideries, tea tables set with rare china, Satsuma vases, old blue Canton porcelain — in fact, it was an ideal curio store, fitted up more like a drawing- room than a shop. The whole place was perfumed with a rare kind of incense.

THE MYSTERY OP LO WAN SEE

85

Hi Suie Long evidently had a deal of money back of him.

There was no counter at all. Tea was kept in lacquered chests which stood upon low shelves against the wall. At the back of the room there was a heavy partition with doors. Over the doorway was a rich satin hanging, yellow in color, with a huge dragon on it in blue silk embroidery, a dragon swallowing a blood-red sun — in fact, it was a sort of modified Chinese imperial ensign.

Over this splendid establishment pre- sided Hi Suie Long, still silent, phleg- matic, but always available. It was generally known that he had come over intending to open a store somewhere in British Columbia, but that he had not thought the trade could meet his demands. He was looking for an Amer- ican agent, so he said.

In the course of time, Margaret Fol- som visited the store of the Sou Chong Company. She had received a card ask- ing her to a private view of some rare embroideries and jewelry, once the property of the late Empress of China. She came alone.' There were a great many people in the store, but Margaret did not see anything in the way of a special exhibit.

She addressed Hi Suie Long:

"May I ask where the imperial relics are?" she said.

They had belonged to the mother of Prince Lo. She wondered if she should be able to buy some sort of a souvenir.

"Please give your name, lady," said Long, opening a little red book. "All visitors names here!"

Margaret gave her name and address. She heard the ringing of a little Chi- nese gong, and in a moment there was a sleek young Mongolian wearing the imperial livery at her elbow. Margaret uttered a pleased expression. It re- minded her of Pekin and — and of other things. She greeted him with n few words of Chinese, and he was rcadv to

kiss her little boots. "This way, lady," he said, with much elaboration of ges- ture. **You know China? You see velly beau'ful tMng!"

He lifted the yellow portiere with his slender hands. Hi Sine Long called out sharply something which Margaret could not understand, but the Chinese usher stepped back quickly and drop- ped the folds of heavy satin as though he had heard an imperial order. The blue dragon went on attempting to swallow the blood-red sun for the en- tertainment of a shop full of people, who came and went continually. Mar- garet had disappeared behind the heavy doors, which closed upon h^ charm- ingly gowned figure. But no more vis- itors were admitted to see the jewels of the Empress that afternoon.

The apartment in which Margaret found herself was very beautiful. It was fitted up in the most gorgeous panoply of a Buddhist temple. In one end of the room stood a splendid shrine, over which a large image of the Lotus God presided with as much serenity as though it had received the adoration of centuries of devotees. The soft light of opalescent lamps illuminated the room. The skylight was screened with draperies of brilliant Chinese silk.

Margaret looked about her, charmed beyond expression. For the moment she fancied herself back in Pekin ; she fancied — ah, did she fancy?

• • Light of my life! Soul

of my soul!" whispered a soft voice in her ear, and

Margaret felt a pair of strong young arms about her, her lips were warmed by the kiss of an impassioned lover.

"At last— at last!" he murmured. "I have found you, my heart's treasure!"

Her arms were about his neck in an instant. Tremulous, wondering, but full of joy, she cried:

"Dearest! Oh, when did you come? How is it you are here?"

The lights in the opal glass lanterns burned discreetly low. The bronze Bud- dha looked down cyigi^Uig^^jg^^I^

86

the Human Heart, and perhaps he sighed. Time seemed to forget to turn his hourglass, and it was late when Margaret got home that afternoon. She had barely time to dress for Mrs. Dar- lington's dinner.

"I hear," observed the Colonel, who was primping over his tie, **that Mrs. D. has a new lion to roar this evening. He's a Portuguese count, they tell me. It beats the devil! That woman is a regular collector of social curios."

Margaret smiled divinely, and tuck- ed up a little curl that kept rippling out of her coiffure.

'T should like to meet him," she said, brightly, and her father looked at her in astonishment.

This was the first time she had shown even a conventional interest in a man since she came from Pekin. To-night her eyes shown like stars, her cheeks were faintly flushed with a lovely color, and about her soft, curving lips hover- ed a smile of happiness. She wore an exquisite gown of white embroidered Chinese crepe.

"Damn that Chinaman!" the Colonel said again, as he had said many times before. **I am glad to see Madge is get- ting over that affair. I might marry her to a Portuguese Count, but I won't have any 'Fourteenth Sons of the Sev- en Radiant Stars' in the family!"

The dinner at Mrs. Darlington's was a splendid affair.

radiant, charming. He was a very handsome fellow, not very tall, with a clear, olive skin, a small black mous- tache and very white teeth.

"If it wasn't for that moustache and his short hair and his clothes," mut- tered the Colonel, "he'd look enough like Prince Lo to be his brother."

After the first wave ~f repulsion, agi- tated by his startling likeness to the objectionable Chinaman, the Colonel braced up and became very affable. The Count evidently admired Margaret and he asked permission to call.

This was how the affair began, and in six weeks time all Seattle was in a ferment over the announcement that Margaret Folsom was going to marry a Portuguese nobleman.

Margaret was radiantly happy. She had apparently so far forgotten the Pekin affair that her father ventured to say to her one day:

"By the way, Madge, I see by the papers that Prince Lo has disappeared, and they fear he has been murdered by the Boxers. He was a great friend of the foreign residents, you know. They say that there isn't a' trace of him to be found anywhere. The Emperor is wild. His fortune has gone, too. You know the Dowager Empress left him all her private property, because he had no ancestral estate. She had magnifi- cent jewels."

"I hope he hasn't been murdered," said Margaret, quietly; but her eyes were lowered and there was a percepti- ble change of color in her fair face. "He was such a nice fellow

"I am awfully afraid that Count Cabello isn't com ing!" murmured the hostess in vexation.

It was five minutes past the hour, but as though his tardy arrival were a stud- ied effect, the distinguished Portu- guese appeared, just as they were go- ing out of the dining room.

"Count Sebastian Henriquez Antonio del Cabello" was announced with all due emphasis.

The Colonel uttered a suppressed ex- clamation. It sounded like, "Well, I'll

be damned if it " and then it broke

off. The count was exquisitely dressed,

— an awfully nice fellow!"

"I know you thought so once," said the Colonel, laughing mischievously. He could afford to laugh now. "But I fancy you think more of the Portu- guese as a race than you think of the Chinese."

Margaret blushed prettily and smiled.

"They have pH^i^il^^bfC^J^f P""^^

THE MYSTERY OF LO WAN SEE

87

Lo in the hands of Pinkerton's,'* ob- served the Colonel, rising from the breakfast table.

Margaret's cup of coffee was tipped upon the cloth by a sudden nervous motion of her hand.

"What for?" she asked, sharply.

'They think the jewels may have been brought to America. The Chinese Consul has cabled the government that there has been an exhibition in Seattle of some rare curios, said to have be- longed to the Empress. They were said to have been smuggled."

Margaret was very pale now.

"How very startling!" she said in an odd tone. "If Seattle should have the distinction of such an incident "

"Count Cabello!" the servant an- nounced.

The Colonel cleared his throat.

"Your Portuguese is getting on, Madge!" he exclaimed. "He comes to breakfast."

Madge arose precipitately and left the room. There was a carriage at the door. In half an hour she peeped into the library.

"I am going out, father, with Count Cabello," she said, hurriedly. "I shall not be back for some time."

Margaret did not come back at all! It was a most romantic affair. She and the Count took the train for San Fran- cisco, and from Portland there came a telegram signed by the Count ana Countess Cabello. It was given out that this Portuguese Lochinvar had taken his bride to Brazil, where he had an estate at Petropolis. The Colonel heard from them by letter in the course

of a few weeks, when they had reached Mexico.

The day after the elopement there was another sensation. The beautiful curio shop of the Sou Chong Company on Second avenue was invaded by the police with a warrant for the arrest of Hi Suie Long, a smuggler, supposed to be implicated in the disappearance of Prince Lo and in the theft of the late Empress' jewels. Hi Suie Long was not there. The Chinese usher, very pale and nervous, explained that Long had gone away a week before.

"He sell this man!" the servant said, indicating a tall, ungainly fellow who was busy about the shop.

"Mr. John Thomas," said the Chinese usher, briefly, and John Thomas bowed. Yes, he was the owner. He had bought out Hi Suie Long. He was the Ameri- can agent of the Sou Chong Company. He didn't know anything about the Chinaman, except the fact that he had left Seattle. He didn't know anything about any smuggled goods or any jew- elry. The gentlemen were welcome to search his shop.

The search was ineffectual. The Buddhist temple had been to a large ex- tent dismantled. It had been so when Mr. Thomas bought out the place. The police went away disappointed. As they disappeared Thomas said something to the little usher in very good Chinese. They went together and opened a little cupboard concealed by a bit of matting. In it there was a coffin and a box se- curely bound with brass.

"Sam Loo!" said Thomas, quietly, "take these things out in the shed and chop them up for kindling."

Roodooed:

H Story of the Racc-^rack

By Lou Rodman Ceeple

"Some women are made to soothe care's frown, To make e'en sorrow sweet; And some are made to dra^ men down, — To tempt and trick and cheat"

6D HELVER was bellowin' out that old ballad, as he brushed and rubbed La Costa's glossy coat. He had a pair of lungs like a buffalo, an' 1 see Tex Bard well stop scrapin' Palmetto's hoofs, an' scowl as he list- ened to the singin'. I knew why, just as well as I knew why his sister Flos- sie was listenin' to that voice, while the pink deeperied in her cheek and a happy smile curved her pretty little mouth. I was their swipe, when Bard- well and Helver were partners. They wasn't any honester than the average horseman, but even Tex, who knew and practiced all the tricks allowable on the turf, couldn't stand Helver's crookedness. So they dissolved part- nership ; and though Ed got La Costa, thet^est horse in the lot, he always had it in for Tex for refusin' to stay in business with him.

They didn't look any more alike than they acted. Ed was a big, broad- shouldered, curly-headed, handsome, devil-may-care sort of fellow, with a loud, jolly way with every one he met ; while Bardwell was tall and thin as a fork, wore his hat low over his eyes, and never talked louder than if he was in a sick-room. He was very close- mouthed, and all we knew was that though not a Texan by birth, he had lived there long enough to get Texas manners, speech, and "Tex" for a nickname. His young sister had taken a fancy to come and keep his "stable kitchen" at the track; though except for an occasional visit she had hardly

seen him since she was a child. They seemed happy enough together, how- ever, 'till Helver saw her. She was one of those soft, sweet, "Somebody-love- me" sort of girls. And Helver was the sort of man women mostly go daft over; and he always enjoyed doing anything that tormented someone else, anyway. So when he see how bent Tex was on keeping the girl away from him, he made it his whole busi- ness to send her notes an' flowers, an' talk to her every chance he got. She was of age, and all Tex could do was to warn her against the man he knew to be a bad one. But when did a broth- er's word carry farther than a lover's?

When they came to tell Tex they was engaged, some memory brought the tears to his eyes, an' says he: "Ed, be true to her; though the best I can wish her is that you desert her before you marry her." 'Twas an unfriendly sort of a speech ; but Tex knew his man.

Still, things went on smoothly enough, and when Helver's La Costa beat Tex's Palmetto in two races, the girl condoled with her brother and congratulated her lover with such evi- dent sincerity that both men laughed. She was only a child in the ways of the world ; and she was as merry and friendly with me, an old swipe, as though I'd been a king. She came dancing out where I was sweepin' the stalls (I worked for Tex then), an' savs she:

"Oh, Trad, my cousin Nile has writ- ten me that she^g.^^^(^pj^y^(5'(5e never

HOODOOED

89

seen her, but Tex knows her well ; and only to thinK, I didn't even know I had a cousin till she wrote. Uncle John we always thought was an old bachelor when he died."

