The Sources of Standard English/Contents
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A.D. | page | |
The Aryan Clan on the Oxus | 1 | |
Their way of life | 2 | |
Words common to Sanscrit and English | 3, 4 | |
Aryan Suffixes kept by us | 5 | |
The origin of ward and like | 6 | |
Aryan Comparatives and Superlatives | 7 | |
The Aryan Verb - Strong Perfects | 8 | |
The Participle, Strong and Weak | 9 | |
Aryan Irregular Verbs | 10 | |
Our forms akin to Latin and Greek | 11 | |
Our forms akin to Lithuanian | 12 | |
The Three divisions of Teutons | 13 | |
Inflections of their Substantive and Verb | 14 | |
Teutonic Endings of Nouns | 15 | |
Weak Perfects - Inroads on the Celts | 16 | |
The Teutons attack the Latins | 17 | |
450. | The Beowulf, an English Epic | 18 |
The English seize Britain | 19 | |
600. | They are Christianized | 20 |
Old English Substantives | 21 | |
Old English Adjectives | 22 |
A.D. | page | |
Old English Pronouns | 23 | |
Old English Verbs | 24 | |
Letters cast out or put in | 25 | |
Exchange of letters | 26 | |
Prepositions still used in the old way | 27 | |
The use of man - English Negation | 28 | |
The Verb - The Article | 29 | |
The Verb do prefixed to other Verbs | 30 | |
Adverbial Idioms | 31 | |
Corruption of words - Loss of Accents | 32 | |
Alliterative Poetry | 33 | |
It still keeps its hold on us | 34 |
Northumbrian English | 35 | |
680. | Cadmon's Runes on the Ruthwell Cross | 36 |
737. | Another piece of Cadmon's | 37 |
800. | The Northern Psalter | 38 |
Its peculiarities | 39 | |
876. | The Norse Settlement in England | 40 |
Its abiding influence | 41 | |
900. | The Rushworth Gospels | 42 |
Southern and Northern English contrasted | 43 | |
924. | King Edward's Conquests | 44 |
941. | The Five Danish Burghs | 45 |
954. | Eadred becomes the One King of England | 46 |
The Danish influence on New English | 47 | |
970. | The Lindisfarne Gospels | 48 |
Southern and Northern English contrasted | 49 | |
Norse corruptions | 50 | |
1066. | The French Conquest | 51 |
1090. | The Legend of St. Edmund | 52 |
A.D. | page | |
Corruptions in the Saxon Chronicle | 53 | |
Slow change from Old to New | 54 | |
Interest attached to Peterborough | 55 | |
1120. | Its Forged Charters | 56 |
The letters h and g replaced | 57 | |
The Dative replaces the Accusative | 58 | |
Break-up of Case-endings | 59 | |
New use of Prepositions | 60 | |
Clipping of Infinitives and Participles | 61 | |
The Northern, Midland, and Southern Shibboleths | 62 | |
New Teutonic words crop up | 63 | |
Scandinavian words come in | 64 | |
1120. | Specimen of East Midland Dialect | 65, 66 |
1120. | Specimen of Southern Dialect | 67 |
A later Version of Ælfric's Homilies | 68 | |
O and ch replace a and c | 69 | |
New Relatives - The letter ʓ | 70 | |
Lines on the Grave | 71 | |
1160. | The Peterborough Chronicle | 72 |
Southern corruptions appear | 73 | |
K, qu, and gh are found | 74 | |
1160. | Specimen of East Midland Dialect | 75, 76 |
1160. | Specimen of Southern Dialect | 77, 78 |
Early Rimes - The Sound au | 79 | |
V and w replace f and g | 80 | |
Sh replaces sc | 81 | |
Change in Nouns and Verbs | 82 | |
Change in Meaning of Words | 83 | |
1170. | The Moral Ode - The Worcester Manuscript | 84 |
Ou replaces o - The new besiden | 85 | |
