The Theoretical System of Karl Marx

by Louis Boudianoff Boudin

The
Theoretical System

 

of

 

Karl Marx

 

in the Light of Recent Criticism

 

By
Louis B. Boudin, LL.M.

Copyright, 1907
By Charles H. Kerr & Company

Preface.

The present volume is substantially a reprint of a series of articles which appeared in the International Socialist Review from May, 1905, to October, 1906.

It was my original intention to give in brief compass an account of the causes which called forth the so-called Revisionist movement, the questions raised thereby, and its net results, theoretical as well as practical. It soon became apparent to me, however, that such task was impossible of execution even within the space of twice the number (seven) of articles originally contemplated for the series, because of the extreme poverty of the English literature of the subject, and the consequent unpreparedness of our readers for such discussion. In treating of the causes of the Revisionist movement, the Neo-Kantian movement in latter-day philosophy had to be touched upon, but no mere reference or allusion to it would suffice because of the entire unfamiliarity of the English reader with that subject. The revision of Marxism could hardly be discussed with people who had but a bowing acquaintance with the doctrines of that famous system of thought.

I therefore concluded to present to the English reader, instead of an account of the movement to revise Marxism, an exposition of the teachings of Marx, and to draw upon the literature of Revisionism only in so far as it may become necessary or expedient in the course of such exposition, in order to accentuate some of its points or differentiate them from others with which they are likely to be confused. I have therefore refrained from entering here into any controversy with any revisionist Marx critic except in so far as was absolutely necessary for my purpose. And I hope at some future time to be able to resume the argument, when I expect to take up the different critics and their criticisms one by one and draw conclusions with them.

I have also refrained from entering into any detailed statement of the Marxian economic theory as I did not intend to make this volume a primer of philosophy and political economy according to Marx, but rather an outline of the Marxian system of thought, with the accent on the system, that is the relation of its different parts to each other and the unity of the whole. It is not meant as a text-book of the Marxian teaching, but as an introduction to the study of Marx, and as an aid to the understanding of him. And in this connection I wish to say that in stating what I considered to be the true Marxian doctrine I never relied on isolated statements or expressions, but always looked to the spirit pervading the whole of his work, for the explanation of any dark point or the solution of any problem encountered.

In the arrangement of the matter I have followed the suggestion of the great Master: I have treated the Materialistic Conception of History as merely introductory to the study of the actual workings of the capitalist system. I appreciate that the problems of the Materialistic Conception of History are many and manifold, but I do not believe that it would have been wise to burden the reader at the very beginning with long and abstruse philosophic discussions. Besides, many of the problems of the Materialistic Conception of History which are considered grave, are so considered only because of the failure of many students of the subject to perceive that these problems are not peculiar to this particular philosophy, but are problems of philosophy in general.

There is one respect, however, in which the Materialistic Conception of History has a harder road to travel than any other system of thought that I know of: the persistent misrepresentations of friend and foe. I have therefore deemed it advisable to attach two appendices wherein are treated two points with respect to which these perversions and misrepresentations are most frequent and at the same time most glaring.

I hope that the volume herewith presented will give the reader, if not an adequate presentation of the Marxian doctrines, at least an adequate beginning for such presentation, and that it will serve as a stimulant towards an adequate discussion among English-speaking people of the great theoretical problems embraced within the realm of Marxism.

L. B. Boudin.

New York, February, 1907.

Contents

		Page
Preface		iii
Chapter I.	Karl Marx and His Latter-day Critics	9
Chapter II.	Materialistic Conception of History and Class Struggle	20
Chapter III.	The Materialistic Conception of History and Its Critics	31
Chapter IV.	Value and Surplus Value	49
Chapter V.	The Labor Theory of Value and Its Critics	82
Chapter VI.	The Great Contradiction in the Marxian Theory of Value	119
Chapter VII.	Economic Contradictions and the Passing of Capitalism	147
Chapter VIII.	The Concentration of Capital and the Disappearance of the Middle Class	170
Chapter IX.	The Proletariat and the Revolution	215
Chapter X.	The Social Revolution	230
Chapter XI.	Conclusion	255
Appendix I.	The Materialistic Conception of History and Practical Idealism	257
Appendix II.	The Materialistic Conception of History and the Individual	272
Index		279