Well, Cousin Nile came, and most any other woman would have looked as pale and dim beside her as poor little Flossie did. For the cousin — Miss Utley, they called her — had deep, dark eyes that seemed drawin' one away from all the world — to her. Her lips were like wet coral, and when she spoke she always said somethin' that set you wonderin' or thinkin'. She rode horseback with the fearless grace of a Comanche Injin, and I think the belief that every man had who looked in her glowin' face was that she'd go through ice and fire for the man who was lucky enough to win her. Oh, she was a "Lulah." an' she knew it. For she hadn't been there a week before I come suddenly in the room an' sur- prised Tex with her in his arms, a kissin' her as if he'd been starved for just them kisses; an' she wasn't hol- lerin' for no help. And in two weeks' time Helver didn't say three words to poor little Flossie. His whole time was spent with Miss Utley. Yes, and she encouraged him. They rode and drove and walked together, and be- cause Tex couldn't look at the woman without the love and passion he felt for her flashin' to his face, was one of the reasons Ed was doubly happy in her favor.

Flossie drooped like a frost-bitten daisy; and I wondered that her broth- er never took her false lover to task. But I thought perhaps 'twas because he wanted no talk about the girls. He was out the night Helver called and brought the light back to the girl's sad eyes by tellin' her he wanted to talk with her. But he only wanted to break their engagement; and when He begun to sort of excuse himself she laid his ring on the table and come out and sat on an upturned bucket with me till he had gone.

She wasn't bitter toward her cousin, neither. For when, next evenin', that one come back from a drive with Hel- ver. with a diamond on her long, slim finger, nnd announced that she had

promised to be Mrs. Ed, the little girl kissed the dark beauty and hoped she'd be happy.

But what surprised me was the way Tex took it. I thought he'd be mad as a wet hen ; and he did put up a bluff at it when some one was around, but several times I seen 'em together jes' 's if nothin' had happened. I couldn't get the rights of it, but jes' put it down to her play in' fast and loose and keep- in' up a Iktle flirtation with Tex all the time she was engaged to Helver. Tex was certainly gone on Miss Nile, and Flossie was mos' breakin' her heart over Ed, and when he and Miss Nile'd drive past little Flossie, walkin' slow and lookin' as though she was wearyin' to lay her young head down in the grave, if she could only keep out of sight, Ed would smile; but when they met Tex, who couldn't take his eyes off Miss Nile, he'd laugh out- right. There's many such men. I've seen 'em. But I never seen one that didn't buck to the wrong rider some time.

Tex, he stumps him to race with him, an' he bets money, horses, saddles and buggies. La Costa had trotted away from Palmetto in two races, and there was little doubt she would in a third. But Tex was spoilin' to punish Ed, and Palmetto might do a little bet- ter next time. Ed took him, covered every dollar Tex wagered, and bet him horse for horse. "If you win, you'll leave me stripped, Tex," he said, with the look of a man who knows he won't be beat.

"I want to leave you without any- thin'," Tex fairly hissed. "I want you to be glad to get a job swipin'. By the Eternal, I won't leave you nothin'."

Ed laughed, "One thing I'm sure not to have, that's your sister."

Tex sprang toward him, but some- one caught him and told him they were there to settle the wagers, not to fight.

Tex cooled off a bit, an' says he: "Helver, there ain't an hour I don't thank God you will never have my sister."

"Do you thank Him because I'm to have vour cousin?" Ed STie^red. And Tex walks away.Dfjrtfeld^^^^VIiOKDgree

&Wm-

f-.'. '-^m

! t ^m f

i«\ i

-"that dacsling bit of bloom and flesh." queerest look, for 'twas nearer a grin than a look of hate and jealousy.

Flossie didn't take much interest in the comin' race; but don't you think that high-strung, keen-eyed cousin of hers didn't! She watched Ed train La Costa, and her quick wit suggested more to improve the mare than all his knowledge of horses. She fussed over the mare, and when they trotted round the track for a warmin' up, before the race, I wouldn't give much for Palmetto's chances! La Costa was fit as a fiddle, and went as though she was able and willin' to fly. And in the little wait while Tex fixed a strap on Palmetto's rig, my lady flutters down to the sulky where Ed is waitin', an' pets an' smooths the trotter's face as though it had been a baby. The mare didn't seem to like it, though, for she snorted and reared back till Ed had to touch her with the whip. And for the ten or fifteen minutes before they lined up she stood there talkin' with Helver, lookin' like one of them South American birds that's all color and life and motion.

Well, they finally started, and La Costa, who'd been fearfully restless, shot ahead like an arrow. Lord, how she went down the first quarter I Trot? Well, I never want to see such trottin' ag;ain! She was all over the track, her fore feet straight in the air half the time. She'd spurt and trot twice her length, maybe ; but her regulation gait was reg'lar jack rabbit leaps. Palmetto trotted home, and when Ed, who was fair wild, come in, he started to use the whip and take revenge on the mare. Tex steps up an' says he, "She's my property now. Don't you lay a hand on her." And he led her away, for he'd won her all right.

There wasn't any use to kick. Helver told me himself he'd had the mare watched night and day so there could nothin' be given her. Besides, she never trotted better than ten minutes before the race.

'Trad," said he, "she was hoodooed; as sure as cattle, she was hoodooed."

I know he thought his girl would be the first to offer sympathy; but she had disappeared, and wouldn't see anyone. Had a headache, she sent word to him. He just says low to me, "Little Flossie would never have left a fellow when he was on a muddy track."

But next day he gets a note from his lady, sayin' that she'd gone, body an' bones.

"I'm done with you forever," she writes. "Our engagement is ended. You know how easy engagements are broken. At least Flossie does."

That was all, only his diamond was in the note. He gives a hard laugh, an' says he, "Hoodooed again. She's hoo- dooed the mare, just as she did me; though I don't know how in thunder she done it."

Tex was leaving the state with his whole string, but I stayed on and worked for another man. When Tex and Flossie had gone, a boy comes an' tells Helver that Tex had concluded he'd taken enough out of him, and so had left him La Costa. "That's because she's done for," says Ed, and I own I thought so too. But she was right as a saddle-tree, and many a race did she win for him after, trottin' steady as a spinnin' top. That was how him an' me happened to be to- gether at a race track in the South, a couple of years later. We'd just got there and was watchin' the crowd, when we see Miss Flossie a-drivin' slow, with a young off-on-leave naval officer; and the look of happiness and love on her pretty face was something deeper and stronger than Ed Helver had ever stamped there. A little farther on we see one o' them old Southern Colonels a-talkin' with Tex, and yes, — I knew that dazzling bit of bloom and flesh by his side, even before Ed claps his hand to his breast with a sort of groan. "Nile," says he. And when the old Colonel comes along, very politely we asks him who is the couple he just left. The ol' boy seemed willin' enough to talk, and it didn't take much pumpin' to get the hull story out'n him.

"That's Tex Bahdwell, my best friend, gennelmen," he says, answerin' our question. "Knows a boss, suh. The lady's his wife; been married five yeah's, an' he's coh'tin heh yet. She moah than worships Tex. He went Nawth with his hosses one time an'

92

jest as she was ready to go she had some propputty left heh. She was goin* to stay an' fix things up, when Tex writes down that he wants heh, foh his sistah is sick oah in some trou- ble. Mis' Tex she jes' brings theyah two-year-old boy to my wife, an' says she, *Keep him till we come back.' An' to me she says, 'Judge, I leave the propputty in youah hands, I know I couldn't leave in bettah.' Them was her very wohds, gennelmen. They brought the sistah back with 'em, and though she seemed kind o' droopy foh a month oah two. Mis' Bahdwell jest petted the roses back into heh face again. Theyah goin' to have a mighty fine weddin foh heh when she an' the Lieutenant hit it off."

When I left Ed he was a-settin on

the ground, a-sayin, "Hoodooed? Well. I guess so." And after I'd gone to work for Tex again I ventured to ask how Mrs. Bardwell worked it.

"Oh, 'twas simple," says he. **She had a hypodermic syringe filled with atropine, and filled the mare's eyes. It's quicker'n belladonna, an' she done it while I was fixin' a strap that had nothin' the matter with it. A trick? Yes, and a dirty one. But if Helver had been true to Flossie it could never have been worked, for she would have died rather than do him, and he never would let any one near a horse of his before a race. My takin' the mare right away kept him from noticin' her eyes, an' they were all right in a day or two."

"Miss Flossie a-driz-in' slo-w with

a voiing off-ovJcave na-.al officer." C^ r^r^t^Ai^

I

THE LARtJEST IlALAKCINt; ROlK IN THE WORLD

It is jr feet long, ig feet wide, ij feet hi kIk and *Tand?i on a pivot 7 inches by 24

inches. The bouidcr is comp<wM-d of eotid pjrcy Rinnitc. li i^ located 3000 fcti

above the Salmon nv«r, in the McGlcnn mining district, IdahQ County* Idaho

I

A FREAK OF NATURE IN EA^TEKX WAS.HKN t^,TON SEAR SPOKAKK Tbe rock that is wedged m between the two faruc rock in of diffLrcnt fnrinQtion. called I a "niggtr head by gcolofjists, and weighs ahotst 6 or a tona!t wr^s thrown Into it* place by an eruption in agra pasL

Uigitizea Dy vj\^\^pi 1 A PAGE OF NATURAL WONDERS OF THE NORTHWEST

/^

=^

Water Babies:

A Chapter from the Life of Te'-boy and He'n

By Goldte Robertson funk, Author of "Adele"

THE Morgans lived in the last house on Naches avenue. If you know your geography, you know that Naches avenue is a great tree-lined boulevard, bounded on either side by a deep, wide, open irrigation ditch, which is responsible for stretches of velvety lawn, each particular lawn set with its own handsome dwelling, and the whole the joy of one of those fine western towns which are the pride of their inhabitants.

The year before Colonel Morgan built his little Dutch cottage on the corner, Naches avenue had said "down with the fences," and, each man's pride exceeding that of his neighbor, in a week not a vestige of fencing remained. The Morgan lawn, like the others, was velvet from house to pavement and from pavement to ditch, where, for a width of four feet and a depth of two, the strong, clear current of mountain water swept rapidly and continuously by.

Colonel Morgan's waistcoat swelled with pride as he shaved his corner, of an evening, and glanced down the avenue at the neighboring miles of green lawn and perspiring, prideful owners, assiduously clipping and watering and shaving. His fluffy little wife followed him about, fluffiier and prettier, he thought, than any of the other fluffy white things that followed their husbands about on any of the other lawns on the avenue.

"What'll we do when the children can run about alone, Will? I'm sure they'll fall into the ditch."

"Well, let 'em fall into it. Just the thing. First time they go near it I'll take 'em by the heels and duck 'em both. Guess that'll fix 'em."

Mamma Grace shuddered as she thought of two little ones that had already been drowned in the swift current, one pushed too hard by a companion and one while sailing his fleet of paper craft.

Colonel Morgan came home one evening and set the fountain tip of the garden hose at play on his front yard and went to the far end of the place to bring the lawn mower from the garden house. It needed oiling and the bag needed adjusting, and a good half hour went by before he started out with it.

Mamma Grace, seeing her husband at work in the front yard, hastened the dressing of the children with promises that they might go out and "help papa-daddy." She had not observed the Colonel leave the yard, and, in fact, he had hardly gone, when she opened the side door and sent the two little toddlers to make a rush on him, while she retired to the kitchen to help the maid.