The Hatton Gospels | 86 | |
1180. | The Essex Homilies - The form ie | 87 |
Clipping of Words - New phrases | 88 | |
The Masculine and Neuter Article confused | 89 | |
New Norse words | 90 | |
1200. | King Alfred's Proverbs | 91 |
Orrmin | 92 |
A.D. | page | |
His Norse origin | 93 | |
His probable abode | 94 | |
His many corruptions | 95 | |
His new Pronouns | 96 | |
His Norse words, kept by us | 97 | |
His Prepositional compounds | 98 | |
He uses that for thilk | 99 | |
Theirs, what man, thyself | 100 | |
Forthwith, right, or, alone, same | 101 | |
He replaces œ by a | 102 | |
Change in the meaning of words | 103 | |
The Norse auxiliary mun | 104 | |
Strong Verbs corrupted into Weak | 105 | |
Hid, sicken, shown | 106 | |
Mid and niman die out | 107 | |
1200. | Specimen of East Midland Dialect | 108, 109 |
1205. | Specimen of Western Dialect | 110 |
Layamon's Brut | 111 | |
He is the last to use œ | 112 | |
The Corrupt Participle in ing | 113 | |
His Norse Words | 114 | |
The Legend of St. Margaret | 115 | |
The letters ea - The ending ful | 116 | |
1220. | The Hali Meidenhad | 117 |
The Ancren Riwle | 118 | |
The use of one for man | 119 | |
The New Relative | 120 | |
The Superlative replaced by most | 121 | |
New Norse words | 122 | |
New Low German words | 123 | |
Salopian works | 124 | |
1230. | The Bestiary | 125 |
Ou replaces u; one | 126 | |
The Genesis and Exodus | 127 | |
Drag, dray, draw - The i and oo | 128 | |
Clipping of words in East Anglia | 129 | |
Whilum, seldum, muste, these | 130 |
A.D. | page | |
New Norse words | 131 | |
1230. | Specimen of East Midland Dialect | 132 |
1230. | Specimen of Southern Dialect | 134, 135 |
1240. | The Lincolnshire Creed | 136 |
Interchange of f and g | 137 | |
1240. | Specimen of East Midland Dialect | 138, 139 |
1240. | Specimen of South Western Dialect | 140 |
The Owl and the Nightingale | 141 | |
1250. | Mercian Religious pieces | 142 |
1250. | Specimen of East Midland Dialect | 143, 144 |
1250. | Specimen of Northern Dialect | 145 |
The Yorkshire Psalter | 146 | |
Gh replaces h | 147 | |
Brake, feet, gives | 148 | |
The New Relatives - Those | 149 | |
New Substantives | 150 | |
Through hap, gainsay | 151 | |
New Norse words | 152 | |
New Version of Layamon's Brut | 153 | |
The Jesus Manuscript | 154 | |
1270. | Huntingdon (?) Poem | 155 |
1270. | Specimen of East Midland Dialect | 156 |
1270. | Specimen of Southern Dialect | 157 |
The Proverbs of Hending | 158 | |
The Sir Tristrem | 159 | |
The new sense of bond | 160 | |
New Norse words | 161 | |
1280. | The Harrowing of Hell | 162 |
The curious dialogue | 163 | |
The Strong Perfect corrupted | 164 | |
The Havelok | 165 | |
Northern and Southern forms meet | 166 | |
You used for thou | 167 | |
The mangling of drake; lark | 168 | |
New Norse words | 169 | |
Loss of old Prepositions | 170 | |
1280. | Specimen of East Midland Dialect | 171, 172 |
A.D. | page | |
1280. | Specimen of Southern Dialect | 173 |
The King Horn. | 174 | |
1290. | Kentish Sermons | 175 |
1300. | Robert of Gloucester's Chronicle | 176 |
His Life of Becket | 177 | |
His Life of St. Brandan | 178 | |
The Romance of Alexander | 179 | |
The New English, where compounded | 180 | |
1300. | Few new Teutonic idioms since this date | 181 |
the rise of the new english.
A.D. 1303.