Three-year-old Helen and two-year-old Ted, hand in hand, trudged around to the front of the house in search of their big playfellow. He was not there — but, oh, my, what lovely water! They ran directly into it, laughing and dancing as it fell down in a big spray over them. And how nice and soft the grass was! They sunk their little feet — sqush, sqush, it went, the grass and water over the little red boot tops. Helen's heavy, fresh curls were matted and dripping about her neck and face. Ted's tight kinks were shedding the drops, and his little upturned mouth was wide open to catch what it could. They laughed and screamed at this new plaything that showered the pretty drops on them. The delicate little white dresses and petticoats clung to wet little bodies, until, not yet satisfied, both children lay down on their stomachs under the heaviest fall of water and laughed in glee.

Just then the Colonel, absorbed in the working of the lawn mower as he rolled it along, turned the corner. Two little shreds of i white dry goods, two bobbing baby heads, and four soggy little feet beating the air amid screams of delight, sent him roaring with laughter into the house for their mother.

The Colonel's wife was a brave little woman, but a wise one. If you're a mother, and curl and bathe and twice daily change two baby outfits throughout, and take pride in the whiteness of their dimities and laces and starched petticoats, you'll understand.

An image should appear at this position in the text.

THE WATER BABIES— From life.

For a moment she screened herself behind the Colonel and laughed, too. The day was warm and the children could not take cold, but they must not think this could be a daily occurrence. Lifting her fresh white skirts and getting as near to the spray as she could without its falling on her, too, she called:

"Helen, come right out, and bring your little brother."

"Te'-boy not 'f'aid. Mamma," Helen gleefully answered. "Shee, Mamma, Te'-boy not 'f'aid. Te'-boy b'ave boy." And, as if to prove how brave he was, Teddy-boy thrashed his little arms up and down in the falling water, ably assisted by Helen, arid Mamma retreated a few feet.

"Children, Mamma wants you to come right straight to her," and two screaming, soppy little forms made a wild dash and landed, gripping her and rubbing wet faces against her soft gown.

"Helen! Teddy! you're wet, and you mustn't touch Mamma's clean dress. See, you've spoiled it already. Oh, Helen, you naughty girl, to go into the water, and let little brother go with his nice, clean dress on! Mamma is going to take you to the bath-room for this."

"To the bath-room, in that tone of voice, had a meaning of its own, and Helen meekly took her mother's hand and followed. The Colonel rescued Ted and gave him to his Grandmother Robertson — "Nannie Ob," the children called her.

Mamma had hardly closed the bathroom door on herself and her dripping little daughter, when Helen said, in the most persuasive voice imaginable:

"Mamma, me fisper 'oo;" and Mamma, stooping to the level of the little diplomat's head, heard, "Mamma, me not dood dirl now, me all time bad dirl. Mamma, Nannie Ob say me drow up be dood dirl — be nice dirl. Mamma, don't 'pank me."

In just ten minutes, a happy, dry little girl, with curls just a little too damp, ran out of the bath-room to join Te'-boy and the Colonel and Nannie Ob in the dining room. Mamma followed, and she was just as happy as the little daughter, for they had talked it all over, and Helen was going to begin to fulfill Nannie Ob's prediction by keeping Te'-boy out of any and all wa ter; and Mamma's heart strings still vibrated with big chords of mother love struck by two tiny hands that stroked her cheeks, while a cooing voice promised, "Me drow up be dood did."

And the Colonel saw and was happy, too, for it was a fixed belief of his that children could be raised without corporal punishment. He believed children could understand reason, and whenever he was at home and encountered his wife leading one to the bathroom, he invariably whispered: "Can't you reason with him?"

An image should appear at this position in the text.

One day, not long after the water episode on the lawn, the Colonel, coming home, spied his little daughter on the parking by the ditch, and a commotion of some kind going on. Quickening his steps to a run. he soon understood. Teddy-boy, lying flat on his stomach, was splashing his hands and arms in the water, Helen holding to one of his sturdy legs, while he beat a tatoo on her streaming face with the other, the buttons of his shoe catching in her curls and jerking her head up and down with cruel regularity. She tugged in vain to pull the stout little fellow away, crying: '*Te'-boy! Te'-boy! Mamma 'pank oo! I tell Mamma. I hate to. I hate to. T des dot to. Boo, hoo! Te'-bov not tick He'n's pace!"

In spite of her pitiful cries, Ted continued to splash and kick.

The Colonel was just in time. "Teddy, Teddy-boy! Hasn't papa told you never, never to go near the ditch ? Now papa's going to spank you this time, so you'll never touch the water again."

Ted's eyes filled and his little boy-face quivered as papa carried him into the house. Helen trotted close after, her curls torn and her face criss-crossed with scratches from Ted's shoes — but she was not crying now.

In their short lives the Colonel had never punished either one. He had just been their great big playfellow, their pony, their bear, their bow-wow. Ted was terrified when papa carried him directly to the bath-room. Helen had slipped in, unnoticed by the Colonel till her little voice piped, "Papa-daddy, me fisper oo."

"Well, what is it, Helen?" and he stooped for the little arms to encircle his neck.

"Papa-daddy, tan't oo weason wif Te'-boy? Not fip Te'-boy."

If you're a father and have had the backbone of your reason and your intentions broken in similar fashion, you'll understand. Don't ask me what the Colonel did. What would you do?

After this the children were again put on their honor and allowed to play along the parking as well as on the lawn.

The mother instinct was born in Helen the day the nurse showed her her baby brother, and though she herself could not speak a word plainly, and was just learning to manage her little feet, her sole interest was the little, bottle-fed, wriggling thing in the blue and white basket. As both grew, this mother-feeling in the little girl grew pathetically strong. Mamma Grace fostered it by telling her baby daughter how much she needed her to help look after baby brother, and how much she trusted her to keep him from getting hurt, especially to keep him away from the ditch.

This last worked a great hardship on the little three-year-old, for she loved the splash of the water more than

WATER BABIES

97

she loved anything else in the world except the little boy whose getting into the ditch had grown to be her terror.

It was a hot morning in June. Mam- ma had gone to market, after leaving the children, freshly dressed, to play with their spades and pails in the sand box. Nannie Ob had gone to spend the day with another daughter a few blocks away. The new maid promised faith- fully to watch the little ones — and meant to, Fm sure. Probably she no- ticed two or three times at first that they were occupied, then, giving her mind to her work, endeavored to im- press the Colonel's wife on her return that she had more than an ordinar}' maid. She flew from task to task and the babies in the sand pile were for- gotten.

"Me not rike san'. Me not rike oo. Me wun 'way."

"No, no, Te-boy, not wun 'way. Mamma not rike oo wun 'way. Te'- boy, Te'-boy, Mamma tus me," wailed the little mother, as Ted's determined feet flew over the lawn and out onto the pavement. Dropping spade and pail, she ran after, still calling, "Te'- boy, Te'-boy, oo tum back! Mamma 'pank oo — 'pank me," but to no pur- pose. Ted raced over the crossing and out into the middle of the avenue, head- ing away from the town, Helen hard af- ter. The more she screamed for him to come back, the faster he ran, his boy hat on the back of his neck and a cloud of alkali dust choking the little girl in pursuit.

Ted's legs were straight and strong, but he couldn't keep up a running pace forever, even actuated by the novel in- tention of running away; and Helen, whose motive was even stronger — the necessity of protecting little brother and keeping faith with Mamma, who trusted her — soon gained on him.

"Te'-boy, nice boy, not wun 'way," she coaxed, beaming on him through her tears. "Mamma ky, papa-daddy ky, me ky, titty ky; Te'-boy, 'es pay do fin' Mamma," she begged, trying to take the little fellow's hand.

But Ted's mind was made up. "Me

wun 'way, w-a-yoff. Me not do home," and off he started at a trot again, Helen keeping up this time, but crying bitter- ly, "Mamma not tus me no mo'."

On and on through the still heat and the fine white dust, over the lonely road went the two, Ted setting the pace, alternately trotting and walking, his intention to run away not one whit lessened by his sister's tears and en- treaties.

More than a mile was now between them and home. The hot sun rose higher and blistered their faces. Their walking in the middle of the road had

Helen doesn't like to pose, but Teddy-boy seems to enjoy the situation.

kept them in a swirl of dust from the first.

At last Ted weakened. "Me firsty; me want jink, He'n."

"Te'-boy, me not dot djink ; me firsty, too; Mamma dot djink. 'Es do home, itty buvver," pleaded the patient child.

"No, no; me want djink."

Who can tell why the boy wavered from the straight road ahead and cross- ed to the weed-grown wayside, which meant the edge of the ditch? Perhaps because he was more used to the green than to this hot dust.

For whatever reason it v\^, when^he

98

entered the weed growth, he heard the running water. Helen heard, too, and screamed, "No, no, Te'-boy, not to dits! Mamma say 'No, no!'*' she fairly shrieked, as Ted fell flat on his stom- ach and reached both hands and arms into the water.

"Te'-boy's baff!" he shouted, and tumbled over the edge of the ditch as gleefully as ever in the white bath tub at home. Helen kept her grip on the little dress and was jerked in, too. The first ducking in the cold water fright- ened them both, but Helen, with a strength born of necessity, got to her feet first, still holding Ted. Both chil- dren were crying hard, Teddy de- manding between kicks, "'Et me do, 'et Te*-boy do," and Helen, between shrieks of pain and misery as the stout little legs bruised her and the angry boy tore her hair, sobbed, "Te'-boy, be nice boy, pappa-daddy tum det oo."

Ted's weight and kicks had almost exhausted the little girl, and he was gradually slipping back into the water, when the only other sound of the morn- ing besides their own voices broke the stillness.

"Whoa," and a plump, brown-eyed young woman, hearing the noises in the water beyond the tall weeds, left her carriage and pushed her way to the ditch.

Helen, beaten, had just loosened her hold on the little boy, and together they fell back into the water.

"God in heaven!" breathed the wo- man, as she leaped into the water and gripped a child in each hand. Both were unconscious.

"Stand still, Ned," was all she said, as, with set, anxious face, her strong arms flung the two little ones on their stomachs onto the back of her horse.

Dr. Edna Davis had brought them both into the world and attended them through every baby ailment. She worked over them now as though they were her very own. She rolled them over Ned's warm body and patted and shook them till they sighed and breath- ed again. Wrapping Helen in her light laprobe, she took off her waist, the only dry garment she had left, and buttoned

it around Ted, who seemed to recover better than his sister. Ted began to whimper, though he and the pretty doctor were bosom friends. '*Me not peel dood ; me rike my Mamma." But Helen sobbed weakly, "Mamma — not — tus — me — no mo'. "

"There, there, Helen, don't cry any more. Doctor'll take you and Teddy- boy right straight to Mamma. Come, Ned, run now, and take the babies to Mamma and Papa-daddy."

The reaction soon came to the little boy and he fell asleep on the doctor's arm, but Helen cried all the way, "Mamma not tus He'n no mo'."

Helen has conquered her shyness, but Ted is cross and disgusted.

But when the little cottage was safe- ly reached, and the fears of a distracted mother set at rest; and when Te'-boy and He'n were tucked snugly in their little white beds, and the little lad, wearied with the events of the day, was sound asleep, then Mamma Grace and Helen had a heart-to-heart talk, such as only mothers and daughters know. And it was a radiantly happy little girl, fully reassured of her place in the mother's love and trust, tnat joined the "itty huvver" in the land of dr^ms.