Robert of Brunne in Lincolnshire | 182 | |
1303. | His Work, The Handlyng Synne | 183 |
His dialect, partly Southern | 184 | |
Partly Western, partly Northern | 185 | |
Went, second, right, full, down | 186 | |
Kind, mind, truth, buck | 187 | |
Adder, one after an Adjective | 188 | |
Wholly, lost, to be blamed | 189 | |
Sack, toy, cannot | 190 | |
New words - St. Audre | 191 | |
Yon, what time, the which | 192 | |
Somebody, once, inasmuch | 193 | |
Would God, Lord, side by side | 194 | |
He asks pardon for his diction | 195 | |
His tale of Bishop Robert | 196 | |
His account of Charity | 197 | |
Taken from St. Paul | 198 | |
His advice about Mass | 199 | |
His tale of the Norfolk Bondeman | 200 | |
His account of himself | 201 | |
Specimens of Dialects - North Lincolnshire | 202 |
A.D. | page | |
Yorkshire - Durham | 203 | |
Lancashire | 204 | |
Salop - Herefordshire | 205 | |
Gloucestershire - Irish Pale | 206 | |
Somersetshire | 207 | |
Oxfordshire - Kent | 208 | |
Middlesex | 209 | |
Bedfordshire | 210 | |
Tables - Words akin to Dutch and German | 211 | |
Scandinavian words of the Fourteenth Century | 212 | |
Celtic words - Dutch words | 213 | |
Scandinavian words of the Fifteenth Century | 214 |
the inroad of french words into england.
Harm done in the Thirteenth Century | 215 | |
1066. | English Poetic words die out | 216 |
French alone is in favour | 217 | |
1160. | How French words first came in | 218 |
Forty of them in use very early | 219 | |
Proper names spelt in French | 220 | |
1220. | The Ancren Riwle abounds in French | 221 |
The foreign sound oi | 222 | |
Words of Religion - The foreign j | 223 | |
Table of French words akin to English | 224 | |
English words drop in the Thirteenth Century | 225 | |
This fact explained | 226 | |
The Franciscans in England | 227 | |
1250. | Their daily work | 228 |
They bring in French words | 229 | |
The 'Luve Ron' of a friar | 230 | |
Poem by one of the Old School | 231 | |
1290. | The Kentish Sermons | 232 |
Treatise on Science | 233 | |
1300. | Coarse English Words cast aside | 234 |
A.D. | page | |
French used by Architects | 235 | |
French used by Ladies | 236 | |
Warlike Romances Englished | 237 | |
Our French words for soldiering | 238 | |
French employed by lawyers | 239 | |
The number of new French words | 240 | |
These take English endings | 241 | |
French words used by the lowest | 242 | |
1303. | French brought in by Robert of Brunne | 243 |
Jolly, party, divers, nice | 244 | |
Touch, trail, single, afraid | 245 | |
Certain, passing, bondage | 246 | |
English roots take French endings | 247 | |
The decay of Teutonic words arrested | 248 | |
Corruption of the Franciscan Order | 249 | |
1360. | Robert's words need explanation | 250 |
Gradual loss of Old English Words | 251 | |
Table of Words, Obsolete and Romance | 252 |
the new english.
a.d. 1303-1873.
English differs from other Literatures | 253 | |
Each shire had its own speech | 254 | |
Norse influence in England | 255 | |
1303. | The East Midland advances Southwards | 256 |
Contrast between it and the London speech | 257 | |
Edward I. neglected English | 258 | |
The New Standard English spreads | 259 | |
1349. | Edward III. favours it | 260 |
New Forms of old words | 261 | |
Poem on the Carpenter's Tools | 262 | |
1356. | Mandeville's writings | 263 |
Nassington at Cambridge | 264 |
A.D. | page | |
1380. | Wickliffe's version of the Bible | 265 |
Young one, wast, shipwreck, haply | 266 | |
His Latin idioms bad | 267 | |
Purvey and Hereford | 268 | |
New forms used at this time | 269 | |
1400. | Creed and Prayers | 270 |
1408. | Forms of Matrimony | 271 |
1450. | Lollard Tract on Scriptural translation | 272 |
The Speech of the Court | 273 | |
1390. | Chaucer's new forms | 274 |