Che George Rogers Clark 6xpedittoti

By OlaUace McCamant

/^^WHERE are few historical stud m ies so interesting^ as that of

^^ ^ the westward expansion of the ^^^ American Republic. When the Declaration of Independ- ence was proclaimed, the Allegheny Mountains were for practical purposes our western boundary. Western Penn- sylvania was the only region which contained any considerable population of Americans west of the Alleghenies. There were scattering settlements in the valley of the Holston, in what is now Southwestern Virginia, and in the valley of the Watauga, in what is now Northeastern Tennessee, and in 1775 Daniel Boone had led a small body of colonists into what is now the State of Kentucky. But the permanence of the Kentucky settlements was by no means assured on the fourth of July, 1776. The settlers were few in num- ber and they had settled on the ancient hunting grounds of hostile tribes of Indians, who from the beginning dis- puted their right to occupy the soil. It IS the object of this paper to study the means by which the permanence of these feeble settlements was assured and by which the great Northwest was won for that tide of American immigration which was to spread steadily westward until, with the occu- pation of Oregon, the domain of the republic had attained continental pro- portions.

On the outbreak of the Revcrfution- ary War, it became the policy of the British ministry to foment hostility to the Americans from the Indian tribes dwelling on the western fron- tiers of the colonies. The efforts of the British ministry in this regard were well known to the colonists when the Declaration of Independence was pro-

claimed. One of the counts of the indictment against George III in that instrument is as follows: **He has endeavored to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers the merciless Indian savages whose known rule of warfare is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes and conditions." In one of the supply bills offered in Parliament there appeared an item for the pur- chase of scalp knives — an item which laid the British ministry under severe strictures at the hands of the Whig de- baters.

It was not, however, until 1777 that the British policy in this regard bore its full fruition. At that time Colonel Henry Hamilton was British Lieuten- ant-Governor of the northwestern re- gion, with headquarters at Detroit. President Roosevelt describes Hamil- ton as "an ambitious, energetic, unscru- pulous man of bold character, who wielded great influence over the In- dians." It was alleged by the frontiers- men of that day that Hamilton paid the Indians a stated price for every Amer- ican scalp which they brought in to Detroit, and Senator Lodge accepts the statement of the frontiersmen as a historical fact. The frontiersmen call- ed him "Hair-buyer Hamilton." It is certain that Hamilton plied the In- dians with firewater and presents and used all the means in his power to let loose these merciless warriors on the scattered cabins of the frontiersmen all the way from Lake Erie southward.

In 1777, Hamilton had succeeded in uniting substantially all of the north- western tribes in alliance for the ex- termination of the pioneers, and the frontiers were harried with merciless severitv. The isolated cabins were at- tacked and destroyed, the inhabitants

100

in many cases were massacred, and in some cases were led off into a captivity worse, if possible, than death. Through Western Pennsylvania, Virginia and the Carolinas, thousands of lives were lost upon the frontier, many of the early settlements were broken up and a considerable proportion of the fron- tier population was driven back upon the seaboard. The British policy in this regard did not inure to the advan- tage of the royal cause. The murder of Jane McRae in Northern New York aroused the frontiersmen of that region, sent companies of recruits into the American army and powerfully contrib- uted to the discomfiture and capture of Burgoyne. Everywhere the atroci- ties of Britain's savage allies aroused the determined and united hostility of the forceful and formidable Scotch- Irish frontiersmen, who proved their prowess in the Illinois country, at King's Mountain and the Cowpens.

The storm of Indian warfare fell with peculiar severity on the scatter- ed settlements in Kentucky. At that time there was living in Kentucky a young man, twenty-five years of age, named George Rogers Clark. He had been born in Albemarle County, Vir- ginia, about seventy miles from Char- lottesville. Although his home and his early associations were with the old cavalier stock dominant in tidewater Virginia, he, himself, was sprung from a family which had emigrated from southwestern Scotland, a small section of country to whose liberty-loving in- stincts the world owes a heavy debt of gratitude. From this region had sprung the patriots whom Wallace led to vic- tory at Sterling Bridge and with whom Bruce had conquered at Bannockbum. This country had furnished the first martyrs to the Scottish Reformation. In it men had signed the covenant with blood drawn from their own veins. This region had largely recruited Les- lie's army in the rising against Charles the First, which obliged him to call the' Long Parliament.

From southwestern Scotland had em- igrated the Irish settlers whose hero- ism at Londonderry and whose valor at the Boyne gave its death blow to the despotic house of Stuart, and whose

descendants were now under Clark to win the great Northwest to the cause of liberty.

Clark had first gone to Kentucky in 1775 and had from that time on been deeply interested in the welfare of the infant settlements. He had returned to Virginia late in 1775 and had gone again to Kentucky in 1776. With the Anglo-Saxon's instinct for civil govern- ment, he had early realized the ne- cessity of an organized government in the Kentucky settlements, had gather- ed the settlers together, proceeded to organize the district as a county in the colony of Virginia, and had pro- cured the election of himself and Ga- briel Jones as members of the Virginia Assembly ; armed with a petition sign- ed by eighty-seven settlers of the re- gion, he started eastward in 1776 to present his petition and apply for a seat in the Virginia Legislature. When he reached Williamsburg, then the capital of the colony, he found the Legislature had adjourned. With much difficulty he succeeded in securing ^ supply of gun powder for the settlers and re- turned with it down the Ohio, Jones, his companion, losing his life at the hands of the Indians on the return trip.

Clark observed that the only way to protect Kentucky from the Indian in- cursions was to carry the war into Af- rica. He conceived the idea of attack- ing the British posts in the North- west country and driving the British back upon Canada. This, he believed, would enable the Americans to turn one tribe of Indians against another and thus secure a breathing space for the pioneers' settlements, whose very existence was threatened by this Indian warfare. Clark, moreover, was ardent- ly attached to the Revolutionary cause and he saw that the success of his ex- pedition would (in the event of a suc- cessful termination of the Revolution) in all probability mean the winning of the great Northwest for the American Republic.

In 1777 he returned to Virginia and made known his plans to Patrick Hen- ry, then governor of the State. Clark's plans powerfully appealed to the en- thusiastic, imaginative temperament of

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the great war governor. Thomas Jef- ferson also approved of them. Henry gave Clark a commission, furnished him with what money he could command, and gave him the benefit of the govern- or's influence in raising his troops. It was exacted from Clark, however, as a condition to this assistance, that his troops should be raised on the frontiers and that Eastern Virginia should not be weakened in its struggles with the British by the enlistment of a force from among her citizens to operate upon the distant frontier.

Clark repaired to Fort Pitt, where, with infinite difficulty, he raised about one hundred and fifty men. These were supplemented by a handful of ad- ditional men raised in the valley of the Holston in southwestern Virginia. Ac- companied by a few settlers with their families, he started down the Ohio with these troops, in May, 1778. No one in the company except Clark knew the purpose of the expedition. The troops had been enlisted to go to the relief of Kentucky, and Governor Henry's commission authorized Clark to raise troops for this purpose. Henry had, however, written a private letter which authorized Clark to use the detachment to attack the Illinois country. At the falls of the Ohio,, the present site of the city of Louisville, Clark halted. The settlers who accompanied him made their home on an island in the river opposite what is now Louisville, and a few months later moved to the main land. This expedition, therefore, resulted in the founding of the Ken- tucky metropolis.

Clark now made known to his fol- lowers the purpose of the expedition and a few of the faint-hearted turned backward. But the overwhelming ma- jority enthusiastically entered into the plans of their great commander. The previous year Clark had sent a couple of hunters into the Illinois country as spies and they brought back word that the bulk of the French population liv- ing in that country took but little in- terest in the Revolutionary War and were somewhat afraid of the back- woodsmen. Clark's plan was to avail himself of this fear, surprise the settle- nients and secure possession of the

country before news ot the expedition could be sent to Hamilton at Detroit. Accordingly, on the 24th of June, he started down the Ohio from what is now Louisville with about one hundred and fifty men. It would be hard to find in history a case where such great re- sults were achieved by the valor and resolution of so small a body of men. Napoleon the Great in conversation with Lafayette once spoke disparaging- ly of the American Revolution, refer- ring to the small bodies of troops who were engaged in its principal battles. Lafayette replied, *'Sire, it was the grandest of struggles won by skir- mishes of outposts and sentinels." The remark was certainly applicable to this epoch-making expedition on the fron- tier.

With his handful of undisciplined backwoodsmen, Clark proposed to win and hold for his country a region as large and as rich as most European kingdoms, defended by a force far larg- er than his own, intrenched in forts and abundantly provided with all the munitions of war. His own force was destitute of many military necessities, and he was to operate hundreds of miles from his base of supplies with the trackless wilderness stretching be- tween.

While at the falls of the Ohio, Clark had received a letter from Fort Pitt advising him of the alliance between France and the United States. He had previously known of the surrender of Burgoyne and he had made the best possible use of this knowledge to in- spirit and encourage the patriots on the frontier. Clark halted at a small island in the Ohio off the mouth of the Tennessee, where he met a little party of American hunters who had re- cently been in the Illinois country and were therefore able to render him invaluable assistance by their familiar- ity with the settlements and with the way thither. They were glad to join the expedition.

There were three principal 'British posts in the Illinois country, at Kas- kaskia, Cahokia and Vincennes. Each was defended by a fort garrisoned by a force outnumbering Clark's. Clark learned from the hunters tl^rt the fort igi ize y ^ at Kaskaskia was in good repair; that the militia were well drilled and in constant readiness to repel an attack; that it was expected if any attack were made, the attacking party would ascend the Mississippi for the purpose of making it, and that spies were therefore on the lookout for any American force ascending that river.

Clark now left the Ohio and started to march across country through what is now Southern Illinois, to reach Kaskaskia. He divided his small band into four companies, each under command of a captain. The captains were John Montgomery, Joseph Bowman, Leonard Helm and William Harrod.

It is impossible to determine exactly how many men Clark had with him at this time. It was certainly less than two hundred, and Mr. Helm Bruce, of Louisville, Kentucky, who has made a careful study of the question, thinks that his numbers were about one hundred and thirty-five. There were at least three hundred men under arms at Kaskaskia, and the country thereabouts was inhabited by hostile Indian tribes able to bring a large number of warriors into the field on short notice. The commandant of Kaskaskia was a Frenchman named Rocheblave. He was thoroughly devoted to the English cause and held a commission from George the Third.

On Clark's march from the Ohio river westward, he lost his way and the party were thrown into confusion. Clark doubted the loyalty of his guide, John Saunders, who was one of the party of hunters he had met off the mouth of the Tennessee. Clark told Saunders that if he did not find the road and find it quickly that Saunders would be shot. After an hour or two Saunders remarked: "I know that point of timber," and pointed out the way to Kaskaskia.

On the evening of July 4th, they reached the Kaskaskia river, within three miles of the town. Two years before on this day the Declaration of Independence had been signed, and now on this second anniversary of Independence Day a blow was to be struck which was to win for the American people that great western land from which was to spring forth the greatest man of the nineteenth century, he who was to emancipate the slave and make an accomplished fact of Jefferson's declaration that all men are created free and equal.

Clark's men kept in the woods until after it grew dusk, and then marched quietly to a little farm on the bank of the Kaskaskia river about a mile from the town. The family were taken prisoners and Clark learned from them that some days before the townspeople had been aroused by the rumor of a possible attack, but that their suspicions had been lulled and that they were then off their guard. He further learned that there were but few Indians in the town at this time. Clark ferried his men across the Kaskaskia river under cover of darkness, devoting about two hours to this work. He then divided his force into two divisions; one of them was to spread about the town so that no one would escape, while he himself led the other portion up to the walls of the fort.

The lights were lit, the officers of the post had given a ball. Anticipating the presence of no enemy, the sentinels had left their posts and all were present at the scene of mirth and gaiety. One of his captives showed Clark a postern gate by the riverside and through this he entered the fort, having placed his men about the entrance. He himself entered the dancing hall, unattended and unobserved, and for a few minutes stood with arms folded watching- the dance. The pretty Creole girls and their partners were "tripping the light fantastic" to the music of the violin, all unmindful of the important act in the drama of American history about to be played on the stage of this frontier post. Suddenly an Indian observed Clark, sprang to his feet and gave the warwhoop. The startled dancers looked around and, in the language of Senator Lodge, "they saw standing by the door with folded arms, the grim, silent figure of Clark in his buckskin, the American backwoodsman, the leader of the coming conquering race." The music ceased, but Clark told them to go on with the dance, only to remember that they were dancing under the dominion

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of the State of Virig^inia and not that of the British crown. Clark's men had at the same time captured Rocheblave and the other military commanders, and the surprise was complete.

All ni^ht longf Clark's men patrolled the streets and commanded the people to keep to their houses until daybreak. So wholesome was the fear of the back- woodsmen that the French settlers were completely cowed. The most that they hoped for was that their lives migrht be spared; they dared not hope to escape captivity and transportation. M. Gibault, the Roman Catholic priest, came to Clark to ask that the people migrht have the privilege of assembling in the church to bid each other farewell before they should be separated, and soon after a deputation of citizens waited on Clark, which consented that the Americans should take their prop- erty, but begged that they might not in captivity be separated from their wives and children. Clark informed the priest that the Americans believed in religious freedom and had no disposi- tion to interfere with any church. He told the people that he had no intention of carrying them into captivity, but that he came to bring them the bless- ings of liberty. He declared that if they would become loyal citizens and take the oath of fealty to the Republic, they should be welcome to all the priv- ileges of American citizenship. Those who did not so choose would be al- lowed to depart from the land in peace with their families.

All of those who have written about the expedition speak of the enthusiasm of the French settlers, who passed in a moment from the depth of dispair to the height of joy. The priest was a man of ability and influence and he be- came Trom that time forth a devoted and effective champion of the Amer- ican cause. Clark told the settlers of the alliance between France and the United States and the entire population became enthusiastic in their efforts to assist Qark in winning the remaining posts to the American cause.

A deputation of troops and citizens hastened to Cahokia. a place a few miles south of East St. Louis, on the Mississippi river, and persuaded the in-

habitants of that settlement to take the oath of allegiance to the American Re- public. Clark next sent a similar de- tachment, accompanied by Father Gi- bault, to take possession of Vincennes, the British post on the Wabash. The possession of this fort was secured through the diplomacy of the priest without bloodshed. Clark, having so few men, could not spare a garrison for Vincennes, and he therefore put the post under the command of Captain Leonard Helm, and Helm proceeded to drill the Frenchmen, who had taken the oath of allegiance to the United States, and to organize them into a militia force. A civil government was now organized and John Todd was named as commandant. He was a mem- ber of Clark's company and a great uncle of Mary Todd, the termagant wife of Abraham Lincoln.

Clark was now face to face with a most difficult situation. His troops, like the men who subsequently won the victory of King's Mountain, were the bold, adventurous spirits found on the frontier, who were only too ready to engage in a foray, but who were al- ways restive under discipline, and anx- ious to cut short their term of service. They now considered the object of the expedition accomplished, and wanted to disperse to their several homes. Clark confiscated some slaves who had been held by the British commander Rocheblave, and sold them for five hun- dred pounds, which he distributed among his troops as prize money. With additional presents, and with many promises, he succeeded in inducing one hundred of his men to agree to remain with him for eight months longer. With this handful of troops, he was distant many hundred miles from the nearest American settlement and still further from his base of supplies. The French- men in the various settlements in the Illinois country he knew were not to be depended upon, and the country teemed with Indians who were always fickle, treacherous and cruel, and who were at present avowedlv hostile. Pat- rick Henrv and Thomas Jefferson had not thought that it would be possible to hold the Illinois county, even should Clark succeed in t^^<(^nj^

104

probably Clark was the only man living at that time who could have done so. He was a man of immense tenacity of purpose, not easily to be discouraged from the performance of anything he set out to accomplish.

He established friendly relations with the captains of the Spanish villages across the Mississippi and proceeded to enlist a number of the French settlers in his own army. The Frenchmen were distributed among the four companies and he soon had all four companies all well disciplined and drilled. He next called a council at Cahokia of the chiefs and warriors of the Ottawas, Chippe- was, Pottawatomies, Sacs, Foxes and other Indian tribes whose territory cov- ered the entire northwest. Large num- bers of these warriors attended the meeting and were treated with much consideration. Clark, to all appear- ances, trusted implicitly in their good faith, and apparently made no prepara- tions to meet any treachery on their part. Two days were spent in speech making. On the third, a party of tur- bulent warriors endeavored to force their way into the house where Clark was lodging and carry him off as a prisoner. Clark had rather expected this from the beginning, and his guards were at hand. The savages were seized and placed in irons. The second day after this he produced a war belt of wampum and handed it to the chiefs whom he had taken captive, telling them that he gave them three days to get away from Cahokia and that at the end of those three days he proposed to make war on them. Up to this time he had treated the Indians with great courtesy and his mixture of boldness with diplomacy made him master of the situation. The chiefs whom he had taken prisoner, and the other chiefs as well, arose and expressed their deter- mination to be friendly with the Ameri- cans. In the wars which followed enough of them remained true to their treaty with Clark to seriously break the power of Great Britain over the savages in the northwest territory. For twenty years after this Clark continued to be a man of immense influence with

the Indian tribes in this part of the country.

Hamilton had, in the meantime, been much gratified at his success in em- broiling the frontiersmen in an Indian war. He thought that the time was now ripe for the destruction of the American posts west of the mountains and was planning an attack on Fort Pitt. He had begun the assembling of his men and laying in his provisions for this expedition, when he was as- tounded with the news that Clark had captured Kaskaskia and Cahokia. Shortly afterwards he learned that Vin- cennes was also in the hands of the Americans. He acted with great ener- gy and promptness. French emissaries were sent to the Indian tribes in the wilderness to stir them up against the Americans. The Kickapoos, Weas and Miamis were induced to take the war path. The proposed attack on Fort Pitt was, of course, abandoned. On the 7th of October Hamilton left De- troit on his expedition for the recap- ture of Vinceunes and the Illinois coun- try. He had one hundred and seventy- seven white men and about four hun- dred Indians. He carried a six-pounder cannon and plenty of ammunition and provisions. Hamilton had much diffi- culty in making the journey from De- troit to Vincennes, but he arrived at the latter place on the 17th of Decem- ber. The Creoles deserted Captain Helm, and the Wabash Indians, who had made a treaty with Clark, went over to the British. A party of scouts whom Helm had sent out to watch for Hamilton's approach were captured bv the latter, and Helm with only one or two Americans to assist him was left to defend the fort against five hundred British and Indians under Hamilton. He had no choice but to surrender.

It was now the middle of winter and the weather was severely cold. If Ham- ilton had pushed forward, in spite of the discomforts incident to traveling at that season of the year, he must in all probability have crushed Clark and re- conquered the country ; but he reasoned that Clark had only one hundred men and Hamilton had five hundred. Ham- ilton, moreover, lay betweep Clarlcand'

THE GEORGE ROGERS CLARK EXPEDITION

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the latters base of supplies. He natu- rally assumed, therefore, that Clark was easy prey and that he could safely delay crushing him until the dawn of Spring made it easy to campaign. He accordingly made arrangements for large re-enforcements. He sent mes- sages to Stuart, the British Indian agent in the South, directing Stuart to give war belts to the Chickasaws, the Cherokees and the Creeks, that a combined attack might be made on the frontier in the Spring, thus depriving Clark of any hope of succor from the pioneer settlements. He expected him- self to command a thousand men, and thought that without doubt he must conquer Clark with this force at his command.

In the meantime, Clark was at Kas- kaskia. The French settlers of Kas- kaskia and Cahokia were panic-stricken when they heard of Hamilton's re-cap- ture of Vincennes. They declared to Clark that it would be folly to attempt to resist such a force as Hamilton s, and Clark saw that no dependence could be placed on them. His handful of Scotch-Irish pioneers were his only reliance. While in doubt what to do, Clark learnt that Hamilton had sent home to Detroit a portion of his force, retaining only eighty white men in his garrison with three pieces of cannon. Qark instantly decided to take time by the forelock and attack Hamilton at Vincennes before the latter's re-en- forcements could reach him. He sent forty of his troops under the command of Lieutenant John Rogfers to Vin- cennes by water, but this detachment did not reach their destination in time to be of service. Clark with the re- mainder marched overland, leaving Kaskaskia on the 5th of February, 1779. A large number of the French had been induced to join the expedition, espec- ially by the persuasions of the Creole sirls, whose enthusiasm for Clark was J?reat.

The weather had moderated by the time the expedition had started, but . it was raining and the route lay through a flat country from which the water did ^ot easily drain off. Captain Bowman's journal of the journey from Kaskaskia to Vincennes is exceedingly interesting.

The hardships of the trip may well be imagined. The men had no tents or camp equipage of any kind. The first week they trudged through mud and waded through flooded country with the rain beating down most of the time. They killed considerable game during the first week of their journey and therefore had plenty to eat. On the 13th of February they arrived at the two branches of the Little Wabash. These rivers, though usually a league apart, now made but one. The men made a canoe and ferried across. This brought them so near to Vincennes that Clark forbade the firing of guns, and the men were therefore unable to hunt.

On the 1 6th day of February, they crossed Fox river and their provisions began to be short. It rained constant- ly. On the 17th they were wading through the flooded country in ice cold water with the rain pelting on them all day long. At night-fall they could find no dry land on which to sleep, and Bowman closes his account for the day with these words: "We found the water falling from a small spot of ground ; stayed there the remainder of the night. Drizzly and dark weather." Next morning they heard Hamilton's morning gun go off and they started on their march down the river. At two o'clock on the i8th, they came to the junction of the Embarrass River with the Wabash.* They spent twenty-four hours in making a canoe to ferry^ them across to the east bank of the Wabash, the bank on which Vincennes was built. They had now been for two days with- out anything to eat, all wet to the skin, and wading much of the time in ice water, waist deep. They made some more canoes and captured five French- men from Vincennes, who told them that they had not yet been discovered. On the 2oth of February, they secured a deer and each man had a little food. On the 2ist of February, they succeed- ed in crossing the Wabash. It rained all day and they had nothing to eat. On the 22nd, they continued their march toward Vincennes in water often up to their shoulders and still without food. Some of the men were too weak to continue the march and thes,e wercr

106

placed in canoes. Clark succeeded in maintaining the enthusiasm of his troop even under these circumstances. He never allowed himself to be de- pressed for a moment. This is |Bow- man's account of the last day of the march:

• • February 23rd. Set off to cross the

plain called Horseshoe Plain, about four miles longf, all covered with water breast high. Here we expected some of our brave men must certainly perish, having froze in the night, and so long fasting. Having no other resource but wading this plain, or rather lake, of waters, we plunged into it with cour- age. Col. Clark being first, taking care to have the boats try to take those that were weak and numbed with the cold unto them. Never were men so ani- mated with the thought of avenging the wrongs done to their back settle- ments as this small army was. About one o*clock we came in sight of the town."