Belike, bi and bi, scarcely, menes | 275 | |
1432. | Letters written by knights - Warwick | 276 |
Suffolk's letter to his son | 277 | |
1447. | East Anglian Letters - Shillingford | 278 |
1450. | Pecock's Repressor | 279 |
The Word unless - Good Prose | 280 | |
1460. | Yorkshire letters of the time | 281 |
1426. | Audlay in Salop | 282 |
1454. | York's children at Ludlow | 283 |
1471. | Caxton prints the First English Book | 284 |
He restores the hard g | 285 | |
1481. | His Renard the Fox | 286 |
1482. | He alters Trevisa's words | 287 |
1523. | Lord Berners - Tyndale | 288 |
1525. | Corruptions in his Testament | 289 |
Once, father, coulde, righteous | 290 | |
Abroad, waves, sad, roll | 291 | |
Tyndale's sound Teutonic style | 292 | |
1542. | His version disliked by Gardiner | 293 |
His wrangles with More | 294 | |
1528. | His critical power - Roy's rimes | 295 |
1536. | Plumpton's letter home | 296 |
English Poetry becomes more Teutonic | 297 | |
1524. | Abbot Malvern's verses | 298 |
Theology, the Classics, Travels | 299 | |
1560. | Cranmer's Prayer Book | 300 |
Latin and Teutonic in our Bible | 301 |
A.D. | page | |
1583. | Fulke's scorn of the Douay Bible | 302 |
1611. | Influence of our Version | 303 |
Romanism adverse to our Literature | 304 | |
The Reformation unites England and Scotland | 305 | |
The Bible a bond for the Angel cyn | 306 | |
1550. | Wilson's criticism - Shakespere | 307 |
1590. | Spenser - Our Golden Age | 308 |
The form its - Loss of Old Forms | 309 | |
1640. | Strafford's Thorough - Milton | 310 |
His Lycidas - Bunyan | 311 | |
1650. | The Change in English Prose | 312 |
1750. | Johnson's Corruptions | 313 |
The Study of Sanscrit | 314 | |
1810. | Scott, Byron, Coleridge | 315 |
1820. | Scott's Romances - The Ballad revived | 316 |
1830. | Cobbett - Monk's Life of Bentley | 317 |
1870. | Speeches of Mr. Gladstone and Mr. Bright | 318 |
1873. | Mr. Tennyson, Mr. Morris | 319 |
Table of Dates bearing on English Literature | 320, 321 |
good and bad english in 1873.
Scholars and the Middle Class | 322 | |
The Latter love Foreign phrases | 323 | |
How a man writes to The Times | 324 | |
Latin is too often a pitfall | 325 | |
The Penny-a-liner of our day | 326 | |
Blunder of Irish Prelates | 327 | |
Correspondents of Journals | 328 | |
Editors should put down bad English | 329 | |
Americans misspell honour | 330 | |
Fine writing in America | 331 | |
To interview | 332 | |
English abuse of the letter h | 333 | |
Bad style of English preachers | 334 |
A.D. | page | |
English not taught at schools | 335 | |
Good influence of the Classics | 336 | |
Punch a good English critic | 337 | |
We borrow from all sides | 338 | |
We send our own staple abroad | 339 | |
Bad English of a Queen's Speech | 340 | |
Watchwords of English History | 341 | |
Simplicity recommended by Mr. Freeman | 342 | |
We have improved on our fathers | 343 | |
Three ways of writing English | 344 | |
Teutonic, Romance, and Penny-a-lining | 345 | |
Parable of a maiden's dress | 346 | |
Sometimes neat, sometimes outrageous | 347 | |
Chaucer's advice to fine writers | 348 |
twelve hundred years of english.
680. | Lines on the Ruthwell Cross | 349 |
737. | Lines by Cadmon | 350 |
800-900. | Northumbrian Psalter - Rushworth Gospels | 351 |
970. | Lindisfarne Gospels | 352 |
1090. | St. Edmund's Legend | 353, 354 |
1220. | The Ancren Riwle | 355, 356, 357 |
1356. | Sir John Mandeville | 358, 359 |
1450. | Bishop Pecock | 360 |
1550. | Lever | 361, 362 |
1668. | Cowley | 363, 364 |
1776. | Gibbon | 365, 366 |
1872. | Morris | 367, 368 |
Advice as to Studying English | 369 | |
Antiquam exquirite Matrem | 370 |
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Erratum.
Page 262, lines 5, 6, 7, dele The form graciouser | ending in ous. |