They now captured an Indian canoe containing half a quarter of buffalo, some corn, tallow and kettles. They made some broth, and somewhat re- freshed, pressed forward. They crossed a narrow lake in their canoes and came to a belt of timber within two miles of Vincennes. Here they halted, dried their ammunition and made ready for the attack. They learned that Hamil- ton had not yet ascertained their ap- proach, but that a couple^ of hundred Indians had. just come into the town and that Hamilton outnumbered Clark, therefore, at least four to one. Clark saw that it was necessary to detach from Hamilton the French inhabitants of the town, and he released a prisoner to take into them a letter stating that he was about to attack the town, but that those who were friends of the Americans and remained in their houses would not be molested. He told all friends of the "hair-buyer general," as he called Hamilton, to repair to the fort and fight like men. At dusk on the evening of the 23rd, he attacked and captured the town, and led his men on to the attack of the fort. The French remained neutral and the bulk of the Indians left the town. The French Creole inhabitants of this coun-

try showed throughout this entire his- tory that dress parade and not battle was their long suit.

Clark secured additional ammunition in the town and immediately laid seige to the fort. He threw up an intrench- ment within rifle shot of Hamilton's strongest battery, and at sunrise on the 24th of February the riflemen from the intrenchment fired through the port- holes of the fort and silenced Hamil- ton's guns. But one man in Clark's command was wounded, while six or eight of the battery were killed or wounded, the Americans thus showing themselves much superior in marks- manship and in the art of sheltering themselves from the enemy's fire. Early in the forenoon Clark summoned the fort to surrender, and while waiting for the return of his flag, his men ate breakfast, the first regular meal they had had for six days. Hamilton de- clined to surrender and proposed a three-davs' truce. Clark refused this and his men besought him to give the order for the storming: of the fort. Clark saw that this was unnecessary, that Hamilton would soon be forced to surrender.

At this time a party of Hamilton's Indians returned from, a successful scalping expedition against the frontier, the bloody scalps of their victims hang- ing from their belts, and not knowing of the occurrences of the previous night marched straight into the town. Some of Clark's men killed three and cap- tured six of these Indians, besides two French partisans who had been with them. At the intercession of a Creole Lieutenant in his own ranks, who was related to one of these Frenchmen, they were released, but the six Indians were tomahawked in sight of the fort and thrown into the river. The sight did not tend to encourage the garrison. In the afternoon Hamilton surrendered his command as prisoners of war.

Immediately after taking the fort, Clark sent Captain Helm and fifty men up the Wabash in boats to intercept a party of forty French volunteers from Detroit, who were coming to re-enforce Hamilton and bring him supplies of all kinds to the value of ten thousand pounds sterling. This expedition was

THE GEORGE ROGERS CLARK EXPEDITION

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completely successful, and Helm re- turned in a few days with the volun- teers as prisoners of war ; the consign- ment of gfoods was divided among Clark's command, making his men, as one of them expressed it, "almost rich." Most of the prisoners were paroled, but Hamilton and twenty-nine others were sent under escort to Virginia. Hamilton was treated with much sever- ity by his captors, who rightly charged him with a large share of the guilt in the atrocities committed on the frontier for three years previous. ClarK now received some small re-enforcements and was able to establish permanent garrisons at the posts which he had taken. In the following Spnng, he built a fort on the east bank of th<i Mississippi below the mouth of the Ohio, which he called Fort Jefferson, in honor of the friend who, next to Patrick Henry, had done most in as- sisting him in starting out on his expe- dition. The conquest was now complete and Great Britain made no further ef- fort to retake the country.

The immediate result of the expedi- tion was to bring great relief to the settlers in the harried frontier. It also assured the permanence of the Ken- tucky settlements. But the ultynate results of the expedition were even more important. When the time came for the negotiation of the treaty of peace at the close of the Revolutionary War. Spain had become our ally as well as France. The Spanish statesmen of that day, with commendable foresight, saw in the young American Republic a prospective rival, destined to curtail if it did not destroy, the sovereignty of Spain in the western hemisphere. They strongly advocated the Allegheny Mountains as the western boundary of the new nation. France concurred in this suggestion, with the qualification that it favored conceding the Ameri- cans some country about the head- waters of the Tennessee and the re- gion lying between the Cumberland and the Ohio. This included most of the trans-Allegheny country in which American settlers were to be found in any considerable numbers.

Fortunately, Lord Shelbourne. the British minister in power at that time,

believed that it was to the interest of Great Britain that the United States should not be circumscribed within these narrow bounds. He foresaw that the United States was more likely to be a friendly power in the long run than either France or Spain, and if the Uni- ted States did not possess the trans- Allegheny country, France or Spain certainly would. The American peace commissioners, however, were much hampered by instructions from Con- gress to be guided . entirely by the wishes of France in their negotiations for peace. Their instructions in this regard were the result of generous ap- preciation on the part of Congress of the help of France during the war, but the action was exceedingly injudicious. Franklin was disposed to obey these in- structions, but Adams and Jay, the other two members of the commission, boldly disregarded them, and it was principally due to Jay's far-seeing statesmanship that we owe the Ameri- can suggestion that the parties should treat on the basis of each side re- taining the territory which it then occupied. This left us in control of the country between the Ohio and the Great Lakes, for in all that region at the close of the Revolutionary War, Great Britain had posts only on the shores of the Lakes. The suggestion was acceded to by Great Britain at a conference at which the representatives of France and Spain were not present, and much to the displeasure of our allies the Mississippi was named in the treaty as our western boundary.

It is as nearly certain as any matter of historical speculation can be that, but for the heroism of Clark's fron- tiersmen and but for his genius as a commander, that great country lying between the Alleghenies and the Miss- issippi north of the Ohio, which now contains a quarter of our population and wealth, must have been lost to the American people at the close of the Revolution.

Had we lost the trans-Allegheny country in the making of the treaty of T783, it is difficult to see how we could ever have secured the country stretch- ing from the Mississippi to the Pacific, our present land o^i^i|:pjjijs<^oOgle

zg^^^

The r>iU Lesson

Sy HdA CbomaMon

The peaceful hills, they stretch away Beneath the shining sky or gray — They laugh with beauty, drip with tears, As pass the rank and file of years They lie across the waters bright, A vision for our hearts* delight; They hide behind the mists of rain, Like smiles lost in a storm of pain.

The mighty hills, they stand for me — The type of vast eternity! — Across the changeful sea of life, Beyond the want, the woe, the strife. Where peaceful lies the wished-for goal, And naught disturbs the anchored soul. The blessed hills! Unmoved they lie As rolls the turbid century. Above them and about them all God lets the pall of silence fall.

O soul! O eager heart of mine. Draw from the hills knowledge divine; Proud spirit, bow — be still! be still! While passeth over good or ill, Or joy ,or laughter, sorrow, tears — These are but breathings of tjie years. The larger life is thine to know— The pure, the radiant after-glow, Wherein the soul may pause to see The glory of the yet to be.

Sweet hills! My soul looks unto thee, As there abiding all the free. Here we are bound — our shackles shake, We strive, we reach, the cry we make That men call prayer — we wait to hear — We wait to clasp the answer clear.

No sound, no sign; but there ye lie

In undisturbed serenity,

Teaching endurance, courage, might,

From each serene, untroubled height;

Teaching the same old biblic lore

Taught in the sacred days of yore.

"Peace," and **be still." Stronger than

speech, O hills, the lesson that ye teach!

e

Kipling and the Children

bt Hgncd Deans-Cameron

V=

The world hath set its heavy yoke Upon the old white-bearded folk Who strive to please the King, God's mercy is upon the young, God's wisdom in the baby tongue Thai fears not anything.

— (The Parable of Chajju Bhagat.)

KIPLING has been considered in many aspects — as the Bard of Tommy Atkins, the expo- nent of An^lo-Indian life, the Laureate of the Empire, the Poet of Wheel and Axle, Lever and Screw, and a most compelling voice from the Jungle. Not with his soldiers, nor his animals nor his engines would we now deal, but with his children.

At the first blush, one would not think to discover in Kipling a fertile field for parental and pedagogical re- search, to find him bristling with max- ims for the training of the young. But send out a Town-Crier, a sort of Pied Piper of Hamelin searching for child- ren through the length and breadth of Kipling Land, and see the following he will get.

Of Kipling's long stories, ^'Stalky & Co." deals entirely with children ; "Cap- tains Courageous" is in intent the story of a boy ; so is "Kim ;" "The Light that Failed." in its first and best chapters, is a studv of child life ; while that won- drous thing, "The Jungle Book," stronger than Esop and with a witch- er>' all its own, what is it but a sustain- ed treatise on the claims of the com- monwealth and the development of the individual ?

And as the Piper pipes, out from "somewhere east of Suez" to answer to the roll-call comes crowding such a goodly company — food here for the stu- dent of child-life and for the lover of the children.

Let us stand aside and watch the pro- cession pass — Wee Willie Winkie and His Majesty the King; MuhammedDin, poor baby, from his garden of dust and dead leaves ; and Tod of the Amend- ment. Round the corner we stumble upon the little Japs splashing in their half-sunk barrel and trying to hide one behind the other "in a hundred poses of spankable chubbiness," with the "little American monstrosity," who when it has nothing else to do will an- swer to the name of Albert ; across the line of vision reel The Drums of the Fore and Aft, followed by Baa, Baa, Blacksheep, and Strickland, the Son of His Father; here comes William the Conqueror's long line of goats with the naked famine babies as running commentarv, while out of the shadows mysterious and fascinating of No Man's Land glides into our ken The Brushwood Bov: at his heels "under a man's helmet wid the chin-straps swingin' about her little stummick" Thansi McKenna staggers, the Child of the Regiment.

Are they all not very human and very lovable? The Pied Piper who called them forth turns to us and says, "Who is the happy man? He that sees in his own home little children crowned with dust, leaping and falling and crying." (Munichandrad).

A writer's best stories are always in part autobiographical, and to this rule, "Kim" and "Stalky & Co." are no ex- ceptions. In tive Beetle (in retreat in his lair high among the furze bushes, waiting for the dead cat to begin to twine like a giddy honeysuckle; worshipping The Head, baiting King, and confiding in the Padre) is always and ever Beetle, the inimitable. In the light of what Beetle the Bard has since given us, we can scarcely regret that his giglamps and shortsightedness kept him out of the army.

"Stalky & Co." recently formed the bone of contention in a noted Ladies' Literary Club, and few were the friends it found. One mother objected to the slang, another to the "absence of ideals," a third abjured it altogether, but said that her son reveled in it, and her husband approved. The chief fault of the book lies, perhaps, in the fact that Kipling has portrayed the scrapes of the trio but has given us no account of the long, arid stretches of dig, grind and plodding which must have existed in order that those stiff exams should be passed.

For those blessed with a close understanding of the animal "boy," the slang part has no power to shock. What is it that George Eliot makes Fred Vincy say? "All choice of words is slang. It marks a class. Correct English is the slang of prigs who write history and essays. And the strongest slang of all is the slang of poets."

The second charge, that against the morale of the story, is a more serious one. Is the effect of "Stalky & Co." on the mind of the schoolboy reader, bad? Does it set before him a low moral standard, and is it lacking in ideals? Let us look at the situation fairly. The Three Incomprehensibles, Stalky, Beetle and McTurk, had a creed, to which they adhered with more consistency than we always do to ours. This creed or code of ethics was not angelic, but it was delightfully human. The Head and the Padre treated them openly and trusted them, and in return were to be met always "on the level." The House Master, King and Foxy neither gave nor asked for confidence, and here the wits of the governing and the governed were pitted against each other in open warfare, and the boys looked upon the contest as a fair game, and the other side acquiesced.

And at this we, some of us, cavil. Let us be honest. These boys were being trained for what? For just this sort of thing. As British officers they were to go to "India's sunny clime," and there do what? To outwit the wily strategy of Britain's foes. And by what means? Was the enemy to be brought to terms by a "polite letter- writer" effusion presented on a silver salver, or by meeting wile with wile?

Stalky, the man, proved, we are told, a past grand master in the art of diplomacy. Who were his foils when he studied the rudiments of primeval warfare and learned his trade? Answer, O King and Prout and Foxy!

The finest bit in the book is, perhaps, the Flag Scene. The bare idea of "teaching patriotism" to British boys is sickening. [But schools have patrons and committeemen and trustees, and when these wise ones give advice what can the poor pedagogue do but squirm? The satisfaction of blandly referring these to "a most interesting chapter in 'Stalky & Co.,' dealing with the subject," is great, and for this thanks are due.

There is proof, if proof is needed, that even while Beetle with his confreres was scornfully repudiating "the jelly-bellied flam-flapper" (!) and hia spurious oratory, deep down in the heart of the young imperialist burned thus early the fires of an empire-wide patriotism, vide his poem, "Ave Imperatrix," written from Westward Ho College, on the occasion of the last at- tempt on the life of the great and good Queen, while "Beetle" was yet unknown to fame:

From every quarter of Your land They give God thanks, who turned away Death and the needy madman's hand. Death-fraught which menaced you that day.

One school, of many made to make Men who shall hold it dearest right To battle for their ruler's sake And stake their being in the fight.

Sends greeting humble and sincere, — Though verse be rude and poor and mean, — To You. the greatest as most dear, Victoria, by God's grace Our Queen. by Ood

Such greeting as should come from those Whose fathers faced the Sepoy hordes, Or served You in the Russian snows, And, dying, left their sons their swords.

And all are bred to do Your will By land and sea — ^wherever flies The Flag to fight and follow still, And work Your Empire's destinies.

In "Only a Subaltern" Kipling gives us another Flag Incident ; it is just a glimpse. The subaltern is Bobby Wick, just gazetted sub-lieutenant of "The Tyne Side Tail Twisters." "More than once, too, he came officially into con- tact with the regimental colors, which looked like the lining of a bricklayer's hat on the end of a chewed stick. Bobby did not kneel and worship them, be- cause British subalterns are not con- structed in that manner. Indeed, he condemned them for their weight at the very moment that they were filling him with awe and other more noble senti- ments."

Peace hath her victories no less re- nowned than war; this is the Bobby who day by day in the cholera camp "played the giddy garden goat," and at night fought with Death for dirty Dormer till the grey dawn came ; a few days later to "go out" himself, dying for all that the Flag stands for, "Not only to enforce by command but to en- courage by example the energetic dis- charge of duty and the steady endur- ance of the difficulties and privations inseparable from military service." (Bengal Army Regulations.)

Kipling's dedication of Stalky & Co. to his old Head Master is among the very finest things he has written:

And we all praise famous men — Ancients of the College; For they taught us common sense — Tried to teach us common sense — Truth and God*s Own Common Sense. Which is more than knowledge.

This we learned from famous men. Knowing not its uses When they showed in daily work Man must finish off his work — Right or wrong, his daily work — And without excuses.

This we learned from famous men. Knowing not we learned it. Only, as the years went by — Lonely, as the years went by — Far from help as years went by. Plainer we discerned it.

Bless and praise we famous men — Men of little showing! For their work continueth And their work continueth,* Broad and deep continueth, Great beyond their knowing!

• The Head'* who had kindliness and

wise insight enough (**God's own com- mon sense") to know that a boy may be in mischiefs manifold, the hero of many scrapes, and remain pure, wholesome, and withal very lovable, would not be insensible to this tribute coming "after many days."

Kipling believed in public schools. In "Thrown Away" he has this to say of the "sheltered life system": "To rear a boy under what parents call the 'shel- tered life system' is, if the boy must go out into the world and fend for him- self, not wise. Unless he be one in a thousand, he has certainly to pass through many unnecessary troubles; and may, possibly, come to extreme grief simply from ignorance of the proper proportion of things. Let a puppy eat the soap in the bath-room, or chew a newly blacked boot. He chews and chuckles until by-and-by he finds out that blacking and Old Brown Windsor make him very sick; so he argues that soap and boots are not wholesome. Any old dog about the house will soon show him the unwisdom of biting a big dog's ears. Being young, he remembers, and goes abroad at six months a well mannered little beast with a chastenea appetite. If he had been kept away from boots and soap and big dogs till he came to the trinity full-grown and with developed teeth, consider how fearfully sick and thrashed he would be! Apply that notion to the 'sheltered life' and see how it works." As Kipling says, it does not sound pretty, but is it not most terribly true?

In the Jungle School did Mowgli the "man-cub" find a teacher who on Fame's bead-roll of Dominies must take a place second onlv to Froebel and Arnold and the Great of old. Listen to the words of wisdom which fall from the shaggy lips of Baloo, the brown bear, "Teacher of the La\v!!^ to the

[The author of this article sent a copy of the MSS to Rudyard Kipling, and received in reply a char- acteristic letter, of which this is a /oc simile.] *

"There is none like to me!" says the Cub in the pride of his earliest kill;

But the Jungle is large, and the Cub he is small,

Let him think and be still.

Hathi the wild elephant, never does anything till the time comes, and that is one of the reasons why he lives so long.

One of the beauties of the Jungle Law is that punishment settles all scores. There is no nagging afterwards.

Better he should be bruised from head to foot by me who love him than that he should come to harm tKrough ignorance. (The sheltered life system, foundrno exponent in o ld Baloc

A brave heart and a courteous tongue, they shall carry thee far through the Jungle, Manling.

Now these are the Laws of the Jungle, and many and mighty are they;

But the head and the hoof of the Law, and the haunch and the hump is — OBEY I

The Seonee Cubs who passed under Baloo's hard training had experience of the dogma's of '^Life's Handicap":

Ride with an idle whip, ride with an unused

heel, But, once in a way, there will come a day When the colt must be taught to feel The lash that falls, and the curb that galls,

and the sting of the rowelled steel.

And yet was there ever the truest tenderness in the Old Bear's teaching.

Kipling, who went forth For to admire an' for to see, For to be'old this world so wide,

like a greedily-impressionable bit of blotting paper, soaking up everything on the face of the earth, in "From Sea to Sea" pays a warm tribute to the American girl:

Sweet and comely are the maidens of Devonshire; delicate and of gracious seeming those who live in the pleasant place of London; fascinating for all their demureness, the damsels of France clinging closely to their mothers and with large eyes wondering at the wicked world; excellent in her own place and to those who understand her is the Anglo-Indian "spin" in her second season; hut the girls of America are above and beyond them all. They are clever; they can talk. They are oricrinal, and look you between the brows with unabashed eyes, as a sister might look at her brother. They are self-possessed without parting with any tenderness that is their sex-right; they are superbly independent; they understand.

A word, too, for the "long, elastic, well-built California boy:"

Him I love because he is devoid of fear, carries himself like a man, and has a heart big as his boots.

If I were asked to strike the keynote of all Kipling's teaching, I should say it was "The Sacredness, the Impera- tiveness to each man of his own Day's Work."

A man must throw his whole being into his task, "gettin' shut o' doin' things rather more or less" ; and that

man shall "by the vision splendid be on his way attended." It is the Apotheosis of Work. And surelv has he earned a right to speak on this subject, for literally while his companions slept he was "toiling upward in the night."

Kipling in his own impressionable youth had the inestimable advantage of living in India just at the time when the old order was giving place to the new. Around him was an empire in making, and he saw the raw edges of the work. For years, out of sight of the English press, did he work like a grub of genius in a remote corner, spinning in long, hot and dusty days and hotter nights a golden web out of which only stray strands floated into the world's ken. There is a camaraderie, a sort of free-masonry in work ; had he not himself been a worker it would not have been given to him to meet at first hand all manners of men.

As it is, he gets his facts m days spent in the huts of the hill-country, in the engine-rooms of great liners, in the opium shops of Jahore, in the busy marts of men, far off on lone hill-sides and river-ways, where men, toiling, sweating, planning, fighting, build walls and bridges, lead forlorn hopes, and do things.

And through the best of Kipling's boy-stories shines ever the insistence of the Day's Work. This lesson, though delayed must be learned (be it by a Bear's blows or at the hard hands of a Cape Cod fisher), and to him who throws himself headlong into his task the reward will not be lacking.

Kim, hugging himself in sheer intoxication with the love of life and work, would seem to exclaim with Tommy Atkins:

"Gawd bless this world! Whatever she hath

done — Excep' when awful lonpr — I've found it Rood, So write before I die, *' 'E liked it all/ "

And so it was that, casting aside conventions, with a this-one-thing-I-do intentness, whether hand in hand with Old Lama, childlike seeking The Way, or following "The Great Game" off his own bat, he caught brief, elusive glimpses of the "light that neverwas on sea or land."

Love of en ergy is

ling's mind. But while it is true that he is no dreamer of Arcady, it is also true that one cannot read his child-sketches without discovering in them a sub-current, a minor note of almost womanly tenderness. It is a pathetic touch and exquisitely delicate. Is there to be found any other "mere man" who could have written "Baa, Baa, Black Sheep"? or "His Majesty the King"? And then there are the child-chapters of "The Light That Failed," and that rare thing, "The Brushwood Boy." And which of us can follow to the grave (respectfully and at a distance, so that we may not intrude) little Muhammed Din, and not gulp hard to keep back a tear? For we, too, have folded baby-fingers that made gardens of dust and

dead flowers, and the heart of a child is the same on whichsoever shore of the Seven Seas he builds his sand houses, and to what grave we carry him.

Kipling knows his children as he knows his soldiers, hi? animals, his engines, and when he half startles us with a statement like this: "The reserve of a boy is tenfold deeper than the reserve of a maid," it is only the ignorant of us who laugh.

"Only women," he says, "understand children properly; but if a mere man keeps very quiet and humbles himself properly and refrains from talking down to his superiors, the children will sometimes be good to him and let him see what they think about the world."

=<r<^tfe

Lovers Compase

»? M*!♦ 6*tc8

I, Nature's bondsman, know my way Beneath the heavens' starry sweep; But, failing such sure aid, My compass keep.

When to the North the needle turns, Trembling to some enchanted spell, I hold her hand in mine, And all is well.

The rising fire of our love's sun Has hardly burned its red away; And where the light is strong The East holds sway.

In velvet contours curving soft, I pluck a perfect folded rose. Only the South could lend

The bloom it shows.

The palette of the sky is bright — Far in the West a radiant zone Which beckons me to come — But not alone.

Our point of View

By miUUm BittU COcUs

On Cbinge Chat Should be Changed

WIT has said that an optimist is one who makes a molehill out of a mountain, and a pessimist is one who makes a mountain out of molehill. Whether this be true or not, the observation serves a good purpose. It brings out clearly the error of the extremist. Everyone knows, however, that optimism is usually a virtue and pessimism a fault. The faculty of looking on the bright side of things has al- ways been considered a valuable asset in life's struggles, but optimism shares the same fate as everything else when carried to an extreme. It is bad. Dif- ferentiated from pessimism, as it concerns the personal stand-point of happiness and health it is nearly always good. When it obscures stern realities that should be brought into the strongest, clearest light it is bad. It is almost as foolish to look always on the bright side of things as to look always on the gloomy side. Common sense is the saving grace. But it is a rara avis. You would think, for instance, that people, educators, the world, would look at things as they are: if they are bad, change them; if they could be bettered, do it, and "do it now": if they are good, let them alone. But they don't. As the urchin of the street would say, **Not on your life." The world is not constituted that way. We don't like change, so we endure the ills we have rather than fly to those we know not of. Then, on the other hand, we do a whole lot of tinkering and gen- erally make things very little better. The world "do move" anyway. Only a fool would dispute that. Still, it's in spite of the absolutely present. Now take this matter of the education of women. It approaches the acme of foolishness. It doesn't take a microscope to see that. But woman is not to blame. Men can thank their own unlucky stars for this state of affairs. They sit around and "hem and haw" about education (women have little to say about it when it comes to the real thing), and what do they do? Nothing. Women are great imitators. They are not originators. A woman likes to wear a stiff collar and a string tie because men do. If men thought, and ACTED as if they thought the education of w-oman should have a little common sense associated with it, there would be a hurrying and scurrying to accomplish that object. No doubt about that. The education of woman is a failure because men make it so. Men? Men? Men, forsooth! Are we purblind, ignorant, dilly-dallying, thoughtless that we stand idly by and see one of the most important things with which the mind of men can deal a reproach to this day of civilization, an inexcusable farce, an absolute failure! For what, think you, concerns the welfare of humanity more than the proper education of woman ? When all is said and done the work that woman has to do in this world is very much greater, much more import- ant than that which is given to man. In the truest sense man's work is the commonplace, the drudgery. Woman's work is liftedinto infinite. Upon her in the greater degree depends the progress of humanity and the welfare of posterity. She is the maker or the breaker of man. In her work in the home she so far transcends the littleness, the narrowness, the pecuniosity of man's sphere that everything man is or has or might be is summed in that one sweet, enduring and holy word, "Mother." As. Dr. Savage says, "she is the inspiration of all the highest, finest, noblest and truest things man has done." What then? Are we doing our duty? Are we considering our posterity? Are we giving woman the best possible? Are we answering the call of conscience, the call of progress, the call of common sense, the call of woman herself for something better, higher? We are not. We stand condemned — a procrastinating, selfish herd 6f prating, inexcusable beings. Her education? What is it? What IS it? It stands impeached as about the strangest exhibition on a large scale of the lack of common sense that the fertile mind of man can conjure up. Not one sound, sensible, practical word can be said in defense of it. It is a reproach that cries up from the very ground itself to our higher intelligence, a revolt against our common sense, and an insult to woman herself. Away with it!

A Significant Utterance

Admiral Lord Charles Beresford makes these significant statements in a recent interview:

"If I can teach the people here (England) to adopt American business methods, we can then have greater intercommunication of capital and interests between the two countries. It is the only way, and once England and America get on a profit-sharing basis> the world will not dare to interfere with either. Neither of us will stand for a political alliance. It is impossible. Changing par- ties and the sentiments of both countries forbid it. I frankly confess that a business alliance would be more to England's than America's advantage. America can look after herself. She can fight the world, either from an economic or any other view point.

"They have not begun to realize here yet that the long period in which Great Britain held the monopoly of trade is over. They do not know the value of a scrap-heap, or the minimum cost of production, or of the volume of trade. The coming century will be one of business. By trying to achieve a community of business interests and methods between America and England I believe I shall be doing much towards its being a century of peace. You put your brightest men into business. We put them into politics, the navy and the army. That has got to be changed, not for the sake of the money it makes for the individual, but for the general good of the country. When I return I hope to have a lot more information in my pocket which will further these ends in Parliament and elsewhere.

Asked what he thought of the Venezuelan situation, Lord Beresford brought his hand emphatically down on the table. "Thank God," he exclaimed, "that it has come out all right. But it has taught our government a lesson that they must never try their hand again at such a game without the partnership of the United States. I do not say a word against Germany, but I do think it is to England's advantage to come right out and not only say 'we support the Monroe doctrine,* hut 'by heavens, we are willing to fight for it."

Questions of the Day

The College Idea—The Place of the College in the American System

by Dr. J. R. Wilson

The tendency of recent discussion is toward a fuller recognition of the value of the college principle in American education. It may be well to clear our notions of what the college principle is. The business of the college is not to make specialists; that belongs to the university. It is not to prepare a man immediately for any profession or occupation; that belongs to the technical and professional schools. It is not primarily the business of the college to make its students original investigators. The principles of investigation may be learned in the college, the fields where such work is to be done may be pointed out, the desire to do such work awakened, the college professor may himself be engaged in such work, but original research in any department is not the chief work of the college student, if, indeed, it can be said to be a part of his work at all. Laboratory work under the direction of a professor, collateral reading in history, inductive study of language must not be mistaken for original research. As these appear in college work they are simply of the nature of the verification of established principles, or of the study by actual experiment of processes. Their chief aim is to acquaint the student with methods and to give him a firmer grasp of ascertained principles.

It still remains true that the chief work of the college is general in its character, rather than special; it aims to ground the student in the principles of many subjects rather than to guide him to an exhaustive knowledge of one or two. The distinctively college idea is to introduce the student as widely as possible to the principles and processes of the circle of human knowledge, and through that to put him into vital relation to the world in which he lives, in its history and present condition. If the college courses have been wisely planned and faithfully followed out, the student ought to stand at its completion with powers of body and mind and heart so developed, trained and informed that he shall be fitted to enter upon his special work with a clear understanding of the relation of that work to the thought and life of the world, and with sympathies so wide and so permanent in their breadth that they never shall become narrowed to the compass and ends of his own profession or occupation. The man or woman of college training ought by virtue of that training ever to be an intelligent citizen of the world, and to be able to see the world of the present as vitally connected with the world of the past.

For such a training there are many who believe that there is still room in our American system. For men and women so trained there is a real need in American life.

College Education as the Means for Enlarging Experience

The best equipment for American citizenship, next to a sound mind and a good character, is a wide and well organized experience. The American college at its best is well fitted to furnish this equipment.

College training is a short method of acquiring such an experience. A college education, indeed, has been called condensed experience. If it be a training such as has been described, then the experience will be both wide and well organized. Some one has said that the four years' course of an American college is equivalent to forty years of Page:Pacific Monthly volumes 9 and 10.djvu/168 Page:Pacific Monthly volumes 9 and 10.djvu/169 Page:Pacific Monthly volumes 9 and 10.djvu/170 Page:Pacific Monthly volumes 9 and 10.djvu/171 Page:Pacific Monthly volumes 9 and 10.djvu/172 Page:Pacific Monthly volumes 9 and 10.djvu/173 Page:Pacific Monthly volumes 9 and 10.djvu/174 Page:Pacific Monthly volumes 9 and 10.djvu/175 Page:Pacific Monthly volumes 9 and 10.djvu/176 Page:Pacific Monthly volumes 9 and 10.djvu/177 Page:Pacific Monthly volumes 9 and 10.djvu/178 Page:Pacific Monthly volumes 9 and 10.djvu/179 Page:Pacific Monthly volumes 9 and 10.djvu/180 Page:Pacific Monthly volumes 9 and 10.djvu/181 Page:Pacific Monthly volumes 9 and 10.djvu/182 Page:Pacific Monthly volumes 9 and 10.djvu/183 Page:Pacific Monthly volumes 9 and 10.djvu/184 Page:Pacific Monthly volumes 9 and 10.djvu/185 Page:Pacific Monthly volumes 9 and 10.djvu/186 Page:Pacific Monthly volumes 9 and 10.djvu/187 Page:Pacific Monthly volumes 9 and 10.djvu/188 Page:Pacific Monthly volumes 9 and 10.djvu/189 Page:Pacific Monthly volumes 9 and 10.djvu/190 Page:Pacific Monthly volumes 9 and 10.djvu/191 Page:Pacific Monthly volumes 9 and 10.djvu/192 Page:Pacific Monthly volumes 9 and 10.djvu/193 Page:Pacific Monthly volumes 9 and 10.djvu/194 Page:Pacific Monthly volumes 9 and 10.djvu/195 Page:Pacific Monthly volumes 9 and 10.djvu/196 Page:Pacific Monthly volumes 9 and 10.djvu/197 Page:Pacific Monthly volumes 9 and 10.djvu/198 Page:Pacific Monthly volumes 9 and 10.djvu/199 Page:Pacific Monthly volumes 9 and 10.djvu/200 Page:Pacific Monthly volumes 9 and 10.djvu/201 Page:Pacific Monthly volumes 9 and 10.djvu/202 Page:Pacific Monthly volumes 9 and 10.djvu/203 Page:Pacific Monthly volumes 9 and 10.djvu/204 Page:Pacific Monthly volumes 9 and 10.djvu/205 Page:Pacific Monthly volumes 9 and 10.djvu/206 Page:Pacific Monthly volumes 9 and 10.djvu/207 Page:Pacific Monthly volumes 9 and 10.djvu/208 Page:Pacific Monthly volumes 9 and 10.djvu/209 Page:Pacific Monthly volumes 9 and 10.djvu/210 Page:Pacific Monthly volumes 9 and 10.djvu/211 Page:Pacific Monthly volumes 9 and 10.djvu/212 Page:Pacific Monthly volumes 9 and 10.djvu/213 Page:Pacific Monthly volumes 9 and 10.djvu/214 Page:Pacific Monthly volumes 9 and 10.djvu/215 Page:Pacific Monthly volumes 9 and 10.djvu/216 Page:Pacific Monthly volumes 9 and 10.djvu/217 Page:Pacific Monthly volumes 9 and 10.djvu/218 Page:Pacific Monthly volumes 9 and 10.djvu/219 Page:Pacific Monthly volumes 9 and 10.djvu/220 Page:Pacific Monthly volumes 9 and 10.djvu/221 Page:Pacific Monthly volumes 9 and 10.djvu/222 Page:Pacific Monthly volumes 9 and 10.djvu/223 Page:Pacific Monthly volumes 9 and 10.djvu/224 Page:Pacific Monthly volumes 9 and 10.djvu/225 Page:Pacific Monthly volumes 9 and 10.djvu/226 Page:Pacific Monthly volumes 9 and 10.djvu/227 Page:Pacific Monthly volumes 9 and 10.djvu/228 Page:Pacific Monthly volumes 9 and 10.djvu/229 Page:Pacific Monthly volumes 9 and 10.djvu/230 Page:Pacific Monthly volumes 9 and 10.djvu/231 Page:Pacific Monthly volumes 9 and 10.djvu/232 Page:Pacific Monthly volumes 9 and 10.djvu/233 Page:Pacific Monthly volumes 9 and 10.djvu/234 Page:Pacific Monthly volumes 9 and 10.djvu/235 Page:Pacific Monthly volumes 9 and 10.djvu/236 Page:Pacific Monthly volumes 9 and 10.djvu/237 Page:Pacific Monthly volumes 9 and 10.djvu/238 Page:Pacific Monthly volumes 9 and 10.djvu/239 Page:Pacific Monthly volumes 9 and 10.djvu/240 Page:Pacific Monthly volumes 9 and 10.djvu/241 Page:Pacific Monthly volumes 9 and 10.djvu/242 Page:Pacific Monthly volumes 9 and 10.djvu/243 Page:Pacific Monthly volumes 9 and 10.djvu/244 Page:Pacific Monthly volumes 9 and 10.djvu/245 Page:Pacific Monthly volumes 9 and 10.djvu/246 Page:Pacific Monthly volumes 9 and 10.djvu/247 Page:Pacific Monthly volumes 9 and 10.djvu/248 Page:Pacific Monthly volumes 9 and 10.djvu/249 Page:Pacific Monthly volumes 9 and 10.djvu/250